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Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound

1. Aufl.

von: Dakeshwar Kumar Verma, Chandrabhan Verma, Paz Otero Fuertes
142,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-VCH (D)
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	25.03.2024
ISBN/EAN:	9783527844487
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	416

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Titelbeschreibung

Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound A guide to the efficient and sustainable synthesis of organic compounds Chemical processes and the synthesis of compounds are essential aspects of numerous industries, and particularly central to the creation of drug-like structures. Their often significant environmental biproducts, however, have driven substantial innovations in the areas of green and organic synthesis, which have the potential to drive efficient, solvent-free synthesis and create more sustainable chemical processes. The use of microwaves and ultrasounds in chemical synthesis has proven an especially fruitful area of research, with the potential to produce a more sustainable industrial future. Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microwave- and ultrasound-driven synthesis and their cutting-edge applications. Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound readers will also find: <ul><li>Introduction to the key equipment and tools of green chemical synthesis</li> <li>Detailed discussion of methods including ultrasound irradiation, metal-catalyzed reactions, enzymatic reactions, and many more</li> <li>An authorial team with immense experience in environmentally friendly organic chemical production</li></ul> Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound is ideal for chemists, organic chemists, chemical engineers, biochemists, and any researchers or industry professionals working on the synthesis of chemicals and/or organic compounds.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

