Details

Understanding Nicotine and Tobacco Addiction

Novartis Foundation Symposia, Band 275 1. Aufl.

von: Gregory R. Bock, Jamie A. Goode
163,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	14.06.2006
ISBN/EAN:	9780470029220
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	284

In den Warenkorb

Als Gutschein

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

Cigarette smoking is estimated to lead to 4.9 million premature deaths per year worldwide. This is predicted to rise to 10 million by 2020. In western countries it kills half of all smokers who fail to stop. The prevailing model for tobacco addiction is that nicotine from cigarettes rewards smoking and punishes abstinence, tapping into a motivational system of operant conditioning that requires no conscious awareness. However, there are also accounts which involve cognitive biases and the effect of nicotine on impulse control. The brain pathways involved have been studied extensively, but the role of different nicotine receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter systems is still subject to debate. In western countries, cigarette smoking as an adult has a heritability of 30-50% and candidate genes have been identified that may contribute in part to addiction susceptibility. Many socio-cultural correlates of cigarette smoking have been established, but a comprehensive model that accounts for these and links them with the psychobiological aspects of nicotine addiction has not been forthcoming. Structured behavioural support programmes aid cessation attempts, as do a number of pharmacotherapies, most notably nicotine replacement treatments and bupropion, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This book deals with the problems involved in understanding and treating nicotine and tobacco addiction. Topics covered include the nature of the worldwide health problem posed by cigarette smoking, the psychodynamics of cigarette addiction, and the basic pharmacology and biochemistry of nicotine and its effect on the brain. Further chapters analyse the genetic basis of susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Finally, the contributors address approaches to therapy. A continuing theme in the discussions throughout the book is how best to treat nicotine addiction, given that many smokers would like to stop smoking but are unable to do so because of their addiction. This book will be of great value to all psychologists and psychiatrists working on addiction, specifically to nicotine but also to other compounds and behaviours. It will also be of interest to neuroscientists and pharmacologists working on nicotine receptors and the brain pathways involved in dependence, as well as to biochemists, molecular biologist and to public health officials.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Symposium on Understanding nicotine and tobacco addiction, held at the Novartis Foundation, London, 17–19 May 2005 Editors: Gregory Bock (Organizer) and Jamie Goode This symposium is based on a proposal made by Robert West and Gino van Heeke William A. Corrigall Chair’s introduction 1 Richard Peto and Richard Doll The hazards of smoking and the benefits of stopping 3 Discussion 15 Ian Stolerman Animal models for nicotine dependence 17 Discussion 28 Robert West Defining and assessing nicotine dependence in humans 36 Discussion 52 General discussion I 59 Uwe Maskos, Sylvie Granon, Philippe Faure and Jean-Pierre Changeux Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor functions in the CNS investigated with a novel method of stereotaxic gene re-expression in knockout mice 64 Discussion 79 Marina R. Picciotto Nicotine-mediated activation of signal transduction pathways 83 Discussion 90 David Balfour Complementary roles for the accumbal shell and core in nicotine dependence 96 Discussion 105 Christian Heidbreder The dopamine D3 system: new opportunities for dopamine-based reward 116 Discussion 123 Athina Markou Pathways and systems involved in nicotine dependence 132 Discussion 145 Arthur L. Brody Localizing tobacco dependence pathways with functional brain imaging 153 Discussion 166 Caryn Lerman Pharmacogenetic approach to nicotine dependence treatment 171 Discussion 178 Robert Walton Pharmacogenomics and smoking cessation 184 Discussion 194 General discussion II Power in studies 197 Receptor desensitization 199 Peter Hajek What limits the efficacy of current nicotine replacement therapies? 204 Discussion 213 Saul Shiffman, Stuart Ferguson and Deborah Scharf Exploring behavioural mechanisms of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation 219 Discussion 231 Rachel F. Tyndale and Edward M. Sellers Modifying the metabolism of nicotine as a therapeutic strategy 235 Discussion 244 William A. Corrigall Challenges in discovery and development of pharmacotherapies for tobacco addiction 249 Discussion 259 Final discussion Nicotine comorbidity 262 Animal models 264 Index of contributors 266 Subject index 268

Rezension

"…an excellent resource for individuals interested in this area." (Doody's Health Services) "…thinking of all the clients…who smoke… Do we not owe it to our clients to save them from this Killer?" (Journal of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, September 2007)

Autorenportrait

The Novartis Foundation is an international scientific and educational charity which promotes the study and general knowledge of science and in particular encourages international co-operation in scientific research.

Back cover copy

Cigarette smoking is estimated to lead to 4.9 million premature deaths per year worldwide. This is predicted to rise to 10 million by 2020. In western countries it kills half of all smokers who fail to stop. The prevailing model for tobacco addiction is that nicotine from cigarettes rewards smoking and punishes abstinence, tapping into a motivational system of operant conditioning that requires no conscious awareness. However, there are also accounts which involve cognitive biases and the effect of nicotine on impulse control. The brain pathways involved have been studied extensively, but the role of different nicotine receptor subtypes and other neurotransmitter systems is still subject to debate. In western countries, cigarette smoking as an adult has a heritability of 30–50% and candidate genes have been identified that may contribute in part to addiction susceptibility. Many socio-cultural correlates of cigarette smoking have been established, but a comprehensive model that accounts for these and links them with the psychobiological aspects of nicotine addiction has not been forthcoming. Structured behavioural support programmes aid cessation attempts, as do a number of pharmacotherapies, most notably nicotine replacement treatments and bupropion, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This book deals with the problems involved in understanding and treating nicotine and tobacco addiction. Topics covered include the nature of the worldwide health problem posed by cigarette smoking, the psychodynamics of cigarette addiction, and the basic pharmacology and biochemistry of nicotine and its effect on the brain. Further chapters analyse the genetic basis of susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Finally, the contributors address approaches to therapy. A continuing theme in the discussions throughout the book is how best to treat nicotine addiction, given that many smokers would like to stop smoking but are unable to do so because of their addiction. This book will be of great value to all psychologists and psychiatrists working on addiction, specifically to nicotine but also to other compounds and behaviours. It will also be of interest to neuroscientists and pharmacologists working on nicotine receptors and the brain pathways involved in dependence, as well as to biochemists, molecular biologist and to public health officials.