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<p>Preface xix</p> <p>About the Editors xxi</p> <p><b>1 Chitosan-based Biosorbents: Modifications and Application for Sequestration of PPCPs and Metals for Water Remediation 1</b><br /><i>Dipali Rahangdale, G. Archana, Rita Dhodapkar and Anupama Kumar</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Modification of Chitosan 5</p> <p>1.3 Interactions of Chitosan-based MIP Sorbents with Pollutants (Organic & Inorganic) 15</p> <p>1.4 Applications of Chitosan 17</p> <p>1.5 Conclusion 19</p> <p><b>2 Oil Spill Cleanup by Textiles 27</b><br /><i>D.P. Chattopadhyay and Varinder Kaur</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 27</p> <p>2.2 Causes of Oil Spilling 28</p> <p>2.3 Problems Faced due to Oil Spilling 28</p> <p>2.4 Oil Sorption Phenomenon 29</p> <p>2.5 Removal of Oil Spill 30</p> <p>2.6 Recent Developments for Effective Water Cleaning 37</p> <p>2.7 Test Methods for Evaluation of Oil Sorbents 38</p> <p>2.8 Conclusions 41</p> <p><b>3 Pyridine and Bipyridine End-functionalized Polylactide: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications 47</b><br /><i>Marco Frediani, Werner Oberhauser, Elisa Passaglia, Luca Rosi, Damiano Bandelli, Mattia Bartoli and Giorgio Petrucci</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 47</p> <p>3.2 Macroligand Synthesis 49</p> <p>3.3 Macroligand Coordination to Palladium 52</p> <p>3.4 Pd-nanoparticles Supported onto End-functionalized Stereocomplexes 55</p> <p>3.5 Catalytic Applications 58</p> <p>3.6 Outlook 63</p> <p><b>4 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives 69</b><br /><i>Tadashi Uragami</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 69</p> <p>4.2 Preparation of Separation Membrane from Chitin, Chitosan, and their Derivatives 73</p> <p>4.3 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin, Chitosan, and their Derivatives 74</p> <p>4.4 Conclusions 113</p> <p><b>5 Acrylated Epoxidized Flaxseed Oil Bio-Resin and its Biocomposites 121</b><br /><i>Anup Rana and Richard W. Evitts</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 121</p> <p>5.2 Experimental 124</p> <p>5.3 Results and Discussion 127</p> <p>5.4 Conclusions 137</p> <p>Acknowledgment 138</p> <p><b>6 Encapsulation of Inorganic Renewable Nanofiller 143</b><br /><i>Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud, Saowaroj Chuayjuljit and Takaomi Kobayashi</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 143</p> <p>6.2 Synthesis of Polymer-encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles 147</p> <p>6.3 Concluding Remarks 160</p> <p>Acknowledgments 161</p> <p>References 161</p> <p><b>7 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers for Functional Properties 165</b><br /><i>Franco Ferrero and Monica Periolatto</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 165</p> <p>7.2 Antimicrobial Coating of Textiles by Chitosan UV Curing 171</p> <p>7.3 Chitosan Coating of Wool for Antifelting Properties 181</p> <p>7.4 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers to Increasing Uptake of Ionic Dyes in Dyeing 183</p> <p>7.5 Chitosan Coating on Cotton Filter for Removal of Dyes and Metal Ions from Wastewaters 186</p> <p>7.6 Conclusions 190</p> <p>References 191</p> <p><b>8 Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Whiskers for Nonpolar Composites Applications 199</b><br /><i>Kelcilene B. R. Teodoro, Adriana de Campos, Ana Carolina Corrêa, Eliangela de Morais Teixeira, José Manoel Marconcini and Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 200</p> <p>8.2 Experimental 207</p> <p>8.3 Results and Discussion 211</p> <p>8.4 Conclusion 219</p> <p>References 219</p> <p><b>9 Impact of Chemical Treatment and the Manufacturing Process on Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Natural Fibers-based Composites 225</b><br /><i>Marya Raji, Hamid Essabir, Rachid Bouhfid and Abou el kacem Qaiss</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 225</p> <p>9.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Natural Fibers 228</p> <p>9.3 Problematic 230</p> <p>9.4 Natural Fibers Treatments 231</p> <p>9.5 Composites Manufacturing 235</p> <p>9.6 Composites Properties 236</p> <p>9.7 Conclusion 247</p> <p>References 248</p> <p><b>10 Biopolymers Modification and their Utilization in Biomimetic Composites for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 253</b><br /><i>Kausik Kapat and Santanu Dhara</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 254</p> <p>10.2 Failure, Defect, and Design: Role of Composites 255</p> <p>10.3 Cell-ECM Composite Hierarchy in Bone-cartilage Interface 257</p> <p>10.4 Polymers for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 258</p> <p>10.5 