Details
Spectroscopy and Characterization of Nanomaterials and Novel Materials
Experiments, Modeling, Simulations, and Applications1. Aufl.
162,99 € |
|
Verlag: | Wiley-VCH |
Format: | EPUB |
Veröffentl.: | 08.04.2022 |
ISBN/EAN: | 9783527833696 |
Sprache: | englisch |
Anzahl Seiten: | 528 |
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Beschreibungen
<b>Spectroscopy and Characterization of Nanomaterials and Novel Materials</b> <p><b>Comprehensive overview of nanomaterial characterization methods and applications from leading researchers in the field </b> <p> In <i>Spectroscopy and Characterization of Nanomaterials and Novel Materials: Experiments, Modeling, Simulations, and Applications,</i> the editor Prabhakar Misra and a team of renowned contributors deliver a practical and up-to-date exploration of the characterization and applications of nanomaterials and other novel materials, including quantum materials and metal clusters. The contributions cover spectroscopic characterization methods for obtaining accurate information on optical, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of nanomaterials. <p>The book reviews nanomaterial characterization methods with proven relevance to academic and industry research and development teams, and modern methods for the computation of nanomaterials’ structure and properties - including machine-learning approaches - are also explored. Readers will also find descriptions of nanomaterial applications in energy research, optoelectronics, and space science, as well as: <ul><li>A thorough introduction to spectroscopy and characterization of graphitic nanomaterials and metal oxides</li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of simulations of gas separation by adsorption and recent advances in Weyl semimetals and axion insulators</li> <li>Practical discussions of the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes and applications to sensors</li> <li>In-depth examinations of micro-Raman imaging of planetary analogs</li></ul> <p>Perfect for physicists, materials scientists, analytical chemists, organic and polymer chemists, and electrical engineers, <i>Spectroscopy and Characterization of Nanomaterials and Novel Materials: Experiments, Modeling, Simulations, and Applications</i> will also earn a place in the libraries of sensor developers and computational physicists and modelers.
<p>Preface xix</p> <p>About the Editor xxvii</p> <p> </p> <p>Part I Spectroscopy and Characterization 1</p> <p><b> </b></p> <p><b>1 Spectroscopic Characterization of Graphitic Nanomaterials and Metal Oxides for Gas Sensing 3</b></p> <p><i>Olasunbo Farinre, Hawazin Alghamdi, and Prabhakar Misra</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction and Overview 3</p> <p>1.1.1 Graphitic Nanomaterials 3</p> <p>1.1.1.1 Synthesis of Graphitic Nanomaterials 5</p> <p>1.1.2 Metal Oxides 8</p> <p>1.2 Spectroscopic Characterization of Graphitic Nanomaterials and Metal Oxides 9</p> <p>1.2.1 Graphitic Nanomaterials 9</p> <p>1.2.1.1 Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 10</p> <p>1.2.1.2 Characterization of Graphene and Graphene Nanoplatelets (GnPs) 11</p> <p>1.2.2 Characterization of Tin Dioxide (SnO2) 12</p> <p>1.3 Graphitic Nanomaterials and Metal Oxide-Based Gas Sensors 19</p> <p>1.3.1 Fabrication of Graphitic Nanomaterials-Based Gas Sensors 19</p> <p>1.