Details

Viral Therapy of Cancer

1. Aufl.

von: Kevin J. Harrington, Richard G. Vile, Hardev S. Pandha
144,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	23.05.2008
ISBN/EAN:	9780470985786
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	432

In den Warenkorb

Als Gutschein

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

In the last decade there has been an explosion of interest in viral therapies for cancer. Viral agents have been developed that are harmless to normal tissues but selectively able to kill cancer cells. These agents have been endowed with additional selectivity and potency through genetic manipulation. Increasingly these viruses are undergoing evaluation in clinical trials, both as single agents and in combination with standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This book provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the current status of viral therapy of cancer. Chapters coherently present the advances made with individual agents and review the biological and clinical background to a range of viral therapies: structured to proceed from basic science at the bench to the patient’s bedside, they give an up-to-date and realistic evaluation of a therapy’s potential utility for the cancer patient. <ul> <li>Presents state of the art knowledge on how viruses can be, and have been, used in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer</li> <li>Describes the use of viruses as oncolytic agents, killing cells directly</li> <li>Editors are experts in the field, with experience of both laboratory and clinical research</li> </ul> Viral Therapy of Cancer is essential reading for both basic scientists and clinicians with an interest in viral therapy and gene therapy.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Foreword xiii Preface xv Contributors xvii 1 Adenoviruses 1 Kate Relph, Kevin J. Harrington, Alan Melcher and Hardev S. Pandha 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Viral structure and life cycle 1 1.3 Adenoviral vectors 5 1.4 Targeting adenoviral vectors 6 1.5 Clinical applications of adenoviral gene therapy 7 1.6 Adenoviral vectors for immunotherapy 7 1.7 Adenoviral vectors for suicide gene therapy 10 1.8 Adenoviral vectors for gene replacement therapy 11 1.9 Oncolytic adenoviral therapy 12 1.10 Adverse outcomes of adenoviral gene therapy 13 1.11 Summary 13 References 14 2 Application of HSV-1 vectors to the treatment of cancer 19 Paola Grandi, Kiflai Bein, Costas G. Hadjipanayis, Darren Wolfe, Xandra O. Breakefield and Joseph C. Glorioso 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Basic biology of HSV 19 2.3 Replication competent or oncolytic vectors 24 2.4 Replication defective vectors 28 2.5 Amplicons 30 2.6 Impediments to the efficacy of HSV vectors for cancer gene therapy 32 2.7 Strategies to enhance the efficacy and specificity of HSV vectors for cancer gene therapy 36 2.8 Summary and conclusions 42 Acknowledgements 42 References 42 3 Adeno-associated virus 55 Selvarangan Ponnazhagan 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Biology and life cycle of AAV 55 3.3 AAV serotypes 57 3.4 Production of recombinant AAV 57 3.5 Gene therapy for cancer treatment 57 3.6 Anti-oncogenic properties of AAV 58 3.7 Molecular chemotherapy studies with rAAV 59 3.8 AAV-mediated sustained transgene expression as a potential cancer gene therapy strategy 59 3.9 rAAV vectors have advantages in stimulating T helper 1/cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses 60 3.10 rAAV vectors can be used to initiate immune responses 61 3.11 Altering AAV tropism for tumour-specific delivery 62 3.12 Clinical trials involving rAAV 62 3.13 Conclusion 63 Acknowledgements 63 References 63 4 Retroviruses 69 Simon Chowdhury and Yasuhiro Ikeda 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Structure of retroviral particles 69 4.3 Retroviral genome 69 4.4 Retroviral life cycle 70 4.5 Retroviral vectors 71 4.6 Safety of retroviral vectors: insertional mutagenesis 72 4.7 Gene therapy of X-linked SCID 72 4.8 Retroviral cancer gene therapy 75 4.9 Immunomodulatory approaches 78 4.10 Conclusions 79 References 80 5 Lentiviral vectors for cancer gene therapy 83 Antonia Follenzi and Elisa Vigna 5.1 Development of lentiviral vectors (LV) 83 5.2 Targeting of transgene expression 85 5.3 Host immune responses to LV and their transgene 86 5.4 Transgenesis 87 5.5 Haematopoietic stem cell gene transfer 87 5.6 Cancer treatment by LV 89 5.7 Approved clinical trials using LV 91 5.8 Conclusions 91 References 91 6 Poxviruses as immunomodulatory cancer therapeutics 95 Kevin J. Harrington, Hardev S. Pandha and Richard G. Vile 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 General features of poxvirus structure and biology 95 6.3 Clinically applicable poxviruses 97 6.4 Poxviruses as potential cancer therapeutics 99 6.5 Clinical experience with poxviruses 102 6.6 Conclusions 110 References 110 7 Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses 115 Guy R. Simpson and Robert S. Coffin 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Herpes simplex virology 115 7.3 Properties of HSV relevant to oncolytic virus therapy 117 7.4 Mutations giving tumour-selective replication 118 7.5 Oncolytic HSV expressing fusogenic membrane glycoproteins (FMG) 125 7.6 Prodrug activation therapy and oncolytic HSV 126 7.7 Combination of oncolytic HSV with immunomodulatory gene expression 127 7.8 Combination of conventional therapies with oncolytic HSV 128 7.9 Summary 129 Acknowledgement 130 References 130 8 Selective tumour cell cytotoxicity by reoviridae – preclinical evidence and clinical trial results 139 Laura Vidal, Matt Coffey and Johann de Bono 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Reovirus structure 139 8.3 Reovirus replication 140 8.4 Reovirus and human infection 141 8.5 Oncolytic activitiy 142 8.6 Mechanism of reovirus-induced cytotoxicity 145 8.7 Preclinical experience 145 8.8 Immunogenicity 146 8.9 Clinical experience 146 8.10 Conclusions 147 References 148 9 Oncolytic vaccinia 151 M. Firdos Ziauddin and David L. Bartlett 9.1 Introduction 151 9.2 Biology of vaccinia virus 151 9.3 Tumour selectivity and antitumour effect 153 9.4 Improving antitumour effects through bystander effects 160 9.5 Immune response to vaccinia and vaccinia immune evasion strategies 161 9.6 