About the Editors xiii Preface xv 1 Ultrasound Irradiation: Fundamental Theory, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Important Properties, and Physical Principles 1 Sumit Kumar, Amrutlal Prajapat, Sumit K. Panja, and Madhulata Shukla 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Cavitation History 3 1.2.1 Basics of Cavitation 3 1.2.2 Types of Cavitation 5 1.3 Application of Ultrasound Irradiation 7 1.3.1 Sonoluminescence and Sonophotocatalysis 9 1.3.2 Industrial Cleaning 10 1.3.3 Material Processing 11 1.3.4 Chemical and Biological Reactions 12 1.4 Conclusion 14 Acknowledgments 15 References 15 2 Fundamental Theory of Electromagnetic Spectrum, Dielectric and Magnetic Properties, Molecular Rotation, and the Green Chemistry of Microwave Heating Equipment 21 Raghvendra K. Mishra, Akshita Yadav, Vinayak Mishra, Satya N. Mishra, Deepa S. Singh, and Dakeshwar Kumar Verma 2.1 Introduction 21 2.1.1 Historical Background 25 2.1.2 Green Chemistry Principles for Sustainable System 28 2.2 Fundamental Concepts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Theory 35 2.3 Electrical, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties in Microwave Irradiation 38 2.4 Microwave Irradiation Molecular Rotation 41 2.5 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Theory in Microwave Irradiation 42 2.5.1 Electromagnetic Radiations and Microwave 43 2.5.2 Heating Mechanism of Microwave: Conventional Versus Microwave Heating 44 2.6 Physical Principles of Microwave Heating and Equipment 46 2.7 Green Chemistry Through Microwave Heating: Applications and Benefits 53 2.8 Conclusion 57 References 57 3 Conventional Versus Green Chemical Transformation: MCRs, Solid Phase Reaction, Green Solvents, Microwave, and Ultrasound Irradiation 69 Shailendra Yadav, Dheeraj S. Chauhan, and Mumtaz A. Quraishi 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 A Brief Overview of Green Chemistry 69 3.2.1 Definition and Historical Background 69 3.2.2 Significance 70 3.3 Multicomponent Reactions 71 3.4 Solid Phase Reactions 73 3.5 Microwave Induced Synthesis 74 3.6 Ultrasound Induced Synthesis 75 3.7 Green Chemicals and Solvents 77 3.8 Conclusions and Outlook 78 References 79 4 Metal-Catalyzed Reactions Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation 83 Suresh Maddila, Immandhi S.S. Anantha, Pamerla Mulralidhar, Nagaraju Kerru, and Sudhakar Chintakula 4.1 Ultrasonic Irradiation 83 4.1.1 Iron-Based Catalysts 86 4.1.2 Copper-Based Catalysts 89 4.1.2.1 Dihydropyrimidinones by Cu-Based Catalysts 91 4.1.2.2 Dihydroquinazolinones by Cu-Based Catalysts 92 4.1.3 Misalliances Metal-Based Catalysts 94 4.2 Microwave-Assisted Reactions 97 4.2.1 Solid Acid and Base Catalysts 98 4.2.1.1 Condensation Reactions 98 4.2.1.2 Cyclization Reactions 100 4.2.1.3 Multi-component Reactions 104 4.2.1.4 Friedel–Crafts Reactions 106 4.2.1.5 Reaction Involving Catalysts of Biological Origin 107 4.2.1.6 Reduction 109 4.2.1.7 Oxidation 110 4.2.1.8 Coupling Reactions 113 4.2.1.9 Micelliances Reactions 121 4.2.1.10 Click Chemistry 125 4.3 Conclusion 127 Acknowledgments 128 References 128 5 Microwave- and Ultrasonic-Assisted Coupling Reactions 133 Sandeep Yadav, Anirudh P.S. Raman, Kashmiri Lal, Pallavi Jain, and Prashant Singh 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Microwave 134 5.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Coupling Reactions 135 5.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Coupling Reactions 142 5.3 Conclusion 150 References 151 6 Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Under Microwave Irradiation Using Name Reactions 157 Sheryn Wong and Anton V. Dolzhenko 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Classical Methods for Heterocyclic Synthesis Under Microwave Irradiation 158 6.2.1 Piloty–Robinson Pyrrole Synthesis 158 6.2.2 Clauson–Kaas Pyrrole Synthesis 158 6.2.3 Paal–Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis 159 6.2.4 Paal–Knorr Furan Synthesis 160 6.2.5 Paal–Knorr Thiophene Synthesis 160 6.2.6 Gewald Reaction 161 6.2.7 Fischer Indole Synthesis 162 6.2.8 Bischler–Möhlau Indole Synthesis 162 6.2.9 Hemetsberger–Knittel Indole Synthesis 163 6.2.10 Leimgruber–Batcho Indole Synthesis 163 6.2.11 Cadogan–Sundberg Indole Synthesis 163 6.2.12 Pechmann Pyrazole Synthesis 164 6.2.13 Debus–Radziszewski Reaction 164 6.2.14 van Leusen Imidazole Synthesis 166 6.2.15 van Leusen Oxazole Synthesis 166 6.2.16 Robinson–Gabriel Reaction 167 6.2.17 Hantzsch Thiazole Synthesis 167 6.2.18 Einhorn–Brunner Reaction 168 6.2.19 Pellizzari Reaction 169 6.2.20 Huisgen Reaction 169 6.2.21 Finnegan Tetrazole Synthesis 171 6.2.22 Four-component Ugi-azide Reaction 172 6.2.23 Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis 172 6.2.24 Bohlmann–Rahtz Pyridine Synthesis 173 6.2.25 Boger Reaction 174 6.2.26 Skraup Reaction 174 6.2.27 Gould–Jacobs Reaction 175 6.2.28 Friedländer Quinoline Synthesis 176 6.2.29 Povarov Reaction 176 6.3 Conclusion 177 Acknowledgments 177 References 177 7 Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Reactions 185 Nafseen Ahmed, Chandan K. Mandal, Varun Rai, Abbul Bashar Khan, and Kamalakanta Behera 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Influence Microwave Radiation on the Stability and Activity of Enzymes 186 7.3 Principle of Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymolysis 190 7.4 Applications of Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymolysis 192 7.4.1 Proteins and Other Plant Components Can Be Transformed and Extracted 192 7.4.2 Modification of Protein Functionality 193 7.4.3 Enhancement of Biological Activity 194 7.4.4 Ultrasonic-Assisted Acceleration of Hydrolysis Time 195 7.5 Enzymatic Reactions Supported by Ultrasound 196 7.5.1 Lipase 196 7.5.2 Protease 196 7.5.3 Polysaccharide Enzymes 198 7.6 Biodiesel Production via Ultrasound-Supported Transesterification 198 7.6.1 Homogenous Acid-Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification 199 7.6.2 Transesterification with Ultrasound Assistance and Homogenous Base Catalysis 199 7.6.3 Heterogeneous Acid-Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification 201 7.6.4 Heterogeneous Base-Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification 205 7.6.5 Enzyme-Catalyzed Ultrasound-Assisted Transesterification 207 7.7 Conclusions 207 Acknowledgments 209 References 209 8 Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Polymers 219 Anupama Singh, Sushil K. Sharma, and Shobhana Sharma 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Polymers 220 8.