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<p>Series Preface xxi</p> <p>1 High-performance</p> <p>Materials from Bio-based</p> <p><b>Feedstocks: Introduction and Structure of the Book 1<br /></b><i>Kaewta Jetsrisuparb, Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg, Nontipa Supanchaiyamat and Andrew J. Hunt</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 High-performance Bio-based Materials and Their Applications 4</p> <p>1.2.1 Biomass Constituents 4</p> <p>1.2.2 Bioderived Materials 7</p> <p>1.3 Structure of the Book 10</p> <p><b>2 Bio-based Carbon Materials for Catalysis 13<br /></b><i>Chaiyan Chaiya and Sasiradee Jantasee</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 13</p> <p>2.2 Biomass Resources for Carbon Materials 14</p> <p>2.2.1 Wood from Natural Forests 14</p> <p>2.2.2 Agricultural Residues 17</p> <p>2.3 Thermochemical Conversion Processes 18</p> <p>2.3.1 Carbonization and Pyrolysis 18</p> <p>2.3.2 Activation 20</p> <p>2.3.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization 23</p> <p>2.3.4 Graphene Preparation from Biomass 24</p> <p>2.4 Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis 25</p> <p>2.5 Catalysis Applications of Selected Bio-based Carbon Materials 26</p> <p>2.5.1 Biochar 26</p> <p>2.5.2 Modified Biochar 28</p> <p>2.5.3 Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon 30</p> <p>2.5.4 Hydrothermal Bio-based Carbons 34</p> <p>2.5.5 Sugar-Derived Carbon Catalysts 35</p> <p>2.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes from Biomass 36</p> <p>2.5.7 Graphene and Its Derivatives 37</p> <p>2.6 Summary and Future Aspects 37</p> <p><b>3 Starbon®: Novel Template-Free Mesoporous Carbonaceous Materials from Biomass – Synthesis, Functionalisation and Applications in Adsorption, and Catalysis 47<br /></b><i>Duncan J. Macquarrie, Tabitha H.M. Petchey and Cinthia J. Meña Duran</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 47</p> <p>3.2 Choice of Polysaccharide 48</p> <p>3.2.1 Synthetic Procedure 49</p> <p>3.2.2 Derivatisation 51</p> <p>3.2.3 Applications 56</p> <p>3.2.4 Adsorption Processes 63</p> <p>3.2.5 Conclusion 69</p> <p><b>4 Conversion of Biowastes into Carbon-based Electrodes 73<br /></b><i>Xiaotong Feng and Qiaosheng Pu</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 73</p> <p>4.2 Conversion Techniques of Biowastes 74</p> <p>4.2.1 Carbonization 75</p> <p>4.2.2 Activation 77</p> <p>4.3 Structure and Doping 79</p> <p>4.3.1 Biowaste Selection 79</p> <p>4.3.2 Structure Control 81</p> <p>4.3.3 Heteroatom Doping 83</p> <p>4.4 Electrochemical Applications 84</p> <p>4.4.1 Supercapacitors 84</p> <p>4.4.2 Capacitive Deionization Cells 86</p> <p>4.4.3 Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution 88</p> <p>4.4.4 Fuel Cells 90</p> <p>4.4.5 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Others 94</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 95</p> <p><b>5 Bio-based Materials in Electrochemical Applications 105<br /></b><i>Itziar Iraola-Arregui, Mohammed Aqil, Vera Trabadelo, Ismael Saadoune and Hicham Ben Youcef</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 105</p> <p>5.2 Fundamentals of Bio-based Materials 106</p> <p>5.2.1 Bio-based Polymers 106</p> <p>5.2.2 Carbonaceous Materials from Biological Feedstocks 108</p> <p>5.3 Application of Bio-based Materials in Batteries 109</p> <p>5.3.1 General Concept of Metal-Ion Batteries 109</p> <p>5.4 Application of Bio-based Polymers in Capacitors 115</p> <p>5.4.1 