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<p>Preface</p> <p>Acknowledgments</p> <p>Chapter 1   Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 2 Polyurethane Building Blocks</p> <p>2.1 Polyols</p> <p>2.11 Polyether polyols</p> <p>2.111 Building blocks</p> <p>2.112 Polymerization of alkoxides to polyethers</p> <p>2.12 Polyester polyols</p> <p>2.121 Polyester polyol building blocks</p> <p>2.122 Preparation of polyester polyols</p> <p>2.123 Aliphatic polyester polyols</p> <p>2.124 Aromatic Polyester Polyols</p> <p>2. 13  Other Polyols</p> <p>2.131 Polycarbonate Polyols</p> <p>2.1311. Preparation of polycarbonate polyols</p> <p>2. 132 Polyacrylate polyols</p> <p>2.1321 Preparation of acrylic polyols</p> <p>2.14.  Filled polyols</p> <p>2.141 Copolymer polyols</p> <p>2.142 PHD Polyols</p> <p>2.143 PIPA polyols</p> <p>2.15 Seed-oil derived polyols</p> <p>2.151 Preparation of seed oil derived polyols</p> <p>2.1511 Epoxidation and ring opening</p> <p>2.1512 Ozonolysis</p> <p>2.1513 Hydroformylation and reduction</p> <p>2.1514  Metathesis</p> <p>2.16 Prepolymers</p> <p>2.2 Isocyanates</p> <p>2.21 TDI</p> <p>2.211 Conventional Production of TDI</p> <p>2.212 Non-phosgene routes to TDI</p> <p>2.2121  Thermolysis of Carbamic acid, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis-, C,C'-dimethyl ester made from the reaction of toluene diamine with methyl carbonate</p> <p>2.2122  Thermolysis of Carbamic acid, N,N'-(4-methyl-1,3-phenylene)bis-, C,C'-dimethyl ester made from the reductive carbonylation of dinitrotoluene.</p> <p>2.2123 Isocyanates by thermal decomposition of acyl azides – The Curtius rearrangement</p> <p>2.22 Diphenylmethane diisocyanates (MDI)</p> <p>2.221 Production of MDI</p> <p>2.23 Aliphatic Isocyanates</p> <p>2.231. Production of Aliphatic isocyanates</p> <p>2.2311 hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)</p> <p>2.2312 Isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI)</p> <p>2.2313  4,4’- diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane (H12MDI)</p> <p>2.232 Use of aliphatic isocyanates</p> <p>2.3 Chain extenders</p> <p>Chapter 3 Introduction to Polyurethane Chemistry</p> <p>3.1 Introduction</p> <p>3.2 Mechanism and Catalysis of Urethane Formation</p> <p>3.3 Reactions of Isocyanates with Active Hydrogen Compounds</p> <p>3.31 Urea Formation</p> <p>3.32 Allophanate Formation</p> <p>3.33 Formation of Biurets</p> <p>3.34 Formation of Uretdione (isocyanate dimer)</p> <p>3.35 Formation of Carbodiimide</p> <p>3.36 Formation of uretonimine</p> <p>3.37 Formation of amides</p> <p>Chapter 4 Theoretical Concepts and Techniques in Polyurethane Science</p> <p>4.1  Formation of Polyurethane Structure</p> <p>4.2 Properties of Polyurethanes</p> <p>4.21 Models and Calculations for Polymer Modulus</p> <p>4.22 Models for Elastomer Stress Strain Properties</p> <p>4.221 Factors that affect Polyurethane Stress-Strain Behavior</p> <p>4.222 Calculating Foam Properties</p> <p>4.23 The Polyurethane Glass Transition Temperature</p> <p>Chapter 5 Analytical Characterization of Polyurethanes</p> <p>5.1 Analysis of reagents for making polyurethanes</p> <p>5.11 Analysis of Polyols</p> <p>5.111 Hydroxyl number</p> <p>5.112 CPR</p> <p>5.12 Analysis of Isocyanates</p> <p>5.121 Analysis of pMDI composition</p> <p>5.2 Instrumental Analysis of Polyurethanes</p> <p>5.21 Microscopy</p> <p>5.211 Optical microscopy</p> <p>5.212 Scanning electron microscopy</p> <p>5.213 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)</p> <p>5.214 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)</p> <p>5.22 Infra-red Spectrometry</p> <p>5.23 X-ray Analyses</p> <p>5.231 Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS)</p> <p>5.232 Small Angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)</p> <p>5.3 Mechanical Analysis</p> <p>5.31 Tensile, tear and elongation testing</p> <p>5.32 Dynamic mechanical analysis</p> <p>5.4 Nuclear Magnetic Spectroscopy (NMR)</p> <p>5.5 Foam Screening: FoamatR</p> <p>Chapter 6 Polyurethane Flexible Foams: Chemistry and Fabrication</p> <p>6.1 Making Polyurethane Foams</p> <p>6.11 Slabstock Foams</p> <p>6.12 Molded Foams</p> <p>6.2 Foam Processes</p> <p>6.21 Surfactancy and Catalysis</p> <p>6.211 Catalysis</p> <p>6.212 Surfactancy</p> <p>6.3 Flexible Foam Formulation and Structure Property Relationships</p> <p>6.31 