Details

Ultra-Wideband Antennas and Propagation

For Communications, Radar and Imaging
1. Aufl.

von: Ben Allen, Mischa Dohler, Ernest Okon, Wasim Malik, Anthony Brown, David Edwards
123,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	02.11.2006
ISBN/EAN:	9780470056820
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	480

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

Providing up-to-date material for UWB antennas and propagation as used in a wide variety of applications, "Ultra-wideband Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar and Imaging" includes fundamental theory, practical design information and extensive discussion of UWB applications from biomedical imaging, through to radar and wireless communications. An in-depth treatment of ultra-wideband signals in practical environments is given, including interference, coexistence and diversity considerations. The text includes antennas and propagation in biological media in addition to more conventional environments. The topics covered are approached with the aim of helping practising engineers to view the subject from a different angle, and to consider items as variables that were treated as constants in narrowband and wideband systems. <ul> <li>Features tables of propagation data, photographs of antenna systems and graphs of results (e.g. radiation patterns, propagation characteristics)</li> <li>Covers the fundamentals of antennas and propagation, as well as offering an in-depth treatment of antenna elements and arrays for UWB systems, and UWB propagation models</li> <li>Provides a description of the underlying concepts for the design of antennas and arrays for conventional as well as ultra-wideband systems</li> <li>Draws together UWB theory by using case-studies to show applications of antennas and propagation in communication, radar and imaging systems</li> </ul> The book highlights the unique design issues of using ultra-wideband and will serve both as an introductory text and a reference guide for designers and students alike.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Editors xv Prime Contributors xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxvii Abbreviations & Acronyms xxix 1 Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems 1 Andreas F. Molisch 1.1 History of UWB 1 1.2 Motivation 3 1.3 UWB Signals and Systems 6 1.4 Frequency Regulation 12 1.5 Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation 13 1.6 System Outlook 15 References 16 Part I Fundamentals 19 Introduction to Part I 21 Wasim Q. Malik and David J. Edwards 2 Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory 25 Mischa Dohler 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Maxwell’s Equations 25 2.3 Resulting Principles 30 References 30 3 Basic Antenna Elements 31 Mischa Dohler 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Hertzian Dipole 31 3.3 Antenna Parameters and Terminology 34 3.4 Basic Antenna Elements 42 References 47 4 Antenna Arrays 49 Ernest E. Okon 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Point Sources 49 4.3 The Principle of Pattern Multiplication 55 4.4 Linear Arrays of n Elements 56 4.5 Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions 58 4.6 Planar Arrays 62 4.7 Design Considerations 65 4.8 Summary 66 References 66 5 Beamforming 67 Ben Allen 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Antenna Arrays 69 5.3 Adaptive Array Systems 73 5.4 Beamforming 75 5.5 Summary 86 References 87 6 Antenna Diversity Techniques 89 Junsheng Liu, Wasim Q. Malik, David J. Edwards and Mohammad Ghavami 6.1 Introduction 89 6.2 A Review of Fading 89 6.3 Receive Diversity 93 6.4 Transmit Diversity 100 6.5 MIMO Diversity Systems 102 References 103 Part II Antennas for UWB Communications 105 Introduction to Part II 107 Ernest E. Okon 7 Theory of UWB Antenna Elements 111 Xiaodong Chen 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas 112 7.3 Planar UWB Monopole Antennas 121 7.4 Planar UWB Slot Antennas 132 7.5 Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles 140 7.6 Summary 144 Acknowledgements 144 References 144 8 Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio 147 Zhi Ning Chen 8.1 Introduction 147 8.2 UWB Antenna Classification and Design Considerations 148 8.3 Omnidirectional and Directional Designs 153 8.4 Summary 160 References 161 9 Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products 163 