Virus-driven antitumour immune response 163 9.7 Imaging 164 9.8 Current and potential clinical applications 165 References 166 10 Newcastle Disease virus: a promising vector for viral therapy of cancer 171 Volker Schirrmacher and Philippe Fournier 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Structure, taxonomy, pathogenicity and oncolytic properties of NDV 171 10.3 Human application and safety 172 10.4 Tumour-selective replication of NDV 174 10.5 Virally based cancer immunotherapy and danger signals 174 10.6 NDV: a danger signal inducing vector 175 10.7 The human cancer vaccine ATV-NDV 176 10.8 Pre-existing antitumour memory T cells from cancer patients and their activation by antitumour vaccination with ATV-NDV 177 10.9 Clinical trials of antitumour vaccination with ATV-NDV 177 10.10 NDV-specific recombinant bispecific antibodies to augment antitumour immune responses 179 10.11 NDV-binding bispecific fusion proteins to improve cancer specific virus targeting 180 10.12 Recombinant NDV as a new vector for vaccination and gene therapy 180 10.13 Conclusion 181 References 182 11 Vesicular stomatitis virus 187 John Bell, Kelly Parato and Harold Atkins 11.1 Introduction 187 11.2 VSV: genomic organization and life cycle 187 11.3 Host range and pathogenesis of VSV infection 188 11.4 Control of VSV infection by the innate type I interferon response 189 11.5 Cancer cells are insensitive to type I interferon 190 11.6 VSV preferentially replicates in and lyses tumour cells in vitro 190 11.7 VSV attenuation: enhanced tumour selectivity and therapeutic index 192 11.8 Engineered/recombinant VSV 192 11.9 VSV effectively eradicates tumours in vivo 193 11.10 VSV and the host immune response 194 11.11 Host immunity vs. therapeutic efficacy 195 11.12 VSV is a potent vaccine 195 11.13 Innate sensing of VSV and the antitumour response 196 11.14 So what is a good oncolytic virus? 197 11.15 Future challenges for VSV 198 References 199 12 Measles as an oncolytic virus 205 Adele Fielding 12.1 Introduction 205 12.2 Measles virus and the consequences of natural infection 205 12.3 MV vaccine 206 12.4 MV genetics and engineering 206 12.5 MV receptors 207 12.6 Animal models for the study of MV pathogenesis and oncolysis 207 12.7 Oncolytic activity of MV 208 12.8 Mechanism of specificity 208 12.9 Targeting MV entry 209 12.10 Enhancing the oncolytic activity of MV 210 12.11 Interactions with the immune system 210 12.12 Potential specific toxicities of clinical use of replicating attenuated MV 211 12.13 Clinical trials 211 12.14 Conclusions 212 References 212 13 Alphaviruses 217 Ryuya Yamanaka 13.1 Introduction 217 13.2 RNA viruses as gene expression vectors 218 13.3 The biology of alphaviruses 218 13.4 Heterologous gene expression using alphavirus vectors 220 13.5 Cancer gene therapy strategies using alphavirus vectors 221 13.6 Alphavirus vector development for gene therapy application 223 13.7 Conclusions 224 References 225 14 Tumour-suppressor gene therapy 229 Bingliang Fang and Jack A. Roth 14.1 Tumour-suppressor genes 229 14.2 Use of tumour-suppressing genes for cancer therapy 231 14.3 Clinical trials of p53 gene replacement 232 14.4 Tumour-suppressor gene therapy in multimodality anticancer treatment 233 14.5 Future prospects 235 Acknowledgements 235 References 236 15 RNA interference and dominant negative approaches 241 Charlotte Moss and Nick Lemoine 15.1 Introduction 241 15.2 Oligonucleotide agents 241 15.3 Mechanism of RNAi 242 15.4 RNAi and antisense compared 243 15.5 siRNA design 244 15.6 Off-target effects 244 15.7 Induction of innate immunity 246 15.8 Methods of delivery 247 15.9 Antisense 251 15.10 Dominant negative approaches 252 15.11 Research applications of siRNA 252 15.12 Therapeutic applications of siRNA 252 References 253 16 Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy 255 Silke Schepelmann, Douglas Hedley, Lesley M. Ogilvie and Caroline J. Springer 16.1 Introduction 255 16.2 Enzyme-prodrug systems for GDEPT 255 16.3 Gene delivery vectors for GDEPT 262 16.4 Conclusions 268 References 269 17 Immunomodulatory gene therapy 277 Denise Boulanger and Andrew Bateman 17.1 Introduction 277 17.2 Immunotherapy strategies using viral vectors 277 17.3 Viruses used as viral vectors in cancer immunotherapy 280 17.4 Clinical trials against specific TAA 283 17.5 Conclusions and future prospects 289 References 290 18 Antiangiogenic gene delivery 295 Anita T. Tandle and Steven K. Libutti 18.1 Angiogenesis: role in tumour development and metastasis 295 18.2 Targeting tumour vasculature as an approach for cancer treatment 297 18.3 Viral vectors to deliver antiangiogenic gene products 299 18.4 Viral targeting 303 18.5 Concluding remarks 306 References 306 19 Radiosensitization in viral gene therapy 313 Jula Veerapong, Kai A. Bickenbach and Ralph R. Weichselbaum 19.1 Introduction 313 19.2 Adenovirus 313 19.3 Adeno-associated viruses 314 19.4 Herpes simplex viruses 314 19.5 Enhancing the effect of radiation by delivering tumour suppressor genes 316 19.6 Virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy 316 19.7 Conclusions 322 References 324 20 Radioisotope delivery 327 Inge D.L. Peerlinck and Georges Vassaux 20.1 Introduction 327 20.2 History of iodine therapy 327 20.3 Genetic therapy 330 20.4 Conclusion 338 References 338 21 Radioprotective gene therapy: current status and future goals 341 Joel S. Greenberger and Michael W. Epperly 21.1 Introduction 341 21.2 Organ-specific radiation protection: oral cavity/oropharynx 342 21.3 MnSOD-PL treatment reduces pulmonary irradiation damage 354 21.4 MnSOD-PL gene therapy down-modulates marrow cell migration to the lungs 357 21.5 MnSOD-PL systemic administration for radiation protection from TBI 358 21.6 Summary and future directions 359 References 360 22 Chemoprotective gene delivery 377 Michael Milsom, Axel Schambach, David Williams and Christopher Baum 22.1 Introduction 377 22.2 The promise of chemoselection strategies 377 22.3 The limitations of chemoselection strategies 381 22.4 Which expression level of chemoprotective genes is appropriate? 384 22.5 Vector design to achieve optimal expression levels 385 22.6 Exploring side effects of continued transgene expression and insufficient chemoprotection 387 22.7 The future: inducible expression of drug resistance genes 388 Acknowledgements 389 References 389 Index 393