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Gas Sensors 19</p> <p>1.3.1.2 Graphene and Graphene Nanoplatelet (GnP)-Based Gas Sensors 20</p> <p>1.3.2 Fabrication of Metal Oxide-Based Gas Sensors 21</p> <p>1.3.2.1 Tin Dioxide (SnO2)-Based Gas Sensors 23</p> <p>1.4 Conclusions and Future Work 24 Acknowledgments 26 References 26</p> <p> </p> <p><b>2 Low-dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Related to Heat</b> <b>Transfer, Energy Harvesting, and Energy Storage 33</b></p> <p><i>Mahesh Vaka, Tejaswini Rama Bangalore Ramakrishna, Khalid Mohammad, and Rashmi Walvekar</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 33</p> <p>2.2 Synthesis and Properties of Low-dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials 35</p> <p>2.2.1 Zero-dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials (0-DCNs) 35</p> <p>2.2.1.1 Fullerene 35</p> <p>2.2.1.2 Carbon-encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles 35</p> <p>2.2.1.3 Nanodiamond 37</p> <p>2.2.2 Onion-like Carbons 38</p> <p>2.2.3 One-dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials 39</p> <p>2.2.3.1 Carbon Nanotube 39</p> <p>2.2.3.2 Carbon Fibers 39</p> <p>2.2.4 Two-dimensional Carbon Nanomaterials 40</p> <p>2.3 Applications 42</p> <p>2.3.1 Hydrogen Storage 42</p> <p>2.3.2 Solar Cells 43</p> <p>2.3.3 Thermal Energy Storage 44</p> <p>2.3.4 Energy Conversion 45</p> <p>2.4 Conclusions 46</p> <p>References 46</p> <p> </p> <p><b>3 Mesoscale Spin Glass Dynamics 55</b></p> <p><i>Samaresh Guchhait</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 55</p> <p>3.2 What Is a Spin Glass? 56</p> <p>3.2.1 Spin Glass and Its Correlation Length 57</p> <p>3.2.2 Mesoscale Spin Glass Dynamics 60</p> <p>3.3 Summary 64 Acknowledgments 64 References 64</p> <p> </p> <p><b>4 Raman Spectroscopy Characterization of Mechanical and Structural Properties of Epitaxial Graphene 67</b></p> <p><i>Amira Ben Gouider Trabelsi, Feodor V. Kusmartsev, Anna Kusmartseva, and Fatemah Homoud Alkallas</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 67</p> <p>4.2 Epitaxial Graphene Mechanical Properties Investigation 68</p> <p>4.2.1 Optical Location of Epitaxial Graphene Layers 68</p> <p>4.2.2 Raman Location of Mechanical Properties Changes 71</p> <p>4.2.2.1 Graphene 2D Mode 71</p> <p>4.2.2.2 G Mode Investigation 74</p> <p>4.2.2.3 Strain Percentage 76</p> <p> 4.3 Raman Polarization Study 77</p> <p>4.3.1 Size Domain of Graphene Layer 77</p> <p>4.3.2 Polarization Study 78</p> <p>4.4 Conclusions 80 Acknowledgments 80 References 80</p> <p> </p> <p><b>5 Raman Spectroscopy Studies of III–V Type II Superlattices 83</b></p> <p><i>Henan Liu and Yong Zhang</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 83</p> <p>5.2 Raman Study on InAs/GaSb SL 84</p> <p>5.2.1 Analysis on (001) Scattering Geometry 85</p> <p>5.2.2 Analysis on (110) Scattering Geometry 86</p> <p>5.3 Raman Study on InAs/InAs1−xSbx SL 90</p> <p>5.3.1 Raman Results for the Constituent Bulks and InAs1−xSbx Alloys 90</p> <p>5.3.2 Analysis on (001) Scattering Geometry for the SLs 93</p> <p>5.3.3 Analysis on (110) Scattering for the SLs 95</p> <p>5.4 A Comparison Among the InAs/InAs1−xSbx, InAs/GaSb, and GaAs/AlAs SLs 97</p> <p>5.5 Conclusion 98</p> <p>References 98</p> <p> </p> <p><b>6 Dissecting the Molecular Properties of Nanoscale Materials Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 101</b></p> <p><i>Nipanshu Agarwal and Krishna Mohan Poluri</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials 101</p> <p>6.2 Techniques Used for Characterization of Nanomaterials 104</p> <p>6.