Peter Massey 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques 164 9.3 Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model 164 9.4 Planar Dipoles 167 9.5 Practical Antennas 178 9.6 Summary 194 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 10 UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications 197 Dirk Manteuffel 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation 199 10.3 Antenna Design and Integration 205 10.4 Propagation Modelling 214 10.5 System Analysis 215 10.6 Conclusions 218 References 220 11 Ultra-wideband Arrays 221 Ernest E. Okon 11.1 Introduction 221 11.2 Linear Arrays 221 11.3 Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays 225 11.4 Phased Arrays 230 11.5 Elements for UWB Array Design 232 11.6 Modelling Considerations 234 11.7 Feed Configurations 234 11.8 Design Considerations 238 11.9 Summary 239 References 240 12 UWB Beamforming 241 Mohammad Ghavami and Kaveh Heidary 12.1 Introduction 241 12.2 Basic Concept 242 12.3 A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array 243 12.4 UWB Mono-pulse Arrays 249 12.5 Summary 257 References 258 Part III Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Communications 259 Introduction to Part III 261 Mischa Dohler and Ben Allen 13 Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials 265 Domenico Porcino 13.1 Introduction 265 13.2 A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics 267 13.3 The Materials Under Test 270 13.4 Experimental Campaign 272 13.5 Conclusions 281 References 281 14 Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling 283 Mischa Dohler, Junsheng Liu, R. Michael Buehrer, Swaroop Venkatesh and Ben Allen 14.1 Introduction 283 14.2 Deterministic Models 284 14.3 Statistical-Empirical Models 297 14.4 Standardised Reference Models 303 14.5 Conclusions 306 References 306 15 Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling 309 Swaroop Venkatesh, R. Michael Buehrer, Junsheng Liu and Mischa Dohler 15.1 Introduction 309 15.2 Small-scale Channel Modelling 310 15.3 Spatial Modelling 321 15.4 IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model 324 15.5 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model 325 15.6 Summary 327 References 327 16 Antenna Design and Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWBWireless BAN 331 Yang Hao, Akram Alomainy and Yan Zhao 16.1 Introduction 331 16.2 Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics 332 16.3 WBAN Channel Modelling 345 16.4 UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks 353 16.5 Summary 355 References 358 17 Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics 361 Wasim Q. Malik, Junsheng Liu, Ben Allen and David J. Edwards 17.1 Introduction 361 17.2 Preliminaries 361 17.3 UWB Spatial Channel Representation 362 17.4 Characterisation Techniques 363 17.5 Increase in the Communication Rate 364 17.6 Signal Quality Improvement 370 17.7 Performance Parameters 375 17.8 Summary 381 References 381 Part IV UWB Radar, Imaging and Ranging 385 Introduction to Part IV 387 Anthony K. Brown 18 Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays 389 Thomas Kaiser, Christiane Senger, Amr Eltaher and Bamrung Tau Sieskul 18.1 Introduction 389 18.2 Underlying Mathematical Framework 394 18.3 Properties of UWB Beamforming 398 18.4 Beamloc Approach 401 18.5 Algorithmic Framework 403 18.6 Time-delay Estimation 404 18.7 Simulation Results 406 18.8 Conclusions 410 References 410 19 Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar 413 Ian Craddock 19.1 Introduction 413 19.2 GPR Example Applications 413 19.3 Analysis and GPR Design 419 19.4 Antenna Elements 425 19.5 Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 430 19.6 Conclusions 433 Acknowledgements 434 References 434 20 Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging 437 Ian Craddock 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 Detection and Imaging 437 20.3 Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria 440 20.4 Antenna Elements 441 20.5 Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 445 20.6 Conclusions 447 Acknowledgements 448 References 448 21 UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications 451 Anthony K. Brown 21.1 Introduction 451 21.2 Medium- and Long-Range Radar 452 21.3 UWB Reflector Antennas 453 21.4 UWB Feed Designs 459 21.5 Feeds with Low Dispersion 461 21.6 Summary 468 References 468 Index 471