Polymer Modification for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 261</p> <p>10.6 Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering 271</p> <p>10.7 Osteochondral Composite Scaffolds: Clinical Status 275</p> <p>10.8 Current Challenges and Future Direction 276</p> <p>References 276</p> <p><b>11 Review on Fibers from Natural Resources 287</b><br /><i>Jessica Flesner and Boris Mahltig</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 287</p> <p>11.2 Materials and Methods 288</p> <p>11.3 Fiber Characteristics 290</p> <p>11.4 Conclusions 304</p> <p>Acknowledgments 304</p> <p>References 305</p> <p><b>12 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Starch-Based Films 311</b><br /><i>A. Cano, M. Chafer, A. Chiralt and C. Gonzalez-Martinez</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 311</p> <p>12.2 Starch: Sources and Main Uses 312</p> <p>12.3 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Biopolymer-Based Films 317</p> <p>12.4 Bioactive Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity 326</p> <p>12.5 Conclusion 329</p> <p>References 329</p> <p><b>13 The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Biodegradability of Natural Fiber/PP-HMSPP Foams: A Study of Thermal Stability and Biodegradability 339</b><br /><i>Elizabeth C. L. Cardoso, Sandra R. Scagliusi and Ademar B. Lugão</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 339</p> <p>13.2 Materials and Methods 342</p> <p>13.3 Results and Discussion 344</p> <p>13.3 Conclusions 351</p> <p>Acknowledgments 351</p> <p>References 351</p> <p><b>14 Surface Functionalization through Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization (VASP) on Natural Materials from Agricultural By-Products 355</b><br /><i>Yoshito Andou and Haruo Nishida</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 355</p> <p>14.2 Surface Modification by Steam Treatment 358</p> <p>14.3 Surface Modification by Compatibilizer 359</p> <p>14.4 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization 360</p> <p>14.5 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Modification of Biomass Fillers 362</p> <p>14.6 Vapor-Phase Chemical Modification of Biomass Fillers 365</p> <p>14.7 Green Composites Through VASP Process 368</p> <p>14.8 Conclusions and Outlook 372</p> <p>References 374</p> <p><b>15 Okra Bast Fiber as Potential Reinforcement Element of Biocomposites: Can It Be the Flax of the Future? 379</b><br /><i>G.M. Arifuzzaman Khan, Nazire Deniz Yilmaz and Kenan Yilmaz</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 379</p> <p>15.2 Cultivation and Harvesting of Okra Plant 381</p> <p>15.3 Extraction of Bast Fibers from Okra Plant 382</p> <p>15.4 Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Okra Bast Fiber 383</p> <p>15.5 Modification Methods of Okra Bast fiber 391</p> <p>15.6 Potential Application Areas of Okra Bast Fiber-reinforced Biocomposites 398</p> <p>15.7 Conclusions and Future Work 400</p> <p>References 400</p> <p><b>16 Silane Coupling Agents Used in Natural Fiber/Plastic Composites 407</b><br /><i>Yanjun Xie, Zefang Xiao, Holger Militz and Xiaolong Hao</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 407</p> <p>16.2 Hydrolysis of Silanes 409</p> <p>16.3 Interaction with Natural Fibers 413</p> <p>16.4 Interaction with Plastics 415</p> <p>16.5 Summary 422</p> <p>Acknowledgments 423</p> <p>Abbreviations 423</p> <p>References 424</p> <p><b>17 Composites of Olefin Polymer/Natural Fibers: The Surface Modifications on Natural Fibers 431</b><br /><i>Sandra Regina Albinante, Gabriel Platenik and Luciano N. Batista</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 431</p> <p>17.2 Vegetable Fiber 432</p> <p>17.3 Chemical Treatments 433</p> <p>17.4 Mercerization 434</p> <p>17.5 Acetylation Process: Way to Insert Fibers on Hydrophilic Polymers 438</p> <p>17.6 Acetylation Treatment 439</p> <p>17.7 Catalyst for Acetylation Process 439</p> <p>17.7 Methods for Determination Acetylation 441</p> <p>17.8 Weight Percentage Gain 442</p> <p>17.9 Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy 442</p> <p>17.10 Chemical Modification of Fiber through the Reaction with Polymer-modified Olefin 443</p> <p>17.11 Other Treatments 445</p> <p>17.12 Maximum Stress in Tension 448</p> <p>17.13 Elongation at Break 449</p> <p>17.14 Elastic Modulus 449</p> <p>17.15 Impact Resistance 450</p> <p>References 451</p> <p><b>18 Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials 457</b><br /><i>Karol Kyzio³, £ukasz Kaczmarek and Agnieszka Kyzio³</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 457</p> <p>18.2 Biomaterials 458</p> <p>18.3 Surface Modification Technologies 466</p> <p>18.4 Surface Functionalization of Metallic Biomaterials: Selected Examples 