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 105</p> <p>6.3.1 Principle of NMR Spectroscopy 106</p> <p>6.3.2 Various NMR Techniques Used in Nanomaterial Characterization 106</p> <p>6.3.2.1 One-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy 108</p> <p>6.3.2.2 Relaxometry (T1 and T2) 108</p> <p>6.3.2.3 Two-dimensional NMR Spectroscopy 110</p> <p>6.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using NMR Spectroscopy 114</p> <p>6.4 Applications of NMR in Nanotechnology 115</p> <p>6.4.1 NMR for Characterization of Nanomaterials 115</p> <p>6.4.1.1 Characterization of Gold Nanomaterials by NMR 115</p> <p>6.4.1.2 Characterization of Organic Nanomaterials by NMR 119</p> <p>6.4.1.3 Characterization of Quantum Dots and Nanodiamonds by NMR 120</p> <p>6.4.2 Elucidating the Molecular Characteristics/Interactions of Nanomaterials Using NMR 120</p> <p>6.4.2.1 Characterizing Nanodisks Using Paramagnetic NMR 120</p> <p>6.4.2.2 Characterizing Nanomaterials Using Low Field NMR (LF-NMR) 123</p> <p>6.4.2.3 Analyzing Nanomaterial Interactions Using 2D NMR Techniques 123</p> <p>6.4.3 Characterization of Magnetic Contrast Agents (MR-CAs) 128</p> <p>6.5 Conclusions 132 Acknowledgments 132 References 132</p> <p> </p> <p><b>7 Charge Dynamical Properties of Photoresponsive and Novel Semiconductors Using Time-Resolved Millimeter-Wave Apparatus 149</b></p> <p><i>Biswadev Roy, Branislav Vlahovic, M.H. Wu, and C.R. Jones</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 149</p> <p>7.1.1 Why Charge Dynamics for Novel Materials in the Millimeter-Wave Regime? 150</p> <p>7.1.2 Underlying Theory of Operation and Time-Resolved Data: Treatment of Internal Fields in Samples 154</p> <p>7.1.3 Apparatus Design and Instrumentation 156</p> <p>7.1.4 Sensitivity Analysis and Dynamic Range 158</p> <p>7.1.5 Calibration Factor 159</p> <p>7.2 Studies on RF Responses of Materials 162</p> <p>7.2.1 Transmission and Reflection Response for GaAs 162</p> <p>7.2.2 Silicon Response by Resistivity 162</p> <p>7.2.2.1 Charge Carrier Concentration 165</p> <p>7.2.2.2 Millimeter-Wave Probe and Laser Data 166</p> <p>7.2.2.3 TR-mmWC Charge Dynamical Parameter Correlation Table and Sample-Resistivity 168</p> <p>7.2.2.4 Photoconductance (ΔG) Using Calculated Sensitivity 171</p> <p>7.3 CdSxSe1−x Nanowires 174</p> <p>7.3.1 Transmission and Reflection Response Spectra for CdX Nanowire 174</p> <p>7.3.2 Millimeter-Wave Signal Coherence and Decay Response of CdSxSe1−x Nanowire 176</p> <p>7.4 Conclusions 182</p> <p>7.5 Data: CdSxSe1−x TR-mmWC Responses for Various Pump Fluences 182</p> <p>Acknowledgments 183</p> <p>References 183</p> <p> </p> <p><b>8 Metal Nanoclusters 187</b></p> <p><i>Sayani Mukherjee and Sukhendu Mandal</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 187</p> <p>8.2 Gold Nanoclusters 189</p> <p>8.2.1 Phosphine-protected Au-NCs 190</p> <p>8.2.2 Thiol-protected Nanoclusters 193</p> <p>8.2.2.1 Brust–Schiffrin Synthesis 193</p> <p>8.2.2.2 Modified Brust–Schiffrin Synthesis 194</p> <p>8.2.2.3 Size-focusing Method 197</p> <p>8.2.2.4 Ligand Exchange-induced Structural Transformation 200</p> <p>8.2.3 Other Ligands as Protecting Agents 202</p> <p>8.3 Mixed Metals Alloy Nanoclusters 202</p> <p>8.4 Conclusion 203</p> <p>8.5 Future Direction 203 Acknowledgment 204 References 204</p> <p> </p> <p>Part II Modeling and Simulation 211</p> <p> </p> <p><b>9 Simulations of Gas Separation by Adsorption 213</b></p> <p><i>Hawazin Alghamdi, Hind Aljaddani, Sidi Maiga, and Silvina Gatica</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 213</p> <p>9.2 Simulation Methods 216</p> <p>9.