Details

<p>Acknowledgments xvii</p> <p>Preface xix</p> <p><b>1 Composition, Chemistry, and Regulatory Framework </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1 Water Composition 1</p> <p>1.2 Water Characteristics and Physical Properties 2</p> <p>1.2.1 Solubility of Gases in Water 4</p> <p>1.2.1.1 Nitrogen 4</p> <p>1.2.2 Henry’s Law 6</p> <p>1.3 Solution Chemistry: Salts and Ions in Water 10</p> <p>1.4 Disassociation Constants for Weak Acid and Bases 12</p> <p>1.4.1 Common Minerals Dissolved in Freshwater and Seawater 15</p> <p>1.5 Sources of Water 16</p> <p>1.5.1 Groundwater 16</p> <p>1.5.2 Groundwater Quality 17</p> <p>1.5.3 Other Principal Contaminants in Groundwater 18</p> <p>1.5.4 Movement of Groundwater 19</p> <p>1.6 Analytical Methods 19</p> <p>1.7 Laboratory Guidance 22</p> <p>1.8 Regulatory Framework of Water Regulations 24</p> <p>1.8.1 What Is Quality Water? 24</p> <p>1.8.2 Water Quality Standards 25</p> <p>1.8.3 Water Quality Standards in the United States 26</p> <p>1.8.4 Establishing Water Quality Standards 26</p> <p>1.8.5 Effluent Standards and Guidance 26</p> <p>1.8.6 Mixing Zones 27</p> <p>1.8.7 Discharge Permits 28</p> <p>1.8.8 US Penalty Policies – Enforcement of Permit Conditions 28</p> <p>1.8.9 Water Quality Discharge Basics in the US 29</p> <p>1.8.10 How Water Quality Standards Are Established 32</p> <p>1.8.11 UK Water Effluent Quality Standard 37</p> <p>1.8.12 EU Water Quality Standards and Effluent Limits 39</p> <p>1.8.13 Other Water Quality Requirements 40</p> <p>1.8.13.1 US Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards 40</p> <p>1.8.13.2 WHO Drinking Water Quality Guidelines 43</p> <p>1.8.13.3 EU Drinking Water Directives 43</p> <p>1.8.13.4 UK Drinking Water Standards 43</p> <p>1.9 Water Use Data and Some Discharge Characteristics 43</p> <p>1.9.1 Water Use by Municipalities 45</p> <p>1.9.2 Agricultural Water 47</p> <p>1.9.3 Cooling Water 47</p> <p>1.9.4 Boiler Water 48</p> <p>1.9.5 Other Industrial Water Quality Requirements 49</p> <p>1.9.5.1 Steel Industry 50</p> <p>1.9.5.2 Paper Industry 50</p> <p>1.9.5.3 Petrochemical Industry 50</p> <p>1.9.5.4 Petroleum Exploration and Production Operations 51</p> <p>Notes 52</p> <p><b>2 What is Water Pollution? </b><b>59</b></p> <p>2.1 Pollution Defined 59</p> <p>2.2 Chemical Industry 60</p> <p>2.3 Cooling Towers 63</p> <p>2.4 Boilers 64</p> <p>2.5 Iron and Steel Industry 66</p> <p>2.6 Mining Industries 67</p> <p>2.7 Fracking for Oil and Gas 68</p> <p>2.8 Petroleum Exploration 71</p> <p>2.9 Petroleum Refining 73</p> <p>2.10 Agricultural and Food Processing 75</p> <p>2.11 Crop Water Use 75</p> <p>2.12 Vegetable and Fruit Processing 76</p> <p>2.13 Animal Farming and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 77</p> <p>2.14 Livestock and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 78</p> <p>2.15 Slaughterhouse and Meat Packing and Processing Wastes 82</p> <p>2.16 Dairy Wastes 83</p> <p>2.17 Measuring Pollution 83</p> <p>2.18 The Sampling Plan 85</p> <p>2.19 Analytical Methods and the Role of the Laboratory 87</p> <p>2.19.1 The Analytical Plan 90</p> <p>2.19.2 The Effects of Pollution on the Environment 90</p> <p>2.19.3 Oxygen Depletion – Biochemical Oxygen Demand 91</p> <p>2.19.4 Oxygen Uptake in a Stream —The Oxygen Sag Equation 93</p> <p>2.19.5 Biology of Polluted Water 95</p> <p>2.19.6 Nitrogen 96</p> <p>2.19.7 Phosphorus 97</p> <p>Notes 98</p> <p><b>3 Groundwater and its Treatment </b><b>103</b></p> <p>3.1 Hydraulics