Details

NMR Imaging in Chemical Engineering

1. Aufl.

von: Siegfried Stapf, Song-I Han
223,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-VCH
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	12.05.2006
ISBN/EAN:	9783527607198
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	646

In den Warenkorb

Als Gutschein

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

How to use nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in chemical engineering. Written by the internationally recognized top experts from academia and industry, this first book dedicated to the topic provides an overview of existing methods and strategies to solve individual problems in chemical engineering. Written in a simple and lively manner and backed by various industrial examples, the book begins with a look at hardware and methods, continuing on to cover porous materials, fluids and flow of increasing complexity from different fields of Chemical Engineering, before finishing off with a review of reactors and reactions. The result allows engineers, industrial and academic researchers and decision-makers to gain a detailed insight into the NMR toolbox, such that they can estimate the benefit of NMR imaging with regard to cost efficiency and scientific results.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Introduction 1 Siegfried Stapf and Song-I. Han 1.1 A Brief Comment 1 1.2 The Very Basics of NMR 2 1.3 Fundamentals of NMR Imaging 8 1.4 Fundamentals of Detecting Motion 18 1.5 Bringing Them Together: Velocity Imaging 26 1.6 More Advanced Techniques I: Multiple Encoding and Multiple Dimensions 32 1.7 More Advanced Techniques II: Fast Imaging Techniques 34 1.8 Introducing Color into the Image: Contrast Parameters 39 2 Hardware and Methods 2.1 Hardware, Software and Areas of Application of Non-medical MRI 47 D. Gross, K. Zick, T. Oerther, V. Lehmann, A. Pampel, and J. Goetz 2.1.1 Introduction 47 2.1.2 Hardware 48 2.1.2.1 Magnets 48 2.1.3 Software 56 2.1.4 Areas of Application 63 2.1.5 Outlook 69 2.2 Compact MRI for Chemical Engineering 77 Katsumi Kose 2.2.1 Concept of Compact MRI 77 2.2.2 System Overview 78 2.2.3 Permanent Magnet 79 2.2.4 Gradient Coil 82 2.2.5 Rf coil 82 2.2.6 MRI Console 83 2.2.7 Typical Examples of Compact MRI Systems 86 2.3 Drying of Coatings and Other Applications with GARField 89 P. J. Doughty and P. J. McDonald 2.3.1 Introduction 89 2.3.2 GARField Magnets 90 2.3.3 Applications 94 2.3.4 Human Skin Hydration 101 2.3.5 Further Developments 103 2.3.6 Conclusion 105 2.4 Depth Profiling by Single-sided NMR 107 F. Casanova, J. Perlo, and B. Bl_mich 2.4.1 Introduction 107 2.4.2 Microscopic Depth Resolution 108 2.4.3 Applications 113 2.4.4 Conclusions 122 2.5 Microcoil NMR for Reaction Monitoring 123 Luisa Ciobanu, Jonathan V. Sweedler, and Andrew G. Webb 2.5.1 Introduction 123 2.5.2 NMR Acquisition in Reaction Monitoring: Stopped- and Continuous-flow 124 2.5.3 Reaction Studies Using NMR 126 2.5.4 Small-scale NMR Reaction Monitoring 129 2.5.5 Multiple Microcoil NMR. Sensitivity and Throughput Issues 133 2.5.6 Conclusions 137 2.6 Broadening the Application Range of NMR and MRI by Remote Detection 139 Song-I Han, Josef Granwehr, and Christian Hilty 2.6.1 Introduction 139 2.6.2 Motivation 140 2.6.3 Principle of NMR Remote Detection 140 2.6.4 Sensitivity Enhancement by Remote Detection 145 2.6.5 Application of NMR Remote Detection 149 2.6.6 Concluding Remark 160 2.7 Novel Two Dimensional NMR of Diffusion and Relaxation for Material Characterization 163 Yi-Qiao Song 2.7.1 Introduction 163 2.7.2 Pulse Sequences and Experiments 164 2.7.3 Laplace Inversion 169 2.7.4 Applications 172 2.7.5 Instrumentation 179 2.7.6 Summary 181 2.8 Hardware and Method Development for NMR Rheology 183 Paul T. Callaghan 2.8.1 Introduction 183 2.8.2 Rheo-NMR Fundamentals 185 2.8.3 Apparatus Implementation 190 2.8.4 Applications of Rheo-NMR 