Screening tests</p> <p>6.32 Foam Formulation and Structure Property Relationships</p> <p>Chapter 7 Polyurethane Flexible Foams: Markets, Applications, Markets and Trends</p> <p>7.1 Applications</p> <p>7.11 Furniture</p> <p>7.12 Mattresses and Bedding</p> <p>7.13 Transportation</p> <p>7.14 The Molded Foam Market</p> <p>7.2 Trends in Molded Foam Technology and Markets</p> <p>Chapter 8 Polyurethane Rigid Foams: Markets, Applications, Markets and Trends</p> <p>8.1 Regional Market Dynamics</p> <p>8.2 Applications</p> <p>8.21 Construction Foams</p> <p>8.211 Polyisocyanurate Foams</p> <p>8.212 Spray, Poured and Froth Foams</p> <p>8.2121 Spray foam</p> <p>8.2122. Froth Foams</p> <p>8.2123 Pour-in-place foams</p> <p>8. 22 Rigid Construction Foam Market Segments</p> <p>8.23 Appliance Foams</p> <p>8.3 Blowing Agents and Insulation Fundamentals</p> <p>8.31 Blowing Agents</p> <p>8.32 Blowing Agent Phase-out Schedule</p> <p>8.4 Insulation Fundamentals</p> <p>8.5 Trends in Rigid Foams Technology</p> <p>Chapter  9 Polyurethane Elastomers: Markets, Applications, Markets and Trends</p> <p>9.1 Regional Market Dynamics</p> <p>9.2 Applications</p> <p>9.21 Footwear</p> <p>9.211 Trends in Footwear Applications</p> <p>9.22 Non-footwear Elastomer Applications and Methods of Manufacture</p> <p>9.221 Cast Elastomers</p> <p>9.222 Thermoplastic polyurethanes</p> <p>9.223  RIM Elastomers</p> <p>9.224 Polyurethane Elastomer Fibers</p> <p>9.3 Trends in Polyurethane Elastomers</p> <p>Chapter 10 Polyurethane Adhesives and Coatings: Manufacture, Applications, Markets and Trends</p> <p>10.1 Adhesives and Coatings Industries: Similarities and Differences</p> <p>10.2 Adhesives</p> <p>10.2.1 Adhesive Formulations</p> <p>10.2.1.1 1-Part Adhesives</p> <p>10.2.1.2  Hot-melt adhesives</p> <p>10.2.1.2.1  Non-reactive hot-melt adhesive</p> <p>10.2.1.2.2 Reactive hot-melt adhesive</p> <p>10.2.1.3 Water borne polyurethane adhesives</p> <p>10.3  Trends in Polyurethane Adhesives</p> <p>10.3 Coatings</p> <p>10.3.1  Polyurethane coating formulations</p> <p>10.3.1.1   2–part solvent borne coating</p> <p>10.3.1.2  Water-borne coatings</p> <p>10.3.1.3  Water-borne hybrids</p> <p>10.3.1.4  UV cured water-borne dispersions for coatings</p> <p>10.3.1.5  Polyurethane Powder Coatings</p> <p>10.3.2  Trends in Polyurethane Coatings</p> <p>Chapter 11 Special Topics:  Medical Uses of Polyurethane</p> <p>11.1 Markets and Participants</p> <p>11.2 Technology</p> <p>11.2.1 Catheters</p> <p>11.2.2 Wound dressings</p> <p>11.2.3 Bioabsorbable polyurethanes.</p> <p>11.2.4 Hydrogels</p> <p>11.2.5 Gloves and Condoms</p> <p>11.3 Future Trends</p> <p>Chapter 12 Special Topic: Non-isocyanate Routes to Polyurethanes</p> <p>12.1 Governmental Regulation of Isocyanates</p> <p> 12.2 Non-isocyanate routes to polyurethanes</p> <p>12.2.1 Reactions of polycyclic carbonates with polyamines</p> <p>12.2.2  Direct transformations of amines to urethanes</p> <p>12.2.3 Reactions of polycarbamates</p> <p>12.2.4 Conversion of hydroxamic acids to polyurethane</p> <p>12.2.5 Conversion of hydroxylamines to polyurethanes</p> <p>Chapter 13 Polyurethane hybrid polymers</p> <p>13.1 Introduction</p> <p>13.2 Polyurethane-acrylate hybrids</p> <p>13.3 Polyurethane-epoxy hybrids</p> <p>13.4 Polyurethane-silicone hybrids</p> <p>13.4.1 Silicone modified prepolymers</p> <p>13.4.2 Urethane/silicone hybrids produced using diblock compatabilizers</p> <p>13.4.3 Hybrids employing covalent and hydrogen bonded crosslinks</p> <p>13.4.4 Polyurethane hybridization with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquixanes (POSS)</p> <p>13.5 Polyurethane- polyolefin hybrids</p> <p>13.6 Hybridization via transurethanification</p> <p>Chapter 14. Recycling of polyurethanes</p> <p>14.1 Introduction</p> <p>14.2 Glycolysis/Hydrolysis/Aminolysis/Acidolysis</p> <p>14.3 Pyrolysis</p> <p>14.4 Recycle for fuel value</p> <p>14.5 Regrinding and incorporation</p> <p>Index</p>

<p><b>MARK F. SONNENSCHEIN, P<small>H</small>D</b>, is research fellow with The Dow Chemical Company. He is inventor of Dow's LESA^TM (Low Surface Energy Adhesive), Voranol Vorativ^TM polyurethane polyol, Hermes^TMthermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, Renuva^TM seed oil derived polyol, Voranol 223-060LM^TM polyol, and numerous other technologies.

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