Details

Supercharge, Invasion, and Mudcake Growth in Downhole Applications

Advances in Petroleum Engineering 1. Aufl.

von: Wilson Chin, Tao Lu, Xiaofei Qin, Yongren Feng, Yanmin Zhou
190,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	11.06.2021
ISBN/EAN:	9781119283331
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	528

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

Mysterious "supercharge effects," encountered in formation testing pressure transient analysis, and reservoir invasion, mudcake growth, dynamic filtration, stuck-pipe remediation, and so on, are often discussed in contrasting petrophysical versus drilling contexts. However, these effects are physically coupled and intricately related. The authors focus on a comprehensive formulation, provide solutions for different specialized limits, and develop applications that illustrate how the central ideas can be used in seemingly unrelated disciplines. This approach contributes to a firm understanding of logging and drilling principles. Fortran source code, furnished where applicable, is listed together with recently developed software applications and conveniently summarized throughout the book. In addition, common (incorrect) methods used in the industry are re-analyzed and replaced with more accurate models, which are then used to address challenging field objectives. Sophisticated mathematics is explained in "down to earth" terms, but empirical validations, in this case through Catscan experiments, are used to "keep predictions honest." Similarly, early-time, low mobility, permeability prediction models used in formation testing, several invented by one of the authors, are extended to handle supercharge effects in overbalanced drilling and near-well pressure deficits encountered in underbalanced drilling. These methods are also motivated by reality. For instance, overpressures of 2,000 psi and underpressures near 500 psi are routinely reported in field work, thus imparting a special significance to the methods reported in the book. This new volume discusses old problems and modern challenges, formulates and develops advanced models applicable to both drilling and petrophysical objectives. The presentation focuses on central unifying physical models which are carefully formulated and mathematically solved. The wealth of applications examples and supporting software discussed provides readers with a unified focus behind daily work activities, emphasizing common features and themes rather than unrelated methods and work flows. This comprehensive book is "must" reading for every petroleum engineer.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii 1 Pressure Transient Analysis and Sampling in Formation Testing 1 Pressure transient analysis challenges 1 Background development 3 1.1 Conventional Formation Testing Concepts 5 1.2 Prototypes, Tools and Systems 6 1.2.1 Enhanced Formation Dynamic Tester (EFDT®) 9 1.2.2 Basic Reservoir Characteristic Tester (BASIC-RCT™) 13 1.2.3 Enhancing and enabling technologies 15 Stuck tool alleviation 16 Field facilities 17 1.3 Recent Formation Testing Developments 17 1.4 References 20 2. Spherical Source Models for Forward and Inverse Formulations 21 2.1 Basic Approaches, Interpretation Issues and Modeling Hierarchies 23 Early steady flow model 23 Simple drawdown-buildup models 23 Analytical drawdown-buildup solution 25 Phase delay analysis 26 Modeling hierarchies 28 2.2 Basic Single-Phase Flow Forward and Inverse Algorithms 36 2.2.1 Module FT-00 36 2.2.2 Module FT-01 37 2.2.3 Module FT-03 38 2.2.4 Forward model application, Module FT-00 39 2.2.5 Inverse model application, Module FT-01 41 2.2.6 Effects of dip angle 43 2.2.7 Inverse “pulse interaction” approach using FT-00 46 2.2.8 FT-03 model overcomes source-sink limitations 49 2.2.9 Module FT-04, phase delay analysis, introductory for now 52 2.2.10 Drawdown-buildup, Module FT-PTA-DDBU 55 2.2.11 Real pumping, Module FT-06 59 2.3 Advanced Forward and Inverse Algorithms 61 2.3.1 Advanced drawdown and buildup methods Basic steady model 61 Validating our method 63 2.3.2 Calibration