193 2.8.5 Conclusions 203 2.9 Hydrodynamic, Electrodynamic and Thermodynamic Transport in Porous Model Objects: Magnetic Resonance Mapping Experiments and Simulations 205 Elke Kossel, Bogdan Buhai, and Rainer Kimmich 2.9.1 Introduction 205 2.9.2 Spin Density Diffusometry 207 2.9.3 Flow Velocity and Acceleration Mapping 211 2.9.4 Hydrodynamic Dispersion 217 2.9.5 Thermal Convection and Conduction Mapping 221 2.9.6 Ionic Current Density Mapping 223 2.9.7 Concluding Remarks 228 3 Porous Materials 3.1 Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials 231 Jörg Kärger, Frank Stallmach, Rustem Valiullin, and Sergey Vasenkov 3.1.1 Introduction 231 3.1.2 Measuring Principle 232 3.1.3 Intracrystalline Diffusion 236 3.1.4 Long-range Diffusion 237 3.1.5 Boundary Effects 243 3.1.6 Conclusion 247 3.2 Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Study of the Filtration Process 250 R. Reimert, E. H. Hardy, and A. von Garnier 3.2.1 Filtration Principles 250 3.2.2 In-bed Filtration 251 3.2.3 Filtration Dynamics 254 3.2.4 Summary 262 3.3 Multiscale Approach to Catalyst Design 263 Xiaohong Ren, Siegfried Stapf, and Bernhard Blümich 3.3.1 Introduction 263 3.3.2 129Xe Spectroscopy 265 3.3.3 NMR Relaxometry 267 3.3.4 Cryoporometry 269 3.3.5 Diffusometry 270 3.3.6 Flow Propagators 272 3.3.7 NMR Imaging 275 3.3.8 Conclusions and Summary 280 3.4 Pure Phase Encode Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Concrete Building Materials 285 J. J. Young, T. W. Bremner, M. D. A. Thomas, and B. J. Balcom 3.4.1 Introduction 285 3.4.2 Single-Point Imaging – The SPRITE Techniques 286 3.4.3 Hydrogen (Water) Measurements 291 3.4.4 Chlorine and Sodium Measurements 298 3.4.5 Lithium Measurements 300 3.4.7 Conclusion 302 3.5 NMR Imaging of Functionalized Ceramics 304 S. D. Beyea, D. O. Kuethe, A. McDowell, A. Caprihan, and S. J. Glass 3.5.1 Introduction 304 3.5.2 Experimental Background 305 3.5.3 NMR Relaxation Behavior of Perfluorinated Gases 306 3.5.4 Results and Discussion 310 3.5.5 Conclusions and Future Research 319 3.5.6 Description of NMR Equipment 319 3.6 NMR Applications in Petroleum Reservoir Studies 321 George J. Hirasaki 3.6.1 Introduction 321 3.6.2 NMR Well Logging and Fluid Analysis 322 3.6.3 NMR Measurements 323 3.6.4 NMR Fluid Properties 324 3.6.5 Porosity 326 3.6.6 Surface Relaxation and Pore Size Distribution 328 3.6.7 Irreducible Water Saturation 330 3.6.8 Permeability 332 3.6.9 Fluid Identification 335 3.6.10 Exceptions to Default Assumptions 336 3.6.11 Conclusions 337 3.7 NMR Pore Size Measurements Using an Internal Magnetic Field in Porous Media 340 Yi-Qiao Song, Eric E. Sigmund, and Natalia V. Lisitza 3.7.1 Introduction 340 3.7.2 DDIF Concept 341 3.7.3 Applications 348 3.7.4 Summary 356 4 Fluids and Flows 4.1 Modeling Fluid Flow in Permeable Media 359 Jinsoo Uh and A. Ted Watson 4.1.1 Introduction 359 4.1.2 Modeling Multiphase Flow in Porous Media 360 4.1.3 System and Parameter Identification 362 4.1.4 Determination of Properties 364 4.1.5 Summary 381 4.2 MRI Viscometer 383 Robert L. Powell 4.2.1 Introduction 383 4.2.2 Theory 387 4.2.3 Experimental Techniques 389 4.2.4 Results 392 4.2.5 Conclusion 402 4.3 Imaging Complex Fluids in Complex Geometries 404 Y. Xia and P. T. Callaghan 4.3.1 Introduction 404 4.3.2 Rheological Properties of Polymeric Flow 404 4.3.3 NMR Microscopy of Velocity 408 4.3.4 NMR Velocity Imaging of Fano Flow 410 4.3.5 Other Examples of Viscoelastic Flows 414 4.4 Quantitative Visualization of Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille Flows with MRI+ 416 John G. Georgiadis, L.Guy Raguin, and Kevin W. Moser 4.4.1 Introduction 416 4.4.2 Taylor–Couette–Poiseuille Flow 419 4.4.3 Future Directions 429 4.4.4 Summary 430 4.5 Two Phase Flow of Emulsions 433 Nina C. Shapley and Marcos A. d’Ávila 4.5.1 Introduction 433 4.5.2 NMRI Set-up and Methods 436 4.5.3 Complex Flows of Homogeneous Emulsions 444 