Details

The Human Footprint


The Human Footprint

A Global Environmental History
2. Aufl.

von: Anthony N. Penna

37,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 14.10.2014
ISBN/EAN: 9781118912607
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 384

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Beschreibungen

<i>The Human Footprint: A Global Environmental History, Second Edition</i>, presents a multidisciplinary global history of Earth from its origins to the present day. <ul> <li>Provides a comprehensive, global, multidisciplinary history of the planet from its earliest origins to the present era</li> <li>Draws on the most recent research in geology, climatology, evolutionary biology, archaeology, anthropology, history, demography and the social and physical sciences</li> <li>Features the latest research findings on planetary history, human evolution, the green agricultural revolution, climate change, global warming and the nature of world/human history interdependencies</li> <li>Offers in-depth analyses of topics relating to human evolution, agriculture, population growth, urbanization, manufacturing, consumption, industrialization, and fossil fuel dependency.</li> </ul>
<p>List of Figures xiii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xvii</p> <p><b>Introduction 1</b></p> <p>The Nature of World History 1</p> <p>The Nature of Big History 2</p> <p>The Nature of World Environmental History 3</p> <p>Earth's History and Human Origins 3</p> <p>Mass Migrations and the Rise of Agriculture 4</p> <p>Population Growth and the Rise of Cities 8</p> <p>Cities and the Rise of Manufacturing and Industry 9</p> <p>World Trade and New World Ecology 10</p> <p>Fossil Fuels and Climate Change 11</p> <p>Notes 12</p> <p><b>1 An Evolving Earth 15</b></p> <p>Introduction 15</p> <p>The Origins of Earth and Its Unique Atmosphere: From Hot to Cold Planet 16</p> <p>Icehouse Planet and Greenhouse Planet 18</p> <p>Plate Tectonics, Super-continents, and Climate Change 20</p> <p>The Warming 21</p> <p>The Cooling 25</p> <p>The Elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on the Global Climate 26</p> <p>The Birth, Death, and Rebirth of the Mediterranean Sea and Its Hemispheric Environmental Effects 32</p> <p>The Impact of the Isthmus of Panama on Global Climate Change 34</p> <p>The Mid-Pliocene, Glacial and Interglacial Cycles, and "Modern" Times 35</p> <p>Notes 38</p> <p><b>2 Evolving Humanity 41</b></p> <p>Introduction 41</p> <p>Climatic Changes and Evolution 42</p> <p>Another Effect of the Closing of the Mediterranean Sea 44</p> <p>Human Ancestry 45</p> <p>The Birth of Human Intelligence 46</p> <p>Early Diets and Their Nutritional Value 51</p> <p>Translating Human Intelligence into Action 54</p> <p>Tectonic Upheavals, Landscape Changes, and Climate 55</p> <p>Population Migration and Expansion 56</p> <p>Homo Neanderthalensis vs. Homo Sapiens 58</p> <p>The Broad Spectrum: An Economic Revolution 63</p> <p>Notes 65</p> <p><b>3 Foraging, Cultivating, and Food Production 69</b></p> <p>Introduction 69</p> <p>Early Farming and a Warming Climate 70</p> <p>Settlement and Domestication 72</p> <p>Early Agricultural Communities 74</p> <p>Early Agriculture in China 77</p> <p>Early Agriculture in Africa 79</p> <p>Early Agriculture in Mesoamerica 80</p> <p>Early Agriculture in Europe 81</p> <p>World Agriculture during the Age of Manufacture and Industry 82</p> <p>The First Green Revolution, 1840–1930 87</p> <p>The Second Green Revolution, 1945– 88</p> <p>Agro-business, Food Prices, and Climate Change 94</p> <p>Notes 95</p> <p><b>4 Populating the Earth: Diet, Domestication, and Disease 99</b></p> <p>Introduction 99</p> <p>A Modern Demographic Scenario 100</p> <p>The Role of Disease in Calculating Population Size 102</p> <p>The Impact of Migration and Settlement on Global Population Growth 106</p> <p>The Role of Nutrition in Early Population Growth 107</p> <p>The Role of Animal Domestication in the Spread of Infectious Disease 110</p> <p>Nutrition, Climate Change, and Population 113</p> <p>A Population Bomb or Not? 120</p> <p>Notes 125</p> <p><b>5 The Making of an Urban World 128</b></p> <p>Introduction 128</p> <p>What Does "Urban" Mean? 134</p> <p>Early Urbanization and Its Environmental Effects 135</p> <p>Ancient Urbanization 137</p> <p>The Origin ofWriting 140</p> <p>The Impact of Changing Rivers on Environmental Quality 143</p> <p>Urbanization in the Indus Valley 145</p> <p>China’s Early Cities 