of Groundwater 104</p> <p>3.2 Soil Particles and Surface Areas 106</p> <p>3.3 Well Hydraulics 107</p> <p>3.4 Well Packing and Screens 109</p> <p>3.5 Trenches 109</p> <p>3.5.1 Orifices and Pipe Losses 111</p> <p>3.6 Compressible Flow 113</p> <p>3.6.1 Calculation of Expansion Factor 114</p> <p>3.6.2 Groundwater Hydraulics 115</p> <p>3.7 Groundwater Treatment 117</p> <p>Notes 123</p> <p><b>4 Statistics of Measurements </b><b>125</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction to Statistical Measurements: Background 125</p> <p>4.2 Significant Figures 126</p> <p>4.3 Probable Error 127</p> <p>4.4 Repeat Measurements 128</p> <p>4.5 Net Process Measurements 129</p> <p>4.5.1 Calibration 129</p> <p>4.5.2 How to Measure Your Flow Accurately 130</p> <p>4.5.2.1 Gurley Current Meter 130</p> <p>4.6 Statistical Distributions for Environmental Events 133</p> <p>4.6.1 Weibull Distributions 134</p> <p>4.7 Black Swans and Data Analysis 135</p> <p>4.7.1 Black Swans 135</p> <p>4.7.2 Data Analysis 136</p> <p>4.7.3 Outliers 136</p> <p>Notes 137</p> <p><b>5 The Flow of Water and Wastewater </b><b>139</b></p> <p>5.1 Statistical Basis for Error Estimation 139</p> <p>5.2 Open Channel Hydraulics 140</p> <p>5.3 Froude Number 147</p> <p>5.4 Types of Flowmeters 150</p> <p>5.5 Weir Plates 155</p> <p>5.6 Alignment Errors 156</p> <p>5.7 Samples and Sampling 158</p> <p>5.8 Conclusion 161</p> <p>Notes 161</p> <p><b>6 Troubleshooting and Emergency Planning </b><b>163</b></p> <p>6.1 Fault Tree Analysis 163</p> <p>6.2 Reverse Fault Tree Analysis 166</p> <p>6.2.1 Bow Tie Analysis 166</p> <p>6.3 Analysis: The Five Whys 168</p> <p>6.4 Regulatory Requirements 169</p> <p>6.5 Software Solutions 169</p> <p>6.6 Emergency Response Planning 170</p> <p>Notes 170</p> <p><b>7 Chemistry and Analyses </b><b>173</b></p> <p>7.1 Aquatic Testing 173</p> <p>7.2 Bacterial Testing 174</p> <p>7.3 Dissolved Organic Materials – BOD, COD, and TOC 175</p> <p>7.3.1 BOD vs ThOD 179</p> <p>7.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 181</p> <p>7.3.3 TOC 183</p> <p>7.4 Common Ion Species 183</p> <p>7.4.1 Most Important Chemicals in the Water Environment 185</p> <p>7.4.2 pH 185</p> <p>7.4.3 Carbonate Chemistry 186</p> <p>7.4.4 Alkalinity 186</p> <p>7.5 Hardness 189</p> <p>7.6 Chemical Water Softening 192</p> <p>7.6.1 Excess Lime Process 193</p> <p>7.7 Nitrogen 194</p> <p>7.8 Phosphorus 197</p> <p>7.9 Sulfur 198</p> <p>7.10 Chlorine 198</p> <p>7.11 Other Halogens 199</p> <p>7.12 Metals 199</p> <p>7.13 Solids 201</p> <p>7.14 Organic Chemicals 205</p> <p>Notes 206</p> <p><b>8 Basic Water and Wastewater Treatment Techniques </b><b>209</b></p> <p>8.1 Removal of Metals 209</p> <p>8.2 Chromium 211</p> <p>8.2.1 Other Chromium Reduction Reactions 212</p> <p>8.3 Arsenic 213</p> <p>8.4 Cadmium 213</p> <p>8.5 Iron 214</p> <p>8.6 Zinc 214</p> <p>8.7 Mercury 214</p> <p>8.8 Radium 215</p> <p>8.9 Anions 218</p> <p>8.9.1 Cyanide 218</p> <p>8.9.2 Nitrates and Nitrites 219</p> <p>8.10 Solvents and Oils 220</p> <p>8.11 Chlorinated Organics 221</p> <p>8.11.1 PCBs 222</p> <p>8.11.2 DDT 223</p> <p>Notes 225</p> <p><b>9 Biological Wastewater Treatment </b><b>227</b></p> <p>9.1 The Microbial World 227</p> <p>9.2 Order of Treatment 233</p> <p>9.3 Types of Organisms 234</p> <p>9.4 Chemistry and Activated Sludge 238</p> <p>9.5 Growth Conditions and Nitrification 239</p> <p>9.6 Denitrification and Phosphate Removal 240</p> <p>9.7 Biological Growth Equation 241</p> <p>9.7.1 The Monod