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<p>Introduction xi</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. The Classification of Galaxies </b><b>1<br /></b><i>Ronald BUTA</i></p> <p>1.1. Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2. Classes of galaxies 3</p> <p>1.3. Elliptical galaxies 7</p> <p>1.4. Spiral galaxies 12</p> <p>1.5. S0 galaxies 22</p> <p>1.6. Magellanic spiral and irregular galaxies 25</p> <p>1.7. Dwarf elliptical, S0, and spheroidal galaxies 26</p> <p>1.8. Edge-on galaxies 27</p> <p>1.9. Morphology of interacting and merging galaxies 30</p> <p>1.10. General properties along the CVRHS sequence 31</p> <p>1.10.1. Morphological systematics 31</p> <p>1.10.2. Astrophysical systematics 33</p> <p>1.11. Other approaches to galaxy classification 34</p> <p>1.12. Interpretations of morphology 35</p> <p>1.13. Artificial galaxies and the future of galaxy classification 42</p> <p>1.14. References 44</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Our Galaxy, the Milky Way </b><b>49<br /></b><i>Paola Di MATTEO</i></p> <p>2.1. Introduction 49</p> <p>2.2. Baryonic discs and their spiral structure 52</p> <p>2.2.1. Neutral, ionized and molecular gas 52</p> <p>2.2.2. Thin and thick stellar discs 54</p> <p>2.2.3. Spiral structure from gaseous and stellar tracers 59</p> <p>2.3. The central kiloparsecs: the bar and the bulge 60</p> <p>2.4. The stellar halo 63</p> <p>2.5. On the dark matter content and shape, as inferred from rotation curves and stellar streams 67</p> <p>2.6. Dissecting the global structure: stellar kinematics, abundances and ages 69</p> <p>2.6.1. Setting the scene: the solar vicinity 70</p> <p>2.6.2. Zooming out on a several kpc scale 76</p> <p>2.6.3. Digging into the bulge 80</p> <p>2.7. Reconstructing the Milky Way evolution 84</p> <p>2.8. Perspectives 86</p> <p>2.9. References 86</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Early-type Galaxies </b><b>93<br /></b><i>Eric EMSELLEM</i></p> <p>3.1. Introduction 93</p> <p>3.2. General properties: components and morphology 95</p> <p>3.2.1. Discs and bars 96</p> <p>3.2.2. Gas and dust content 96</p> <p>3.2.3. Dark matter and halo 97</p> <p>3.2.4. Globular clusters 99</p> <p>3.2.5. Light and mass profiles 99</p> <p>3.2.6. Extreme cases: brightest cluster galaxies and ultra-diffuse galaxies 100</p> <p>3.3. Zoom on the stellar component 101</p> <p>3.3.1. Scaling relations: Faber–Jackson, fundamental plane and virial plane 102</p> <p>3.3.2. Age and metallicity 104</p> <p>3.3.3. Initial mass function 105</p> <p>3.4. Dynamics of ETGs 108</p> <p>3.4.1. Observations 109</p> <p>3.4.2. Toward a kinematic classification of ETGs 110</p> <p>3.4.3. Modeling 113</p> <p>3.4.4. Supermassive black holes 119</p> <p>3.5. Formation and evolution processes 119</p> <p>3.5.1. Perspective at <i>z </i>= 0: the mass–radius plane 119</p> <p>3.5.2. Growth, mergers and transformations 121</p> <p>3.5.3. <i>Ex situ </i>versus <i>in situ </i>123</p> <p>3.5.4. Environment 124</p> <p>3.6. Conclusion 126</p> <p>3.7. References 127</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Spiral Galaxies </b><b>137<br /></b><i>Françoise COMBES</i></p> <p>4.1. Introduction 137</p> <p>4.2. Blue and red galaxies: quenching star formation 142</p> <p>4.2.1. Definition of bimodality 142</p> <p>4.2.2. The parameters that determine the red sequence 146</p> <p>4.2.3. Mechanisms