150</p> <p>Ancient Mesoamerican Cities 152</p> <p>Early European Cities 154</p> <p>Notes 160</p> <p><b>6 Mining, Making, and Manufacturing 163</b></p> <p>Introduction 163</p> <p>The Age of Copper and Bronze 166</p> <p>The Effects of Ancient Mining on Human Health and the Environment 171</p> <p>Mining in the Roman World 174</p> <p>The Age of Iron 178</p> <p>Iron-Making in China and India 180</p> <p>Iron-Making in Premodern Europe 184</p> <p>Manufacturing in West Africa, 1350–1800 CE 190</p> <p>Manufacturing in Colonial America 192</p> <p>Manufacturing in the Modern World 193</p> <p>Notes 193</p> <p><b>7 Industrial Work 196</b></p> <p>Introduction 196</p> <p>The Economies of China and India 196</p> <p>European Hegemony and British Industrialization 198</p> <p>Economic Developments in China, Japan, and India 199</p> <p>Harnessing the Power of Water 203</p> <p>Disease, Death, and a Public Health Response 205</p> <p>The Power of Steam 208</p> <p>The Role of Invention and Innovation 211</p> <p>Comparing Industrialization in the United States and Britain 212</p> <p>Coal, Iron, and Steel 222</p> <p>Industrial Transformation and Global Auto Mobility 228</p> <p>Notes 231</p> <p><b>8 Trade and Consumption 235</b></p> <p>Introduction 235</p> <p>Global Trading Networks 236</p> <p>Distancing Consumers from Producers 237</p> <p>Material Goods 240</p> <p>Luxury Foods Become Commodities 244</p> <p>Tobacco 244</p> <p>Sugar 249</p> <p>Coffee and Tea 253</p> <p>Environmental Effects of Increased Cultivation of Coffee 257</p> <p>Conspicuous Consumption 258</p> <p>Global Consumption 260</p> <p>The Automobile and Electronics in Emerging Markets 263</p> <p>The Great Recession, 2008–2013 264</p> <p>Notes 265</p> <p><b>9 Fossil Fuels and Wind, Water, Nuclear, and Solar Energy 269</b></p> <p>Introduction 269</p> <p>The Eotechnic World: Waterwheels and Windmills 270</p> <p>The Paleotechnic World: Energy from Coal 280</p> <p>The Neotechnic World: Energy from Oil 286</p> <p>The Developing World's Demands for Energy 298</p> <p>The Case for Natural Gas: A Neotechnic Energy Solution 299</p> <p>Hydraulic Fracturing of Rock, or "Fracking," to Release Natural Gas Deposits 300</p> <p>The Case for Nuclear Energy: Another Neotechnic Solution 302</p> <p>The Case for Renewable Wind and Solar Power: A Return to the Eotechnic 303</p> <p>Notes 309</p> <p><b>10 A Warming Climate 312</b></p> <p>Introduction 312</p> <p>The Rise and Fall of the Mayan Civilization 315</p> <p>The Medieval Warm Period (1000–1300 CE) and Little Ice Age (1300–1850 CE) 316</p> <p>Current Global Climate Conditions 319</p> <p>The Role of Solar Energy 322</p> <p>The Role of the Atlantic Circulation Energy Exchange 323</p> <p>The Role of Fossil Fuel Emissions 324</p> <p>What Is to Be Done? 329</p> <p>Notes 333</p> <p>Epilogue 336</p> <p>Notes 342</p> <p>Index 343</p>
<b>Anthony N. Penna</b> is Professor Emeritus of History, Northeastern University. His books include <i>Nature’s Bounty: Historical and Modern Environmental Perspectives</i> (1999), <i>Remaking Boston: An Environmental History of the City and Its Surroundings</i> (co-editor, 2009), and <i>Natural Disasters in a Global Environment</i> (co-author; Wiley, 2013).
<p>Updated to reflect the most recent research, the second edition of <i>The Human Footprint</i> expands upon Anthony N. Penna’s multidisciplinary global history of Earth from its beginnings to the present day. While initial chapters focus on “big history,” placing human history within a cosmic framework, succeeding chapters reveal the great natural and human transformations that have shaped civilization over millennia.</p> Utilizing the most up-to-date research from geologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, economists, historians, and others, individual chapters expand upon single topics within broader themes relating to Earth’s history and human origins; mass migrations and the rise of agriculture; nutrition and population growth and the rise of cities, manufacturing, and industry; world trade, mass consumption, and new world ecology; modes of energy use, and more. New research into the world’s warming climate serves to reinforce the fragile nature of world/human history interdependencies. Timely and essential, <i>The Human Footprint</i> provides illuminating insights into the future of our planet by revealing the interconnectedness of humans and nature throughout our past.

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