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Polymers 223 8.4 Conclusion 228 References 229 9 Synthesis of Nanomaterials Under Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation 235 Ahmed A. Mohamed 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 236 9.3 Synthesis of Carbon Dots 239 9.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxides 240 9.5 Synthesis of Silicon Dioxide 243 9.6 Conclusion 243 References 244 10 Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COF) 249 Sanjit Gaikwad and Sangil Han 10.1 Introduction 249 10.2 Principles 250 10.2.1 Principles of Microwave Heating 250 10.2.2 Principle of Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques 250 10.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave- and Ultrasound-Assisted Techniques 252 10.3 MOF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method 252 10.3.1 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of MOF 253 10.3.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of MOFs 256 10.4 Factors That Affect MOF Synthesis 257 10.4.1 Solvent 257 10.4.2 Temperature and pH 258 10.5 Application of MOF 260 10.6 COF Synthesis by Microwave and Ultrasound Method 262 10.6.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of COFs 262 10.6.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of COF 262 10.6.3 Structure of COF (2D and 3D) 263 10.7 Factors Affecting the COF Synthesis 266 10.8 Applications of COFs 267 10.9 Future Predictions 269 10.10 Summary 269 Acknowledgments 269 References 270 11 Solid Phase Synthesis Catalyzed by Microwave and Ultrasound Irradiation 283 R.M. Abdel Hameed, Amal Amr, Amina Emad, Fatma Yasser, Haneen Abdullah, Mariam Nabil, Nada Hazem, Sara Saad, and Yousef Mohamed 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Wastewater Treatment 284 11.3 Biodiesel Production 289 11.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 297 11.5 Alcoholic Fuel Cells 306 11.6 Conclusion and Future Plans 313 References 313 12 Comparative Studies on Thermal, Microwave-Assisted, and Ultrasound-Promoted Preparations 337 Tri P. Adhi, Aqsha Aqsha, and Antonius Indarto 12.1 Introduction 337 12.1.1 Background on Preparative Techniques in Chemistry 337 12.1.2 Overview of Thermal, Microwave-Assisted, and Ultrasound-Promoted Preparations 338 12.1.3 Significance of Comparative Studies in Enhancing Synthetic Methodologies 341 12.1.3.1 Optimization of Conditions 341 12.1.3.2 Efficiency Improvement 342 12.1.3.3 Methodological Advances 343 12.1.3.4 Sustainability and Green Chemistry 343 12.2 Fundamentals of Thermal, Microwave-Assisted, and Ultrasound-Assisted Reactions 345 12.2.1 Explanation of Thermal Reactions and Their Advantages and Limitations 345 12.2.2 Introduction to Microwave-Assisted Reactions and How They Differ from Traditional Method 346 12.2.3 Understanding the Principles and Mechanisms of Ultrasound-Promoted Reactions 347 12.3 Case Studies in Organic Synthesis 349 12.3.1 Examining Examples of Organic Reactions Performed Under Thermal Conditions 349 12.3.1.1 Esterification Reaction Under Thermal Conditions 349 12.3.1.2 Dehydration of Alcohols 349 12.3.1.3 Oxidation of Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids Using Water 350 12.3.2 Case Studies Showcasing the Application of Microwave-Assisted Reactions 350 12.3.2.1 Microwave-Assisted C—C Bond Formation 351 12.3.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Cyclization 352 12.3.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Dehydrogenation Reactions 353 12.3.2.4 Microwave-Assisted Organic Synthesis 353 12.3.3 Highlighting Successful Instances of Ultrasound-Promoted Organic Synthesis 353 12.3.3.1 Ultrasound-Promoted in Organic Synthesis 354 12.3.3.2 Ultrasound-Promoted Oxidations 354 12.3.3.3 Ultrasound-Promoted Esterification 354 12.3.3.4 Ultrasound-Promoted Cyclization 354 12.4 Scope and Limitations 355 12.4.1 Discussing the Applicability of Each Method to Different Reaction Types 355 12.4.2 Identifying the Limitations and Challenges Faced by Each Technique 357 12.4.3 Opportunities for Combining Approaches to Overcome Specific Limitations 358 12.5 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 359 12.5.1 Overview of Recent Advancements and Ongoing Research in Thermal, Microwave, and Ultrasound-Assisted Preparations 359 12.5.1.1 Food Processing Technologies 360 12.5.1.2 Chemical Routes to Materials: Thermal Oxidation of Graphite for Graphene Preparation 360 12.5.1.3 Environmental and Sustainable Applications: Waste to Energy 361 12.5.2 Recent Findings in Microwave-Assisted Preparation 361 12.5.2.1 Catalyst 361 12.5.2.2 Nanotechnology 362 12.5.3 Food Processing Technologies 362 12.5.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Preparations 363 12.5.4.1 Biomedical 363 12.5.4.2 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 363 12.6 Identification of Potential Areas for Further Exploration and Improvement 363 12.6.1 Reaction Mechanisms and Kinetics 363 12.6.2 Synergistic Effects 364 12.6.3 Green Chemistry and Sustainability 366 12.6.4 Scale-Up and Industrial Application 366 12.6.5 Catalysis and Selectivity 367 12.6.6 In Situ Monitoring and Control 367 12.6.7 Mechanistic Studies 368 12.6.8 Temperature and Energy Management 368 12.6.9 Materials Processing 369 12.6.10 Biomedical Applications 370 12.7 The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Approaches in Optimizing Preparative Techniques 370 References 372 Index 381