Equation 242</p> <p>9.7.2 Microbial Decay 243</p> <p>9.7.3 Effect of Temperature and pH on Rate of Reactions 245</p> <p>9.8 Principles of Biological Treatment Systems 245</p> <p>9.9 Activated Sludge and its Variations 248</p> <p>9.10 Substrate Removal Definitions 250</p> <p>9.11 Trickling Filters and Variations 252</p> <p>9.12 Clarification for Biological Removals 254</p> <p>9.13 Other Solids Removals 255</p> <p>9.14 Biological Synthesis and Oxidation 255</p> <p>9.15 Biological Treatment of Toxic Wastes 257</p> <p>9.16 Modeling the Biological Process 257</p> <p>9.16.1 Modeling Notes Before One Starts 258</p> <p>9.16.2 Free Wastewater Treatment Modeling Platforms 261</p> <p>9.16.2.1 SSSP 261</p> <p>9.16.2.2 STEADY 261</p> <p>9.16.2.3 JASS 262</p> <p>9.16.2.4 Stoat 262</p> <p>9.16.3 Commercially Available Modeling Tools 263</p> <p>9.16.3.1 GPSX 263</p> <p>9.16.3.2 SUMO 264</p> <p>9.16.3.3 SIMBA 265</p> <p>9.16.3.4 Biowin 267</p> <p>9.16.3.5 WEST 268</p> <p>9.16.4 Modeling Summary 268</p> <p>Notes 270</p> <p><b>10 Anaerobic Treatment </b><b>273</b></p> <p>10.1 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Wastewater 273</p> <p>10.2 Phosphorus Removal 275</p> <p>10.3 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Digestion and Treatment 276</p> <p>10.4 Anaerobic Pretreatment 278</p> <p>10.5 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors 281</p> <p>10.6 Other Digester Configurations 283</p> <p>10.7 Siloxane Removals 283</p> <p>10.8 Sludge Digestion 284</p> <p>10.9 Gas Production Emphasis 286</p> <p>10.10 New Technologies 287</p> <p>10.11 Sludge Treatment 288</p> <p>10.12 Anaerobic Digester Model ADM1 288</p> <p>10.13 Struvite and Anaerobic Processes 289</p> <p>Notes 290</p> <p><b>11 Precipitation and Sedimentation </b><b>293</b></p> <p>11.1 Theory of Sedimentation 293</p> <p>11.2 Clarifiers and their Design 294</p> <p>11.2.1 Bulk Velocity – Surface Loading Rate 294</p> <p>11.2.2 Hydraulic Detention Time 296</p> <p>11.3 Lamellas and Specialty Devices 298</p> <p>11.3.1 Lamellas 298</p> <p>11.3.2 Membrane Filters 299</p> <p>Note 301</p> <p><b>12 Granular Filtration Theory and Practice </b><b>303</b></p> <p>12.1 Granular Media Filtration 303</p> <p>12.1.1 Sizing of Filters by Flow Rate 303</p> <p>12.1.2 Uniformity Coefficient and Effective Grain Size 306</p> <p>12.2 Filtration Hydraulics 306</p> <p>12.3 Particle Size Removals 307</p> <p>12.4 Backwash Hydraulics 307</p> <p>12.4.1 Use of Air in the Backwash of Granular Filtration Systems 310</p> <p>Notes 312</p> <p><b>13 Skin Filtration </b><b>313</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 313</p> <p>13.2 Microstrainers and Screens 313</p> <p>13.3 Belt Filters 316</p> <p>13.4 Plate and Frame Filters 316</p> <p>13.5 Cloth vs. Paper Filters 319</p> <p>13.6 Precoat 320</p> <p>13.7 Head Loss Through Cloth Filters 322</p> <p>13.8 Bag Filters 323</p> <p>Notes 324</p> <p><b>14 Membrane Filters and Reverse Osmosis </b><b>325</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 325</p> <p>14.2 Design Values 330</p> <p>14.3 Process Selection 330</p> <p>14.3.1 Ultrafiltration Membrane Selection 330</p> <p>14.3.2 Cellulose Acetate Membranes 331</p> <p>14.3.3 Polysulfone Membranes 331</p> <p>14.3.4 Polyamide Membranes 331</p> <p>14.3.5 Polyacrylonitrile Membranes 331</p> <p>14.3.6 Ultrafiltration Modules 332</p> <p>14.4 Reverse Osmosis 333</p> <p>14.5 Mass Transfer Theory 333</p> <p>14.6 Membrane Design Software 334</p> <p>14.7 Membrane Materials 