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations 216</p> <p>9.2.2 Monte Carlo Simulations 217</p> <p>9.2.3 Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) 218</p> <p>9.3 Models 220</p> <p>9.3.1 Molecular Models 220</p> <p>9.3.2 Substrate Models 221</p> <p>9.3.3 Validation of the Methods and Force Fields 222</p> <p>9.4 Examples 223</p> <p>9.4.1 GCMC Simulation of CO2/CH4 Binary Mixtures on Nanoporous Carbons 223</p> <p>9.4.2 MD Simulations of CO2/CH4 Binary Mixtures on Graphene Nanoribbons/Graphite 224</p> <p>9.4.3 MD Simulations of H2O/N2 Binary Mixtures on Graphene 228</p> <p>9.4.4 Calculation of the Selectivity of CO2 and CH4 on Graphene Using the IAST 231</p> <p>9.5 Conclusion 236</p> <p>References 236</p> <p>10 Recent Advances in Weyl Semimetal (MnBi2Se4) and Axion Insulator (MnBi2Te4) 239</p> <p>Sugata Chowdhury, Kevin F. Garrity, and Francesca Tavazza</p> <p>10.1 Introduction 239</p> <p>10.2 Discussion 241</p> <p>10.2.1 MBS 242</p> <p>10.2.2 MBT 243</p> <p>10.3 Outlook 252</p> <p>References 253</p> <p> </p> <p>Part III Applications 261</p> <p> </p> <p><b>11 Chemical Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes and Applications to Sensors 263</b></p> <p><i>Khurshed Ahmad Shah and Muhammad Shunaid Parvaiz</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 263</p> <p>11.2 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 267</p> <p>11.2.1 Electrical Properties 267</p> <p>11.2.2 Mechanical Properties 269</p> <p>11.2.3 Optical Properties 269</p> <p>11.2.4 Physical Properties 271</p> <p>11.3 Properties of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 272</p> <p>11.3.1 Mechanical Properties 272</p> <p>11.3.2 Electrical Properties 272</p> <p>11.4 Types of Chemical Functionalization 273</p> <p>11.4.1 Thermally Activated Chemical Functionalization 273</p> <p>11.4.2 Electrochemical Functionalization 273</p> <p>11.4.3 Photochemical Functionalization 274</p> <p>11.5 Chemical Functionalization Techniques 274</p> <p>11.5.1 Chemical Techniques 274</p> <p>11.5.2 Electrons/Ions Irradiation Techniques 275</p> <p>11.5.3 Specialized Techniques 275</p> <p>11.6 Sensing Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 276</p> <p>11.6.1 Gas Sensors 276</p> <p>11.6.2 Biosensors 277</p> <p>11.6.3 Chemical Sensors 277</p> <p>11.6.4 Electrochemical Sensors 278</p> <p>11.6.5 Temperature Sensors 278</p> <p>11.6.6 Pressure Sensors 278</p> <p>11.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Carbon Nanotube Sensors 278</p> <p>11.8 Summary 279</p> <p>References 280</p> <p> </p> <p><b>12 Graphene for Breakthroughs in Designing Next-Generation Energy Storage Systems 287</b></p> <p><i>Abhilash Ayyapan Nair, Manoj Muraleedharan Pillai, and Sankaran Jayalekshmi</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 287</p> <p>12.2 Li–Ion Cells 289</p> <p>12.2.1 Basic Working Mechanism 289</p> <p>12.2.2 Role of Graphene: Graphene Foam-Based Electrodes for Li–Ion Cells 291</p> <p>12.3 Li–S Cells 294</p> <p>12.3.1 Advantages of Li–S Cells 295</p> <p>12.3.2 Working of Li–S Cells 295</p> <p>12.3.3 Challenges of Li–S Cells 296</p> <p>12.3.4 Graphene-Based Sulfur Cathodes for Li–S Cells 297</p> <p>12.3.5 Graphene Oxide-Based Sulfur Cathodes for Li–S Cells 298</p> <p>12.4 Supercapacitors 299</p> <p>12.4.1 Basic Working Principle 299</p> <p>12.4.2 Graphene-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes 300</p> <p>12.4.3 Graphene/Polymer Composites as Electrodes 303</p> <p>12.4.4 