475</p> <p>18.5 Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Biomaterials: Selected Examples 478</p> <p>18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 481</p> <p>References 483</p> <p><b>19 Thermal and Mechanical Behaviors of Biorenewable Fibers-Based Polymer Composites 491</b><br /><i>K. Anbukarasi and S. Kalaiselvam</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 491</p> <p>19.2 Classification of Natural Fibers 494</p> <p>19.3 Structure of Biofiber 494</p> <p>19.4 Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers 496</p> <p>19.5 Hemp Fiber Composites 499</p> <p>19.6 Bamboo Fiber Composites 500</p> <p>19.7 Banana Fiber Composites 501</p> <p>19.8 Kenaf Fiber Composites 502</p> <p>19.9 Coir Fiber Composites 503</p> <p>19.10 Jute Fiber Composites 504</p> <p>19.11 Flax Fiber Composites 505</p> <p>19.12 Date Palm Fibers Composites 506</p> <p>19.13 Rice Straw Fiber Composites 506</p> <p>19.14 Agava Fibers Composites 507</p> <p>19.15 Sisal Fibers Composites 507</p> <p>19.16 Pineapple Leaf Fiber Composites 508</p> <p>19.17 Basalt Fiber Composites 508</p> <p>19.18 Grewia optiva Fiber Composites 509</p> <p>19.19 Luffa Fiber Composites 509</p> <p>19.20 Some Other Natural Fibers Composites 512</p> <p>19.21 Conclusion 514</p> <p>References 515</p> <p><b>20 Natural and Artificial Diversification of Starch 521</b><br /><i>M. Kapelko-¯eberska, A. Gryszkin, T. Ziêba and Akhilesh Vikram Singh</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 521</p> <p>References 535</p> <p><b>21 Role of Radiation and Surface Modification on Biofiber for Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review 541</b><br /><i>M. Masudul Hassan, A. Karim and Manfred H. Wagner</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 541</p> <p>21.2 Natural Fibers 542</p> <p>21.3 Chemistry of Cellulose in NF 544</p> <p>21.4 Drawback of NFs 545</p> <p>21.5 Surface Modification of NFs 545</p> <p>21.6 Radiation Effect on the Surface of Biofiber 548</p> <p>21.7 Biocomposites 550</p> <p>21.8 Hybrid Biocomposites 552</p> <p>21.9 Nanofillers and Nanocomposites 554</p> <p>21.10 Initiative in Product Development of NF Composite 554</p> <p>21.11 Conclusion 555</p> <p>Acknowledgments 556</p> <p>References 556</p> <p>Index 563</p>

<p><b>Vijay Kumar Thakur </b>is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.</p> <p><b>Manju Kumar Thakur </b>has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. <p><b>Michael R. Kessler </b>is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

<p><b>This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry.</b></p> <p>The <i>Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials </i>comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. <p>Volume 4 is solely focused on the <i>Functionalization</i> of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Chitosan-based bio sorbents; oil spill clean-up by textiles; pyridine and bipyridine end-functionalized polylactide; functional separation membranes from chitin and chitosan derivatives; acrylated epoxidized flaxseed oil bio-resin and its biocomposites; encapsulation of inorganic renewable nanofiller; chitosan coating on textile fibers for functional properties; surface functionalization of cellulose whiskers for nonpolar composites; impact of chemical treatment and the manufacturing process on mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of natural fibers based composites; bio-polymers modification; review on fibers from natural resources; strategies to improve the functionality of starch based films; the effect of gamma-radiation on biodegradability of natural fibers; surface functionalization through vapor-phase assisted surface polymerization (VASP) on natural materials from agricultural by-products; okra bast fiber as potential reinforcement element of biocomposites; silane coupling agent used in natural fiber/plastic composites; composites of olefin polymer /natural fibers: the surface modifications on natural fibers; surface functionalization of biomaterials; thermal and mechanical behaviors of bio-renewable fibres based polymer composites; natural and artificial diversification of starch; role of radiation and surface modification on bio-fiber for reinforced polymer composites. <p><b>Audience</b><BR>This valuable reference work will be read and consulted by researchers, engineers and students both in academia and industry who are working in the field of materials science especially polymer composites/technology. Composites from renewable materials have significant industrial applications especially in the automotive, marine, aerospace, construction, wind energy and consumer goods industries.

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