336</p> <p>14.8 Membrane Configurations 337</p> <p>14.9 RO Design Considerations 338</p> <p>14.9.1 Feedwater Supply Considerations 338</p> <p>14.9.2 Pressure Pumping 338</p> <p>14.9.3 Membrane Considerations 341</p> <p>14.9.4 Post-treatment 341</p> <p>14.10 Design Parameters 341</p> <p>Notes 344</p> <p><b>15 Disinfection </b><b>347</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 347</p> <p>15.2 Rate of Kill – Disinfection Parameters 347</p> <p>15.2.1 Chick’s Law 347</p> <p>15.2.2 Harmful Organisms 348</p> <p>15.3 Chlorine 353</p> <p>15.3.1 Ammonia, Chlorine, and Chloramines 354</p> <p>15.3.2 Other Types of Chlorine 355</p> <p>15.3.3 Other Reactions with Chlorine 355</p> <p>15.3.4 Chlorine Safety 355</p> <p>15.3.5 Chlorine Dioxide 356</p> <p>15.4 Ozone 357</p> <p>15.5 Ultraviolet Light 358</p> <p>15.5.1 LED Lighting 360</p> <p>15.6 Other Disinfecting Compounds 360</p> <p>15.6.1 Potassium Permanganate 360</p> <p>15.6.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Ozone 361</p> <p>15.6.3 PAA: Peracetic Acid 362</p> <p>15.6.4 Bromine 364</p> <p>15.6.5 Iodine 365</p> <p>15.6.5.1 Types of Iodinators 365</p> <p>15.6.5.2 Careful Use of Iodine 365</p> <p>15.7 Disinfection by Ultra Filtration 366</p> <p>Notes 367</p> <p><b>16 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal </b><b>369</b></p> <p>16.1 General 369</p> <p>16.2 BardenPho^© Processes 373</p> <p>16.3 Chemical Phosphorus Removal 375</p> <p>16.4 Nitrogen Removal 378</p> <p>16.4.1 Nitrogen Chemistry and Forms 378</p> <p>16.4.2 Ammonia 378</p> <p>16.4.3 Nitrate 379</p> <p>16.4.4 Nitrification 379</p> <p>16.4.4.1 Ammonia Stripping 388</p> <p>16.4.4.2 Ion Exchange 390</p> <p>16.5 Conclusions 392</p> <p>Notes 392</p> <p><b>17 Carbon Adsorption </b><b>395</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 395</p> <p>17.2 The Freundlich and Langmuir Equations 396</p> <p>17.3 Carbon Adsorption Physical Coefficients and Economics 397</p> <p>17.4 Other Considerations 397</p> <p>17.4.1 Carbon Regeneration 397</p> <p>17.4.2 The PACT^TM Process 397</p> <p>17.4.3 Wet Air Regeneration for PACT Systems 398</p> <p>Note 401</p> <p><b>18 Ion Exchange </b><b>403</b></p> <p>18.1 Resins 403</p> <p>18.2 Physical Characteristics 403</p> <p>18.3 Chemical Structure 404</p> <p>18.3.1 Selectivity 404</p> <p>18.3.2 Selectivity Coefficient 405</p> <p>18.4 Design Considerations 406</p> <p>18.4.1 Pretreatment 406</p> <p><b>19 Dissolved Air Flotation and Techniques </b><b>409</b></p> <p>19.1 Design Basics for DAF 409</p> <p>19.2 Operating Parameters 410</p> <p>19.3 Theory and Design 411</p> <p>19.4 Ranges of Data 412</p> <p>19.5 Electroflotation 413</p> <p>19.5.1 Electroflotation Theory and Design 414</p> <p>19.6 Electrocoagulation 415</p> <p>Notes 416</p> <p><b>20 Coagulation, Flocculation and Chemical Treatment </b><b>419</b></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 419</p> <p>20.2 Sols 421</p> <p>20.3 Flocculation and Mixing 422</p> <p>20.4 Practice 423</p> <p>20.5 Modeling 424</p> <p>Notes 424</p> <p><b>21 Heat Transfer Processes: Boilers, Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers </b><b>425</b></p> <p>21.1 Boilers 425</p> <p>21.2 Boiler Classifications 426</p> <p>21.2.1 Fire Tube Boilers 426</p> <p>21.2.2 Water Tube Boilers 426</p> <p>21.3 Boiler Water Quality Requirements 427</p> <p>21.4 Cooling Towers 430</p> <p>Notes 431</p> <p><b>22 Evaluating an Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant Design using Modeling Software </b><b>433</b></p> <p>22.1 Step 1: Information Gathering 433</p> <p>22.2 Step 2: Model Selection 435</p> <p>22.3 Step 3: Laboratory and Other Data Organization 438</p> <p>22.3.1 Generating the Flows Without the Data 439</p> <p>22.3.2 Getting the Hydraulics and the Tankage Correct 440</p> <p>22.3.2.1 When You Cannot Dye-test Your Tanks – a Procedure 441</p> <p>22.4 Step 4: Flow Sheet Setup and Model Organization 443</p> <p>22.5 Step 5: Model Compilation and Setup 444</p> <p>22.5.1 Initial Values versus Derived Values 445</p> <p>22.5.2 Integrator Settings 445</p> <p>22.6 Step 6: Input and Output File Preparation 445</p> <p>22.7 Step 7: Initialization of the Model Parameters and First Runs 445</p> <p>22.7.1 What to Balance or Adjust 446</p> <p>22.7.2 What to Key in on During Your Modeling 446</p> <p>22.8 Step 8: Parameter Adjustments 446</p> <p>Notes 447</p> <p>Index 449</p>

<p><b>DAVID L. RUSSELL, PE,</b> is an environmental engineer with a background in consulting in the chemical Industry. He has over 50 years of experience including 9 years in the chemical industry for Hooker, IMC Chemical and Allied Chemicals. He was an instructor through the American Institute of Chemical Engineers where he taught courses in Practical Wastewater Treatment and Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Wastes. He also taught many courses in the Middle East.

<p><b>THE UPDATED AND EXPANDED GUIDE FOR HANDLING INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND DESIGNING A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT</b> <p>The revised and updated second edition of <i>Practical Wastewater Treatment</i> provides a hands-on guide to industrial wastewater treatment theory, practices, and issues. It offers information for the effective design of water and wastewater treatment facilities and contains material on how to handle the wide variety of industrial wastes. The book is based on a course developed and taught by the author for the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. <p>The author presents the latest in practice and techniques, and develops effluent and permit strategies for water measurements. The book also discusses wastewater modeling and reviews various model platform with respect to ease of use and then covers the most important topics in a variety of industrial wastewater problems and discusses the best way to treat those discharges. In addition, the book explores a wide range of approaches for managing industrial wastes such as oil, blood, protein and more. A comprehensive resource, the text covers such basic issues as water pollution, wastewater treatment techniques, sampling and measurement, and explores the key topic of biological modeling for designing wastewater treatment plants. This important book: <ul> <li>Offers an updated and expanded text for dealing with real-world wastewater problems</li> <li>Contains new chapters on: Reverse Osmosis and desalination; Skin and Membrane Filtration; and Cooling tower water treatment</li> <li>Presents a guide filled with helpful examples and diagrams that is ideal for both professionals and students</li> <li>Includes information for handling industrial wastes and designing water and wastewater treatment plants</li> </ul> <p>Written for civil or chemical engineers and students, <i>Practical Wastewater Treatment</i> offers the information and techniques needed to solve problems of wastewater treatment.

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