Rezension

"The book is easy to read and is likely to be consulted by students, experienced researchers and medical practitioners alike." (Society for General Microbiology, November 2008)

Autorenportrait

Dr K. J. Harrington, Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. Dr H. S. Pandha, Department of Medical Oncology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK. Professor R. G. Vile, Molecular Medicine Program,?Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.

Back cover copy

In the last decade there has been an explosion of interest in viral therapies for cancer. Viral agents have been developed that are harmless to normal tissues but selectively able to kill cancer cells. These agents have been endowed with additional selectivity and potency through genetic manipulation. Increasingly these viruses are undergoing evaluation in clinical trials, both as single agents and in combination with standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This book provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the current status of viral therapy of cancer. Chapters coherently present the advances made with individual agents and review the biological and clinical background to a range of viral therapies: structured to proceed from basic science at the bench to the patient's bedside, they give an up-to-date and realistic evaluation of a therapy's potential utility for the cancer patient. <ul> <li> <div>Presents state-of-the-art knowledge on how viruses can be, and have been,used in novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer</div> </li> <li> <div>Describes the use of viruses as oncolytic agents, killing cells directly</div> </li> <li> <div>Editors are experts in the field, with experience of both laboratory and clinical research</div> </li> </ul> Viral Therapy of Cancer is essential reading for both basic scientists and clinicians with an interest in viral therapy and gene therapy.