Autorenportrait

Dakeshwar Kumar Verma, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Govt. Digvijay Autonomous Postgraduate College, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India. Chandrabhan Verma, PhD, is a Researcher in the Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Paz Otero Fuertes, PhD, is a Senior Researcher in the Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Spain.

Back cover copy

A guide to the efficient and sustainable synthesis of organic compounds Chemical processes and the synthesis of compounds are essential aspects of numerous industries, and particularly central to the creation of drug-like structures. Their often significant environmental biproducts, however, have driven substantial innovations in the areas of green and organic synthesis, which have the potential to drive efficient, solvent-free synthesis and create more sustainable chemical processes. The use of microwaves and ultrasounds in chemical synthesis has proven an especially fruitful area of research, with the potential to produce a more sustainable industrial future. Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microwave- and ultrasound-driven synthesis and their cutting-edge applications. Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound readers will also find: <ul><li>Introduction to the key equipment and tools of green chemical synthesis</li> <li>Detailed discussion of methods including ultrasound irradiation, metal-catalyzed reactions, enzymatic reactions, and many more</li> <li>An authorial team with immense experience in environmentally friendly organic chemical production</li></ul> Green Chemical Synthesis with Microwaves and Ultrasound is ideal for chemists, organic chemists, chemical engineers, biochemists, and any researchers or industry professionals working on the synthesis of chemicals and/or organic compounds.