Graphene/Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 305</p> <p>12.5 Li–Ion Capacitors 306</p> <p>12.5.1 Working Principle 306</p> <p>12.5.2 Graphene/Graphene Composites as Cathode Materials 307</p> <p>12.5.3 Graphene/Graphene Composites as Anode Materials 309</p> <p>12.6 Looking Forward 310</p> <p>References 311</p> <p> </p> <p><b>13 Progress in Nanostructured Perovskite Photovoltaics 317</b></p> <p><i>Sreekanth Jayachandra Varma and Ramakrishnan Jayakrishnan</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 317</p> <p>13.2 Nanostructured Perovskites as Efficient Photovoltaic Materials 318</p> <p>13.3 Perovskite Quantum Dots 321</p> <p>13.4 Perovskite Nanowires and Nanopillars 324</p> <p>13.4.1 2D Perovskite Nanostructures 326</p> <p>13.4.2 2D/3D Perovskite Heterostructures 330</p> <p>13.5 Summary 336</p> <p>References 336</p> <p> </p> <p><b>14 Applications of Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine 345</b></p> <p><i>Ayanna N. Woodberry and Francis E. Mensah</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 345</p> <p>14.2 Nanomaterials, Definition, and Historical Perspectives 345</p> <p>14.2.1 What Are Nanomaterials? 345</p> <p>14.2.2 Origin and Historical Perspectives 346</p> <p>14.2.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 349</p> <p>14.2.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 349</p> <p>14.3 Nanomaterials and Their Use in Nanomedicine 351</p> <p>14.3.1 What Is Nanomedicine? 351</p> <p>14.3.2 The Myth of Small Molecules 351</p> <p>14.3.3 Nanomedicine Drug Delivery Has Implications that Go Beyond Medicine 351</p> <p>14.3.4 Improvement in Function 351</p> <p>14.3.5 Nanomaterials Use in Nanomedicine for Therapy 351</p> <p>14.3.5.1 Progress in Polymer Therapeutics as Nanomedicine 351</p> <p>14.3.5.2 Recent Progress in Polymer: Therapeutics as Nanomedicines 352</p> <p>14.3.5.3 Use of Linkers 354</p> <p>14.3.5.4 Targeting Moiety 354</p> <p>14.3.6 Polymeric Drugs 355</p> <p>14.3.7 Polymeric-Drug Conjugates 355</p> <p>14.3.8 Polymer–Protein Conjugates 356</p> <p>14.4 The Use of Nanomaterials in Global Health for the Treatment of Viral Infections Such As the DNA and the RNA Viruses, Retroviruses, Ebola, and COVID-19 356</p> <p>14.4.1 Nanomaterials in Radiation Therapy 358</p> <p>14.5 Conclusion 359</p> <p>References 359</p> <p> </p> <p><b>15 Application of Carbon Nanomaterials on the Performance of Li-Ion Batteries 361</b></p> <p><i>Quinton L. Williams, Adewale A. Adepoju, Sharah Zaab, Mohamed Doumbia, Yahya Alqahtani, and Victoria Adebayo</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 361</p> <p>15.2 Battery Background 362</p> <p>15.2.1 Genesis of the Rechargeable Battery 362</p> <p>15.2.2 Battery Cell Classifications 363</p> <p>15.2.2.1 Primary Batteries – Non-rechargeable Batteries 363</p> <p>15.2.2.2 Secondary Batteries – Rechargeable Batteries 363</p> <p>15.2.3 Comparison of Rechargeable Batteries 363</p> <p>15.2.4 Internal Battery Cell Components 364</p> <p>15.2.4.1 Cathode 365</p> <p>15.2.4.2 Anode 366</p> <p>15.2.4.3 Electrolyte 366</p> <p>15.2.5 Crystal Structure of Active Materials 366</p> <p>15.2.5.1 Layered LiCoO2 367</p> <p>15.2.5.2 Spinel LiM2O4 367</p> <p>15.2.5.3 Olivine LiFePO4 368</p> <p>15.2.5.4 NCM 369</p> <p>15.2.6 Principle of Operation of Li-Ion Batteries 370</p> <p>15.2.7 Battery Terminology 371</p> <p>15.2.7.1 Battery Safety 373</p> <p>15.2.8 A Glimpse into the Future of Battery Technology 374</p> <p>15.3 High C-Rate Performance of LiFePO4/Carbon Nanofibers