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<p>Preface ix</p> <p>List of Contributors xiii</p> <p><b>1. Historical Overview 1</b><br /><i>Takao Utsumi</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Shoulders’ Proposal 1</p> <p>1.3 Groundbreaking Work 2</p> <p>1.4 Invention of Spindt Cathode 4</p> <p>1.5 Field Emitter Arrays 5</p> <p>1.6 New Cathode Materials 6</p> <p>1.7 Future 7</p> <p>Dedication 9</p> <p>References 9</p> <p><b>2 Technological Overview 13</b><br /><i>Gregory P. Kochanski, Wei Zhu, and Yehuda Goren</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 13</p> <p>2.2 Promise and Reality 14</p> <p>2.3 Case Studies 15</p> <p>2.4 Outlook 30</p> <p>References 31</p> <p><b>3 Theory of Field Emission 33</b><br /><i>Kevin L. Jensen</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 33</p> <p>3.2 One-Dimensional Tunneling Theory: Metals 35</p> <p>3.3 Emission from Multi-Dimensional Structures 69</p> <p>3.4 Conclusion 97</p> <p>Acknowledgments 98</p> <p>References 98</p> <p><b>4 Spindt Field Emitter Arrays 105</b><br /><i>Charles A. (Capp) Spindt, Ivor Brodie, Christopher E. Holland and Paul R. Schwoebel</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 105</p> <p>4.2 A Brief History of the Spindt Cathode 106</p> <p>4.3 Fabrication Technology 108</p> <p>4.4 Performance 141</p> <p>4.5 Applications and Ongoing Developments 179</p> <p>4.6 Summary 181</p> <p>Acknowledgments 181</p> <p>References 182</p> <p><b>5 Silicon Field Emitter Arrays 187</b><br /><i>Jonathan Shaw and Junji Itoh</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 187</p> <p>5.2 Fabrication of Silicon FEAs 190</p> <p>5.3 Free Electron Theory of Field Emission 199</p> <p>5.4 Emission Characterization of Silicon FEAs 205</p> <p>5.5 Local Circuit Elements 224</p> <p>5.6 Summary 241</p> <p>Dedication 242</p> <p>References 242</p> <p><b>6 Novel Cold Cathode Materials 247</b><br /><i>Wei Zhu, Peter K. Baumann, and Christopher A. Bower</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 247</p> <p>6.2 Diamond Emitters 248</p> <p>6.3 Carbon Nanotube Emitters 265</p> <p>6.4 Other Cold Cathodes 274</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion 280</p> <p>References 280</p> <p><b>7 Field Emission Flat Panel Displays 289</b><br /><i>Heinz H. Busta</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 289</p> <p>7.2 Field Emission Displays 290</p> <p>7.3 Other Display Technologies 334</p> <p>7.4 Summary 341</p> <p>Institutions Involved inFEDCommercialization 342</p> <p>Acknowledgments 343</p> <p>References 343</p> <p><b>8 Cold Cathode Microwave Devices 349</b><br /><i>R. Allen Murphy and Mary Anne Kodis</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 349</p> <p>8.2 Microwave Amplifiers 350</p> <p>8.3 Field Emitter Arrays 355</p> <p>8.4 Characteristics of FEA-Cathode Microwave Tubes 381</p> <p>8.5 Future Work 385</p> <p>References 386</p> <p>Index 393</p>

WEI ZHU received his PhD in solid state science from Pennsylvania State University. He was a visiting assistant professor at North Carolina State University before he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories (later Lucent Technologies Bell Laboratories) in 1993. He is currently a member of technical staff in the Applied Materials Research Department at Agere Systems, formerly the microelectronics group of Lucent Technologies, where he specializes in carbon-based materials and applications. His interests include novel cold cathode materials and devices, nanoscale materials and technology, MEMS, and optical waveguide materials and devices. He holds more than thirty patents and has coauthored over forty papers. He organized the first Materials Research Society symposium on vacuum microelectronics in 1998. He is a member of the Materials Research Society and the Optical Society of America.

Expert coverage of vacuum microelectronics-principles, devices, and applications<br> <br> The field of vacuum microelectronics has advanced so swiftly that commercial devices are being fabricated, and applications are being developed in displays, wireless communications, spacecraft, and electronics for use in harsh environments. It is a rapidly evolving, interdisciplinary field encompassing electrical engineering, materials science, vacuum engineering, and applied physics.<br> <br> This book surveys the fundamentals, technology, and device applications of this nascent field. Editor Wei Zhu brings together some of the world's foremost experts to provide comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the entire spectrum of vacuum microelectronics. Topics include:<br> * Field emission theory<br> * Metal and silicon field emitter arrays<br> * Novel cold cathode materials<br> * Field emission flat panel displays<br> * Cold cathode microwave devices<br> <br> Vacuum Microelectronics is intended for practitioners in the display, microwave, telecommunications, and microelectronics industries and in government and university research laboratories, as well as for graduate students majoring in electrical engineering, materials science, and physics. It provides cutting-edge, expert coverage of the subject and serves as both an introductory text and a professional reference.

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