General Concept of Electrochemical Capacitors 115</p> <p>5.4.2 Electrode Materials 116</p> <p>5.5 Alternative Binders for Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Storage 119</p> <p>5.5.1 Polysaccharides and Cellulose-based Binders 120</p> <p>5.5.2 Lignin 123</p> <p>5.6 Application of Bio-based</p> <p>Polymers in Fuel Cells 123</p> <p>5.6.1 Chitosan 124</p> <p>5.6.2 Other Biopolymers 125</p> <p>5.7 Conclusion and Outlook 126</p> <p><b>6 Bio-based Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Modifiers 133<br /></b><i>Wanwan Qu, Sarah Key and Andrew P. Abbott</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 133</p> <p>6.2 Bio-based Materials 134</p> <p>6.2.1 Ionic Liquids 136</p> <p>6.2.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents 136</p> <p>6.2.3 Morphological/Mechanical Modification 137</p> <p>6.2.4 Chemical Modification 139</p> <p>6.2.5 Composite Formation 141</p> <p>6.2.6 Gelation 143</p> <p>6.3 Conclusion 145</p> <p><b>7 Biopolymer Composites for Recovery of Precious and Rare Earth Metals 151<br /></b><i>Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg and Kaewta Jetsrisuparb</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 151</p> <p>7.2 Mechanisms of Metal Adsorption 153</p> <p>7.2.1 Silver 153</p> <p>7.2.2 Gold and Platinum Group Metals 153</p> <p>7.2.3 Rare Earth Metals 154</p> <p>7.3 Composite Materials and Their Adsorption 154</p> <p>7.3.1 Cellulose-based Composite Adsorbents 154</p> <p>7.3.2 Chitosan-based Composite Adsorbents 163</p> <p>7.3.3 Alginate-based Adsorbents 170</p> <p>7.3.4 Lignin-based Composite Adsorbents 173</p> <p>7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 175</p> <p><b>8 Bio-Based Materials in Anti-HIV Drug Delivery 181<br /></b><i>Oranat Chuchuen and David F. Katz</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 181</p> <p>8.2 Biomedical Strategies for HIV Prophylaxis 182</p> <p>8.3 Properties of Anti-HIV Drug Delivery Systems 184</p> <p>8.4 Bio-based Materials for Anti-HIV Drug Delivery Systems 185</p> <p>8.4.1 Cellulose 186</p> <p>8.4.2 Chitosan 190</p> <p>8.4.3 Polylactic Acid 191</p> <p>8.4.4 Carrageenan 193</p> <p>8.4.5 Alginate 194</p> <p>8.4.6 Hyaluronic Acid 195</p> <p>8.4.7 Pectin 196</p> <p>8.5 Conclusion 196</p> <p><b>9 Chitin – A Natural Bio-feedstock and Its Derivatives: Chemistry and Properties for Biomedical Applications 207<br /></b><i>Anu Singh, Shefali Jaiswal, Santosh Kumar and Pradip K. Dutta</i></p> <p>9.1 Bio-feedstocks 207</p> <p>9.1.1 Chitin 208</p> <p>9.1.2 Chitosan 208</p> <p>9.1.3 Glucan 209</p> <p>9.1.4 Chitin–Glucan Complex 209</p> <p>9.1.5 Polyphenols 209</p> <p>9.2 Synthetic Route 210</p> <p>9.2.1 Isolation of ChGC 210</p> <p>9.2.2 Derivatives of ChGC and Its Modified Polymers 210</p> <p>9.2.3 Preparation of d-Glucosamine from Chitin/Chitosan–Glucan 212</p> <p>9.3 Properties of Chitin, ChGC, and Its Derivatives for Therapeutic Applications 212</p> <p>9.3.1 Antibacterial Activity 212</p> <p>9.3.2 Anticancer Activity 212</p> <p>9.3.3 Antioxidant Activity 212</p> <p>9.3.4 Therapeutic Applications 213</p> <p>9.4 Gene Therapy – A Biomedical Approach 213</p> <p>9.5 Cs: Properties and Factors Affecting Gene Delivery 214</p> <p>9.6 Organic Modifications of Cs Backbone for Enhancing the Properties of Cs Associated with Gene Delivery 215</p> <p>9.6.1 Modification of Cs with Hydrophilic Groups 215</p> <p>9.6.2 Modification in Cs by Hydrophobic Groups 216</p> <p>9.6.3 Modification by Cationic Substituents 216</p> <p>9.6.4 Modification by Target Ligands 217</p> <p>9.7 Multifunctional Modifications of Cs 218</p> <p>9.8 Miscellaneous 218</p> <p>9.9 Conclusion 218</p> <p><b>10 Carbohydrate-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications 235<br /></b><i>Chadamas Sakonsinsiri</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 235</p> <p>10.2 Bio-based Glycopolymers 236</p> <p>10.