Composite Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries 375</p> <p>15.3.1 Introduction 375</p> <p>15.3.2 Experimental 375</p> <p>15.3.2.1 Preparation of Composite Cathode 375</p> <p>15.3.2.2 Characterization 376</p> <p>15.3.3 Results and Discussion 376</p> <p>15.3.4 Summary 379</p> <p>15.4 Graphene Nanoplatelet Additives for High C-Rate LiFePO4 Battery Cathodes 380</p> <p>15.4.1 Introduction 380</p> <p>15.4.2 Experimental 381</p> <p>15.4.2.1 Composite Cathode Preparation and Battery Assembly 381</p> <p>15.4.2.2 Characterizations and Electrochemical Measurements 382</p> <p>15.4.3 Results and Discussion 382</p> <p>15.4.4 Summary 386</p> <p>15.5 LiFePO4 Battery Cathodes with PANI/CNF Additive 386</p> <p>15.5.1 Introduction 386</p> <p>15.5.2 Experimental 386</p> <p>15.5.2.1 Preparation of the PANI/CNF Conducting Agent and Coin Cell 387</p> <p>15.5.3 Results and Discussion 387</p> <p>15.5.4 Conclusion 392</p> <p>15.6 Reduced Graphene Oxide – LiFePO4 Composite Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries 393</p> <p>15.6.1 Introduction 393</p> <p>15.6.2 Experimental 394</p> <p>15.6.3 Results and Discussion 394</p> <p>15.6.4 Summary 398</p> <p>15.7 Rate Performance of Carbon Nanofiber Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries 398</p> <p>15.7.1 Introduction 398</p> <p>15.7.2 Experimental 398</p> <p>15.7.3 Results and Discussion 399</p> <p>15.7.4 Summary 401</p> <p>15.8 NCM Batteries with the Addition of Carbon Nanofibers in the Cathode 402</p> <p>15.8.1 Introduction 402</p> <p>15.8.2 Experimental 403</p> <p>15.8.3 Results and Discussion 403</p> <p>15.8.4 Summary 405</p> <p>15.9 Conclusion 407 Acknowledgments 407 References 408</p> <p> </p> <p>Part IV Space Science 415</p> <p> </p> <p><b>16 Micro-Raman Imaging of Planetary Analogs: Nanoscale Characterization of Past and Current Processes 417</b></p> <p><i>Dina M. Bower, Ryan Jabukek, Marc D. Fries, and Andrew Steele</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 417</p> <p>16.2 Relationships Between Minerals 421</p> <p>16.2.1 Minerals in the Solar System 421</p> <p>16.2.2 Minerals as Indicators of Life and Habitability 425</p> <p>16.3 Planetary Analogs 427</p> <p>16.3.1 Modern Terrestrial Analogs 427</p> <p>16.3.2 Ancient Terrestrial Analogs 429</p> <p>16.4 Meteorites and Lunar Rocks 431</p> <p>16.5 Carbon 434</p> <p>16.5.1 Definition and Description of Macromolecular Carbon 434</p> <p>16.5.2 Macromolecular Carbon on the Earth and in Astromaterials 435</p> <p>16.5.3 Macromolecular Carbon in Petrographic Context 437</p> <p>16.6 Conclusion 439</p> <p>References 439</p> <p> </p> <p><b>17 Machine Learning and Nanomaterials for Space Applications 453</b></p> <p><i>Eric Lyness, Victoria Da Poian, and James Mackinnon</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 453</p> <p>17.1.1 What Do We Mean by Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning? 454</p> <p>17.1.2 The Field of Data Analysis and Data Science 455</p> <p>17.1.2.1 Data Analysis 455</p> <p>17.1.2.2 Data Science 455</p> <p>17.1.3 Applications in Nanoscience 456</p> <p>17.2 Machine Learning Methods and Tools 457</p> <p>17.2.1 Types of ML 457</p> <p>17.2.1.1 Supervised 457</p> <p>17.2.1.2 Unsupervised 459</p> <p>17.2.1.3 Semi-supervised 460</p> <p>17.2.1.4 Reinforcement Learning 460</p> <p>17.2.2 The Basic Techniques and the Underlying Algorithms 460</p> <p>17.2.2.1 Regression (Linear, Logistic) 460</p> <p>17.2.2.2 Decision Tree 461</p> <p>17.2.2.3 Neural Networks 461</p> <p>17.2.2.4 Expert Systems 