4.5.4 Mixing of Concentrated Emulsions 447 4.5.5 Future Directions 451 4.6 Fluid Flow and Trans-membrane Exchange in a Hemodialyzer Module 457 Song-I Han and Siegfried Stapf 4.6.1 Objective 457 4.6.2 Methods 457 4.6.3 Materials 458 4.6.4 Results and Discussion 459 4.6.5 Conclusion 469 4.7 NMR for Food Quality Control 471 Michael J. McCarthy, Prem N. Gambhir, and Artem G. Goloshevsky 4.7.1 Introduction 471 4.7.2 Relationship of NMR Properties to Food Quality 473 4.7.3 Applications of NMR in Food Science and Technology 473 4.7.4 Summary 488 4.8 Granular Flow 490 Eiichi Fukushima 4.8.1 Introduction 490 4.8.2 NMR Strategies 493 4.8.3 Systems Studied 501 4.8.4 Future Outlook 505 5 Reactors and Reactions 5.1 Magnetic Resonance Microscopy of Biofilm and Bioreactor Transport 509 Sarah L. Codd, Joseph D. Seymour, Erica L. Gjersing, Justin P. Gage, and Jennifer R. Brown 5.1.1 Introduction 509 5.1.2 Theory 510 5.1.3 Reactors 516 5.1.4 Conclusions 531 5.2 Two-phase Flow in Trickle-Bed Reactors 534 Lynn F. Gladden, Laura D. Anadon, Matthew H.M. Lim, and Andrew J. Sederman 5.2.1 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Trickle-bed Reactors 534 5.2.3 Unsteady-state Hydrodynamics in Trickle-bed Reactors 542 5.2.4 Summary 549 5.3 Hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy, MRI and Dynamic NMR Microscopy for the In Situ Monitoring of Gas Dynamics in Opaque Media Including Combustion Processes 551 Galina E. Pavlovskaya and Thomas Meersmann 5.3.1 Introduction 551 5.3.2 Chemical Shift Selective Hp-129Xe MRI and NMR Microscopy 552 5.3.3 Dynamic NMR Microscopy of Gas Phase 557 5.3.4 In Situ NMR of Combustion 561 5.3.5 High Xenon Density Optical Pumping 566 5.4 In Situ Monitoring of Multiphase Catalytic Reactions at Elevated Temperatures by MRI and NMR 570 Igor V. Koptyug and Anna A. Lysova 5.4.1 Introduction 570 5.4.2 Experimental 571 5.4.3 Results and Discussion 574 5.4.4 Outlook 587 5.5 In Situ Reaction Imaging in Fixed-bed Reactors Using MRI 590 Lynn F. Gladden, Belinda S. Akpa, Michael D. Mantle, and Andrew J. Sederman 5.5.1 Introduction 590 5.5.2 Spatial Mapping of Conversion: Esterification Case Study 592 5.5.3 13C DEPT Imaging of Conversion and Selectivity 603 5.5.4 Future Directions 606

Rezension

"...comes to address a large audience from undergraduate to postgraduate students and faculty members, and also industrial researchers and decision makers who will not only gain a good understanding of the NMR theory and its diverse applications, but also will be able to address their particular problems via NMR." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal

Autorenportrait

Siegfried Stapf received his PhD in Physics at the University of Ulm, Germany, in 1996. Following a postdoctoral stay at the University of Nottingham, UK, he currently holds a position as Hochschuldozent at the RWTH Aachen, Germany. His main research interests cover the fields of molecular dynamics and order of confined fluids and soft matter, as well as transport phenomena and structure/dynamics relations in complex media investigated with advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques. Song-I Han received her Doctoral Degree in Natural Sciences (Dr.rer.nat) from Aachen University of Technology, Germany, in 2001. She was awarded with the first Raymond Andrew Prize of the Ampere Society for an outstanding PhD thesis in magnetic resonance imaging. She pursued her postdoctoral studies at the University of California, Berkeley under the sponsorship of the Feodor Lynen Fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Dr. Han joined as an Assistant Professor the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2004. Her research expertise lies in magnetic resonance flow imaging methodologies and her research objectives are technique developments for orders of magnitude faster and more sensitive NMR spectroscopy and imaging.