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<p>Preface xvii</p> <p><b>1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids 1</b><br /><i>Sumana Brahma and Ramesh L. Gardas</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Constituents of ILs 2</p> <p>1.3 The Brief History 3</p> <p>1.4 Ionic Liquid-Like Systems 6</p> <p>1.5 The Generation of ILs 6</p> <p>1.6 Structural Development of ILs 9</p> <p>1.7 Scope of ILs 17</p> <p>1.8 Commercialization of ILs 18</p> <p>1.9 Conclusions 20</p> <p><b>2 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications 29</b><br /><i>Sudakhina Saikia, Himadri Borah, Pangkita Deka, and Rekha R. Dutta</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 29</p> <p>2.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids 30</p> <p>2.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids 33</p> <p>2.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 44</p> <p><b>3 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 51</b><br /><i>Tridib Mondal and Palas Samanta</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 51</p> <p>3.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 52</p> <p>3.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 62</p> <p><b>4 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? 69</b><br /><i>Helen Treasa Mathew, Kumar Abhisek, Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Arvind Kumar, and Ramesh Oraon</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 69</p> <p>4.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids 71</p> <p>4.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents 78</p> <p>4.4 IoNanofluids 82</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion 88</p> <p><b>5 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formations 97</b><br /><i>Sudeshna Kalita and Anup Singhania</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 97</p> <p>5.2 Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reactions 98</p> <p>5.3 Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction 117</p> <p>5.4 Conclusion 131</p> <p><b>6 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques 141</b><br /><i>Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Eden Mulu, Jean J.R. Kinhoun, Temitope F. Ajibade, Kayode H. Lasisi, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, and Daniel A. Ayejoto</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 141</p> <p>6.2 General Characteristics of ILs 143</p> <p>6.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology 145</p> <p>6.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 153</p> <p><b>7 Polymers and Ionic Liquids 161</b><br /><i>Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Jean J. R. Kinhoun, Eden Mulu, Temitope F. Ajibade, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Bashir Adelodun, Pankaj Kumar, and Oluwaseyi A. Ajala</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 161</p> <p>7.2 Properties of ILs 163</p> <p>7.3 Synthesis of PILs 166</p> <p>7.4 Types and Application of Common PILs 167</p> <p>7.5 Conclusion 167</p> <p><b>8 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices 179</b><br /><i>Himadri Borah, Upakul Dutta, and Rekha R. Dutta</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 179</p> <p>8.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry 181</p> <p>8.3 Fabrication of IL-Based Sensing Layers 184</p> <p>8.4 IL-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 186</p> <p>8.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices 191</p> <p>8.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 191</p> <p><b>9 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach 195</b><br /><i>Bharadwaj Ittishree, Lipeeka Rout, Vinod Kashyap, and Rahul Sharma</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 195</p> <p>9.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields 196</p> <p>9.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids 197</p> <p>9.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (ReportedWork) 198</p> <p>9.5 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Metal Nanoparticles 198</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion 201</p> <p><b>10 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids 203</b><br /><i>Atrayee Banaspati and Nirupamjit Sarmah</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 203</p> <p>10.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 205</p> <p>10.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids 207</p> <p>10.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids 209</p> <p>10.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 213</p> <p><b>11 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach 221</b><br /><i>Mamun Mandal and Abhijit Sarkar</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 221</p> <p>11.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application 222</p> <p>11.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms 224</p> <p>11.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach 229</p> <p>11.5 Conclusions 230</p> <p><b>12 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids 235</b><br /><i>Daniel A. Ayetoro, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, Kelechi E. Igwe, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Hailu Demissie, Temitope F. Ajibade, Abdulhamid Yusuf, Kayode H. Lasisi, Pankaj Kumar, Bashir Adelodun, and Fidelis O. Ajibade</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 235</p> <p>12.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics 237</p> <p>12.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures 239</p> <p>12.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids 241</p> <p>12.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes 245</p> <p>12.6 Future Developments 247</p> <p>12.7 Conclusion 248</p> <p><b>13 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine 255</b><br /><i>Mrinal K. Si</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 255</p> <p>13.