Autorenportrait

Ben Allen completed his MSc and PhD degrees at the University of Bristol, U.K., in 1997 and 2001 respectively.Having undertaken post-doctorial research in the areas of smart antennas andMIMOwireless systems, he then became a lecturer at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King’s College London where he co-founded the UWB research group. He is now with the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford. He has published numerous journal and conference papers in the above areas as well as a book on smart antennas. He has been in receipt of the IEE J Langham Thomson Premium and the ARMMS Best Paper Award, both for publications relating to UWB. He is a senior member of the IEEE, chartered engineer, member of the IEE, and a member of the IEE’s Professional Network Executive Committee on Antennas and Propagation. Mischa Dohler obtained his MSc degree in Telecommunications from King’s College London, UK, in 1999, his Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Dresden University of Technology, Germany, in 2000, and his PhD from King’s College London in 2003. Hewas a lecturer at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King’s College London, until June 2005. He is now a Senior Research Expert in the R&D department of France Telecom working on cognitive and sensor networks. Prior to Telecommunications, he studied Physics in Moscow. He has won various competitions in Mathematics and Physics, and participated in the 3rd round of the International Physics Olympics for Germany. He is a member of the IEEE and has been the Student Representative of the IEEE UKRI Section, member of the Student Activity Committee of IEEE Region 8 and the London Technology Network Business Fellow for King’s College London. He has published over 50 technical journal and conference papers, holds several patents, co-edited and contributed to several books, and has given numerous international short courses. He has been a TPC member and co-chair of various conferences and is an editor of the EURASIP journal, the IEEE Communication Letters, and the IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Ernest E. Okon received the PhD degree in Electronic Engineering from King’s College London in 2001 and the MSc (with distinction) and BSc (honours) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Lagos in 1996 and 1992 respectively. His research interest is in electromagnetic modelling techniques, wide band antennas and arrays, sensor networks and RF circuits and devices. He taught undergraduate and postgraduate courses on antennas and propagation whilst at King’s College London. He joined BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre UK in 2001 and is currently a research scientist working on electromagnetic problems, MEMS, antennas and arrays. He has written numerous reports, and published journal and conference papers. He is a member of the IEE, IEEE and Optical Society of America. He is also listed in Who’s Who in the World, Marquis USA. Wasim Q. Malik received his DPhil degree in Communications Engineering from the University of Oxford, UK, in 2005. Since then, he has been a Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, where his research focuses on ultrawideband propagation, antenna array systems, cognitive radio, and nanoscale sensors. He also holds a Junior Research Fellowship in Science at Wolfson College, Oxford, where he researches microwave tomographic imaging. Dr. Malik has published over 50 research papers in refereed journals and conferences, and has delivered keynote and invited talks at a number of conferences. He is a Guest Editor for the IEE Proceedings on Microwaves Antennas and Propagations forthcoming special issue on “Antenna systems and propagation for future wireless communications”. He has also been the General Co-Chair and Technical Program Committee Member at several international conferences. Dr. Malik received the Best Paper Award in the ARMMS RF and Microwave Conf., UK, Apr. 2006, the Recognition of Service Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1997, and won the National Inter-University Computer Science Contest, Pakistan, in 1998. He is a member of the IEEE and the IET, and serves on the UK Task Group on Mobile and Terrestrial Propagation. Anthony K. Brown is a Professor in Communications Engineering and leads the Microwave and Communication Systems research group at the University of Manchester (UK). He joined academia in 2003 having spent 28 years in industry, most recently for Easat Antennas Ltd where he is retained as company Chairman. He is a recognised expert in antennas and propagation as applied to radar and communications systems. Professor Brown is a member of the Technical Advisory Commission to the Federal Communication Commission (USA)- and is a UK representative to the EU’s COST Action 284 Management Committee. He has advised various international bodies including in Canada, Malaysia and USA. He has been a Steering Board member of the Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES USA), and is past recipient of the Founders Award from that organisation. He has served on many national and international committees (including for IEEE and IEE, EUROCAE and ARINC). He was a founder member of the EPSRC Communications College. Professor Brown is a frequent invited lecturer on antennas and related topics, most recently including application of such techniques to Ultra Wide Band communications. He is a listed expert on UWB systems by the Paris Ultra Wide Band Organisation (http://timederivative.com/pubs.html). Prof Brown is a Fellow of the IEE and the IMA and is a Charted Engineer and Mathematician. David J.Edwards has been an academic for 17 years after 12 years spent in the industry (BritishTelecom). He has a strong record of innovation in communications systems, electromagnetic measurements, ground probing radar and subsurface imaging radar. He has authored or co-authored in excess of 200 publications in his time as an academic. He has been in receipt of a number of awards and prizes (IEE Prize for Innovation, NPL Metrology award, IEE Mountbatten Premium (2 papers) and IEEE Neil Sheppy prize) for his work and has been extremely well supported by funding from research councils, industry and government agencies. He has a track record of wide collaboration within theUKand internationally. Prof. Edwards is serving and has served on a range of international committees in communications and related fields. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.