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan 236</p> <p>10.2.2 Cellulose 238</p> <p>10.2.3 Starch 239</p> <p>10.2.4 Dextran 239</p> <p>10.3 Synthetic Carbohydrate-based Functionalized Materials 240</p> <p>10.3.1 Glycomimetics 240</p> <p>10.3.2 Presentation of Glycomimetics in Multivalent Scaffolds 241</p> <p>10.4 Conclusion 243</p> <p><b>11 Organic Feedstock as Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering 247<br /></b><i>Poramate Klanrit</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 247</p> <p>11.2 Protein-based Natural Biomaterials 248</p> <p>11.2.1 Silk 249</p> <p>11.2.2 Collagen 249</p> <p>11.2.3 Decellularized Skins 251</p> <p>11.2.4 Fibrin/Fibrinogen 252</p> <p>11.3 Polysaccharide-based Natural Biomaterials 253</p> <p>11.3.1 Chitosan 253</p> <p>11.3.2 Alginate 254</p> <p>11.3.3 Agarose 255</p> <p>11.4 Summary 255</p> <p><b>12 Green Synthesis of Bio-based Metal–Organic Frameworks 261<br /></b><i>Emile R. Engel, Bernardo Castro-Dominguez and Janet L. Scott</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 261</p> <p>12.2 Green Synthesis of MOFs 262</p> <p>12.2.1 Solvent-Free and Low Solvent Synthesis 262</p> <p>12.2.2 Green Solvents 264</p> <p>12.2.3 Sonochemical Synthesis 266</p> <p>12.2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis 266</p> <p>12.3 Bio-based Ligands 266</p> <p>12.3.1 Amino Acids 266</p> <p>12.3.2 Aliphatic Diacids 267</p> <p>12.3.3 Cyclodextrins 269</p> <p>12.3.4 Other 270</p> <p>12.3.5 Exemplars: Bio-based MOFs Obtainable via Green Synthesis 271</p> <p>12.4 Metal Ion Considerations 271</p> <p>12.4.1 Calcium 272</p> <p>12.4.2 Magnesium 272</p> <p>12.4.3 Manganese 273</p> <p>12.4.4 Iron 273</p> <p>12.4.5 Titanium 274</p> <p>12.4.6 Zirconium 274</p> <p>12.4.7 Aluminium 275</p> <p>12.4.8 Zinc 275</p> <p>12.5 Challenges for Further Development Towards Applications 276</p> <p>12.5.1 Stability Issues 276</p> <p>12.5.2 Scalability and Cost 278</p> <p>12.5.3 Competing Alternative Materials 279</p> <p>12.6 Conclusion 280</p> <p><b>13 Geopolymers Based on Biomass Ash and Bio-based Additives for Construction Industry 289<br /></b><i>Prinya Chindaprasirt, Ubolluk Rattanasak and Patcharapol Posi</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 289</p> <p>13.2 Pozzolan and Agricultural Waste Ash 290</p> <p>13.3 Geopolymer 292</p> <p>13.4 Combustion of Biomass 294</p> <p>13.4.1 Open Field Burning 294</p> <p>13.4.2 Controlled Burning 294</p> <p>13.4.3 Boiler Burning 294</p> <p>13.4.4 Fluidized Bed Burning 295</p> <p>13.5 Properties and Utilization of Biomass Ashes 295</p> <p>13.6 Biomass Ash-based Geopolymer 299</p> <p>13.6.1 Rice Husk Ash-based Geopolymer 300</p> <p>13.6.2 Bagasse Ash-based Geopolymer 304</p> <p>13.6.3 Palm Oil Fuel Ash-based Geopolymer 306</p> <p>13.6.4 Other Biomass-based Geopolymers 308</p> <p>13.6.5 Use of Biomass in Making Sodium Silicate Solution and Other Products 308</p> <p>13.6.6 Fire Resistance of Bio-based Geopolymer 309</p> <p>13.7 Conclusion 309</p> <p><b>14 The Role of Bio-based Excipients in the Formulation of Lipophilic Nutraceuticals 315<br /></b><i>Alexandra Teleki, Christos Tsekou and Alan Connolly</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 315</p> <p>14.2 Emulsions and the Importance of Bio-based Materials as Emulsifiers 316</p> <p>14.2.1 Conventional Micro-and Nanoemulsions 316</p> <p>14.2.2 Pickering-Stabilised Emulsions 319</p> <p>14.3 Novel Formulation Technologies: Colloidal Delivery Vesicles 320</p> <p>14.3.1 Microgels 320</p> <p>14.3.2 Nanoprecipitation 321</p> <p>14.3.3 Liposomes 322</p> <p>14.3.4 Complex Coacervation 323</p> <p>14.3.5 Complexation 325</p> <p>14.4 Key Drying Technologies Employed During Formulation 325</p> <p>14.4.1 Spray Drying 325</p> <p>14.4.2 Spray-Freeze Drying 327</p> <p>14.4.3 Electrohydrodynamic Processing 328</p> <p>14.4.4 Fluid Bed Drying 329</p> <p>14.4.5 Extrusion 329</p> <p>14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 330</p> <p><b>15 Bio-derived Polymers for Packaging 337<br /></b><i>Pornnapa Kasemsiri, Uraiwan Pongsa, Manunya Okhawilai, Salim Hiziroglu, </i><i>Nawadon Petchwattana, Wilaiporn Kraisuwan and Benjatham Sukkaneewat</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 337</p> <p>15.2 Starch 338</p> <p>15.3 Chitin/Chitosan 340</p> <p>15.4 Cellulose and Its Derivatives 342</p> <p>15.4.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 343</p> <p>15.4.2 Cellulose Nanofibers 343</p> <p>15.4.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose 344</p> <p>15.4.4 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 344</p> <p>15.5 Poly(Lactic Acid) 345</p> <p>15.5.1 Bio-based Toughening Agents Used in PLA Toughness Improvement 346</p> <p>15.5.2 Toughening of PLA and Its Properties Related to Packaging Applications 346</p> <p>15.6 Bio-based Active and Intelligent Agents for Packaging 348</p> <p>15.6.1 Active Agents 348</p> <p>15.6.2 Intelligent Packaging 351</p> <p>15.7 Conclusion 351</p> <p><b>16 Recent Developments in Bio-Based Materials for Controlled-Release Fertilizers 361<br /></b><i>Kritapas Laohhasurayotin, Doungporn Yiamsawas and Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction and Historical Review 361</p> <p>16.1.1 Early Fertilizer Development and Its Impact on Environment 361</p> <p>16.1.2 Controlled-Release Fertilizer 362</p> <p>16.2 Mechanistic View of Controlled-Release Fertilizer from Bio-based Materials 365</p> <p>16.2.1 Coating Type 366</p> <p>16.2.2 Matrix Type 367</p> <p>16.2.3 Other Release Mechanisms 368</p> <p>16.3 Controlled Release Technologies from Bio-based Materials 368</p> <p>16.3.1 Natural Polymers and Their Fertilizer Applications 369</p> <p>16.3.2 Bio-based Modified Polymer Coatings for Controlled-Release Fertilizer 376</p> <p>16.3.3 Biochar and Other Carbon-based Fertilizers 380</p> <p>16.4 Conclusion and Foresight 385</p> <p>Index 399 </p>

<p>Editors<BR><p><b> Andrew J. Hunt, PhD,</b> <i>is a Lecturer in Applied Chemistry at the Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.</i></p> <p><b>Nontipa Supanchaiyamat, PhD,</b> <i>is a Lecturer in Applied Chemistry at the Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.</i> <p><b>Kaewta Jetsrisuparb, PhD,</b> <i>is a Lecturer in Chemical Engineering in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.</i> <p><b>Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg, PhD,</b> <i>is a Lecturer in Biodiversity and Environmental Management at the International College, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.</i>

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