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents 257</p> <p>13.3 Biomedical Applications 257</p> <p>13.4 Summary and Future Aspects 260</p> <p><b>14 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives 265</b><br /><i>Prarthana Bora and Swapnali Hazarika</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 265</p> <p>14.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids 267</p> <p>14.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids 278</p> <p>14.4 Conclusion 279</p> <p><b>15 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery 283</b><br /><i>Rakesh Dutta and Khemnath Patir</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 283</p> <p>15.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels 284</p> <p>15.3 Biomass Conversion Process 285</p> <p>15.4 Value-Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids 286</p> <p>15.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids 291</p> <p>15.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery 292</p> <p>15.7 Conclusions 295</p> <p><b>16 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno-Economic Assessment 301</b><br /><i>Kumar Abhisek, Helen T. Mathew, Shashikant S. Vhatkar, Dipti S. Srivastava, Rahul Minz, and Ramesh Oraon</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 301</p> <p>16.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture 303</p> <p>16.3 Conclusion 316</p> <p><b>17 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 333</b><br /><i>Kalyani Motghare, Diwakar Shende, Dharam Pal, and Kailas L. Wasewar</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 333</p> <p>17.2 Biobutanol: First-Generation Biofuels 335</p> <p>17.3 Butanol Production 335</p> <p>17.4 Butanol Recovery 337</p> <p>17.5 Ionic Liquids 339</p> <p>17.6 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 343</p> <p>17.7 World Butanol Demand 344</p> <p>17.8 Conclusion 345</p> <p><b>18 Bio-Carboxylic Acid Separation by Ionic Liquids 353</b><br /><i>Anuj Kumar, F.M. Antony, D.Z. Shende, and K.L. Wasewar</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 353</p> <p>18.2 Ionic Liquids 355</p> <p>18.3 Challenges in the Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids 357</p> <p>18.4 Methods for Separating Bio-Carboxylic Acids 357</p> <p>18.5 Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids by the Reactive Extraction Process 360</p> <p>18.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 364</p> <p><b>19 Current Trends in QSAR and Machine Learning Models of Ionic Liquids: Efficient Tools for Designing Environmentally Safe Solvents for the Future 369</b><br /><i>Supratik Kar and Jerzy Leszczynski</i></p> <p>19.1 Ionic Liquids and Their Structural Characteristics 369</p> <p>19.2 Properties of ILs 372</p> <p>19.3 Application of ILs 372</p> <p>19.4 Do ILs Follow Green Chemistry Principles and Are Hazard Free for Environment? 375</p> <p>19.5 Regulatory Proposals for Toxicity Assessment of ILs 376</p> <p>19.6 Why In Silico Modeling Is Needed for ILs 377</p> <p>19.7 Predictive Toxicity Models for ILs 378</p> <p>19.8 Databases of Ionic Liquid 380</p> <p>19.9 Overview and Future Avenues 388</p> <p><b>20 Advances in Simulation Research on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 395</b><br /><i>Huo Feng and Yue Bowen</i></p> <p>20.1 Simulation Method of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 396</p> <p>20.2 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Batteries 403</p> <p>20.3 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Capacitors 408</p> <p>20.4 Conclusion 413</p> <p><b>21 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry 419</b><br /><i>Suresh Rajamanickam and Binoyargha Dam</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 419</p> <p>21.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Syntheses of Various Heterocycles 421</p> <p>21.3 Conclusion and Future Prospective 440</p> <p><b>22 Application of Ionic Liquids in Drug Development 443</b><br /><i>Partha Dutta, Charu Arora, and Sanju Soni</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 443</p> <p>22.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 444</p> <p>22.3 General Synthetic Methodologies 444</p> <p>22.4 An Overview of Applications in Diverse Fields 445</p> <p>22.5 Specific Applications in the Field of Pharmaceutical Development 447</p> <p><b>23 Application of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology 459</b><br /><i>Ehiaghe Agbovhimen Elimian, Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade, Temitope Fausat Ajibade, Hailu Demissie, Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu, Kayode Hassan Lasisi, Daniel A. Ayetoro, and Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua</i></p> <p>23.1 Introduction 460</p> <p>23.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids 460</p> <p>23.3 Whole-Cell Biotransformations 464</p> <p>23.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Enzyme Catalysis 467</p> <p>23.5 Enzyme Selectivity in Ionic Liquids 469</p> <p>23.6 Ionic Liquid Stability of Enzymes 470</p> <p>23.7 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioethanol Production 471</p> <p>23.8 Ionic Liquids Applied in the Synthesis of Biodiesel 475</p> <p>23.9 Conclusion 479</p> <p>References 479</p> <p>Index 489</p>

<p><b>Sanchayita Rajkhowa</b> is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Haflong Govt. College, Assam, India. Her research is focused on surface chemistry, surfactants, and their impact on drug discovery, carbohydrate chemistry, and ionic liquids development.</p> <p><b>Pardeep Singh</b> is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. His research is focused on the degradation of organic pollutants through various indigenous isolated microbes and photocatalytic types.</p> <p><b>Anik Sen</b> is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India. His research is focused on computational molecular modelling in a variety of fields, including solvation, solar cells, reaction mechanisms, and drug design.</p> <p><b>Jyotirmoy Sarma</b> is Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Assam Don Bosco University, Assam, India. He has published extensively on surface chemistry, ionic liquids, and related subjects.</p>

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