463</p> <p>17.2.2.5 Dimensionality Reduction 463</p> <p>17.2.3 Available Tools: Discussion of the Software Available, Both Free and Commercial, and How They Can Be Used by Nonexperts 464</p> <p>17.3 Limitations of AI 464</p> <p>17.3.1 Data Availability 464</p> <p>17.3.1.1 Splitting Your Dataset 464</p> <p>17.3.2 Warnings in Implementation (Overfitting, Cross-validation) 465</p> <p>17.3.3 Computational Power 465</p> <p>17.4 Case Study: Autonomous Machine Learning Applied to Space Applications 466</p> <p>17.4.1 Few Existing AI Applications for Planetary Missions 466</p> <p>17.4.2 MOMA Use-Case Project (Leaning Toward Science Autonomy) 467</p> <p>17.5 Challenges and Approaches to Miniaturized Autonomy 468</p> <p>17.5.1 Computing Requirements of AI/Machine Learning 468</p> <p>17.5.2 Why Is Space Hard? 469</p> <p>17.5.3 Software Approaches for Embedded Hardware 471</p> <p>17.6 Summary: How to Approach AI 473</p> <p>References 474</p> <p>Index 477</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
<p><b><i>Prabhakar Misra, PhD,</b> is a Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Howard University in Washington, DC. He has over 30 years of experience researching the detection and spectroscopic characterization of jet-cooled free radicals, ions and stable molecules of relevance to combustion phenomena and plasmas, Raman spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics simulation of nanomaterials for gas-sensing applications, and other contemporary areas in experimental atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics. </i></p>
<p><b>Comprehensive overview of nanomaterial characterization methods and applications from leading researchers in the field </b></p> <p> In <i>Spectroscopy and Characterization of Nanomaterials and Novel Materials: Experiments, Modeling, Simulations, and Applications,</i> the editor Prabhakar Misra and a team of renowned contributors deliver a practical and up-to-date exploration of the characterization and applications of nanomaterials and other novel materials, including quantum materials and metal clusters. The contributions cover spectroscopic characterization methods for obtaining accurate information on optical, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of nanomaterials. <p>The book reviews nanomaterial characterization methods with proven relevance to academic and industry research and development teams, and modern methods for the computation of nanomaterials’ structure and properties - including machine-learning approaches - are also explored. Readers will also find descriptions of nanomaterial applications in energy research, optoelectronics, and space science, as well as: <ul><li>A thorough introduction to spectroscopy and characterization of graphitic nanomaterials and metal oxides</li> <li>Comprehensive explorations of simulations of gas separation by adsorption and recent advances in Weyl semimetals and axion insulators</li> <li>Practical discussions of the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes and applications to sensors</li> <li>In-depth examinations of micro-Raman imaging of planetary analogs</li></ul> <p>Perfect for physicists, materials scientists, analytical chemists, organic and polymer chemists, and electrical engineers, <i>Spectroscopy and Characterization of Nanomaterials and Novel Materials: Experiments, Modeling, Simulations, and Applications</i> will also earn a place in the libraries of sensor developers and computational physicists and modelers.