for quenching star formation 148</p> <p>4.3. Spiral galaxies: density waves or not? 152</p> <p>4.3.1. The winding problem 152</p> <p>4.3.2. The theory of density waves 155</p> <p>4.3.3. Role of gas and star formation 159</p> <p>4.4. Bars: drivers of evolution 160</p> <p>4.4.1. Formation of bars 162</p> <p>4.4.2. Orbits in a barred galaxy 164</p> <p>4.4.3. Response of gas to a barred potential 166</p> <p>4.4.4. Vertical resonances and peanuts 168</p> <p>4.4.5. Dark matter and bars 171</p> <p>4.5. Environment of spiral galaxies 173</p> <p>4.5.1. Morphological segregation 173</p> <p>4.5.2. The problem of bulgeless galaxies 174</p> <p>4.6. Conclusion 176</p> <p>4.7. References 177</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. Galaxy Mergers and Interactions through Cosmic Time </b><b>181<br /></b><i>Christopher J. CONSELICE</i></p> <p>5.1. Introduction 182</p> <p>5.2. The physics of merging 185</p> <p>5.3. The merger history of galaxies 188</p> <p>5.3.1. Defining mergers and merging 188</p> <p>5.3.2. Merger rates in the nearby universe 190</p> <p>5.3.3. Galaxy merger fraction evolution to <i>z </i>= 6 191</p> <p>5.3.4. Galaxy merger rates 196</p> <p>5.4. The added value of mergers 199</p> <p>5.4.1. Galaxy and black hole assembly through interactions and mergers 199</p> <p>5.4.2. Cosmological relevance 201</p> <p>5.4.3. Future uses and methods 202</p> <p>5.5. Summary 203</p> <p>5.6. Acknowledgments 204</p> <p>5.7. References 205</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. Cosmic Evolution of Galaxies </b><b>209<br /></b><i>David ELBAZ and Emeric Le FLOC’H</i></p> <p>6.1. Introduction 209</p> <p>6.2. Characteristics of galaxies used to define their cosmic evolution 211</p> <p>6.2.1. Decoding multi-wavelength radiation 211</p> <p>6.2.2. Populations of galaxies 216</p> <p>6.3. Starbursts, secular evolution and universality of star formation 218</p> <p>6.3.1. Definition of a starburst 218</p> <p>6.3.2. The SFMS and the secular evolution of galaxies 220</p> <p>6.3.3. Origin of starbursts 221</p> <p>6.3.4. Secular evolution and the influence of the galactic environment 223</p> <p>6.4. Detection of distant galaxies 225</p> <p>6.4.1. Deep surveys of the Universe 227</p> <p>6.4.2. Large samples of distant galaxies 229</p> <p>6.4.3. K correction 232</p> <p>6.5. Cosmic history of galaxies 234</p> <p>6.5.1. History of star formation 234</p> <p>6.5.2. Evolution of the stellar mass function and formation of the red galaxy sequence 237</p> <p>6.5.3. Evolution of the metallicity and of the average size of galaxies 239</p> <p>6.5.4. Evolution of the galaxy merger and starburst rates 241</p> <p>6.6. Origin of the cosmic history of galaxies 244</p> <p>6.6.1. The diffuse cosmic background as a signature of the cosmic history of galaxies 245</p> <p>6.6.2. Unraveling the origin of the cosmic history of galaxies by studying their reservoirs of interstellar matter 249</p> <p>6.7. Conclusion 251</p> <p>6.8. References 252</p> <p>List of Authors 257</p> <p>Author Biographies 259</p> <p>Index 261</p>

<p><b>Francoise Combes</b> is a Professor at College de France on the Chair of Galaxies and Cosmology. She is a specialist of galaxy evolution through bars and spiral waves, and has uncovered dynamical mechanisms to fuel central black holes in active galaxy nuclei.

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