results and transient pressure curves 65 2.3.3 Mobility and pore pressure using first drawdown data 67 2.3.3.1 Run No. 1. Flowline volume 200 cc 68 2.3.3.2 Run No. 2. Flowline volume 500 cc 69 2.3.3.3 Run No. 3. Flowline volume 1,000 cc 71 2.3.3.4 Run No. 4. Flowline volume 2,000 cc 73 2.3.4 Mobility and pore pressure from last buildup data 74 2.3.4.1 Run No. 5. Flowline volume 200 cc 74 2.3.4.2 Run No. 6. Flowline volume 500 cc 76 2.3.4.3 Run No. 7. Flowline volume 1,000 cc 77 2.3.4.4 Run No. 8. Flowline volume 2,000 cc 78 2.3.4.5 Run No. 9. Time-varying flowline volume inputs from FT-07 79 2.3.5 Phase delay and amplitude attenuation, anisotropic media with dip – detailed theory, model and numerical results 81 2.3.5.1 Basic mathematical results 82 Isotropic model 82 Anisotropic extensions 82 Vertical well limit 83 Horizontal well limit 83 Formulas for vertical and horizontal wells 83 Deviated well equations 84 Deviated well interpretation for both kh and kv 85 Two-observation-probe models 86 2.3.5.2 Numerical examples and typical results 88 Example 1. Parameter estimates 89 Example 2. Surface plots 90 Example 3. Sinusoidal excitation 91 Example 4. Rectangular wave excitation 94 Example 5. Permeability prediction at general dip angles 96 Example 6. Solution for a random input 98 2.3.5.3 Layered model formulation 99 2.3.5.4 Phase delay software interface 100 2.3.5.5 Detailed phase delay results in layered anisotropic media 103 2.3.6 Supercharging and formation invasion introduction, with review of analytical forward and inverse models 110 2.3.6.1 Development perspectives 111 2.3.6.2 Review of forward and inverse models 113 FT-00 model 113 FT-01 model 117 FT-02 model 118 FT-06 and FT-07 models 119 FT–PTA–DDBU model 122 Classic inversion model 123 Supercharge forward and inverse models 123 Multiple drawdown and buildup inverse models 129 Multiphase invasion, clean-up and contamination 133 System integration and closing remarks 138 2.3.6.3 Supercharging summaries – advanced forward and inverse models explored 139 Supercharge math model development 139 Conventional zero supercharge model 141 Supercharge extension 142 2.3.6.4 Drawdown only applications 144 Example DD-1. High overbalance 144 Example DD-2. High overbalance 150 Example DD-3. High overbalance 154 Example DD-4. Qualitative pressure trends 158 Example DD-5. Qualitative pressure trends 161 Example DD-6. “Drawdown-only” data with multiple inverse scenarios for 1 md/cp application 163 Example DD-7. “Drawdown-only” data with multiple inverse scenarios for 0.1 md/cp application 168 2.3.6.5 Drawdown – buildup applications 173 Example DDBU-1. Drawdown-buildup, high overbalance 173 Example DDBU-2. Drawdown-buildup, high overbalance 177 Example DDBU-3. Drawdown-buildup, high overbalance 180 Example DDBU-4. Drawdown-buildup, 1 md/cp calculations 184 Example DDBU-5. Drawdown-buildup, 0.1md/cp calculations 188 2.3.7 Advanced multiple drawdown – buildup (or, “MDDBU”) forward and inverse models 193 2.3.7.1 Software description 193 2.3.7.2 Validation of PTA-App-11 inverse model 200 2.3.8 Multiphase flow with inertial effects –Applications to borehole invasion, supercharging, clean-up and contamination analysis 217 2.3.8.1 Mudcake dynamics 217 2.3.8.2 Multiphase modeling in boreholes 220 2.3.8.3 Pressure and concentration displays 222 Example 1. Single probe, infinite anisotropic media 223 Example 2. Single probe, three layer medium 228 Example 3. Dual probe pumping, three layer medium 230 Example 4. Straddle packer pumping 231 Example 5. Formation fluid viscosity imaging 233 Example 6. Contamination modeling 234 Example 7. Multi-rate pumping simulation 234 2.4 References 236 3 Practical Applications Examples 237 3.1 Non-constant Flow Rate Effects 238 3.1.1 Constant flow rate, idealized pumping, inverse method 239 3.1.2 Slow ramp up/down flow rate 245 3.1.3 Impulsive start/stop flow rate 250 Closing remarks 255 3.2 Supercharging – Effects of Nonuniform Initial Pressure 256 Conventional zero supercharge model 256 Supercharge “Fast Forward” solver 258 3.3 Dual Probe Anisotropy Inverse Analysis 264 3.4 Multiprobe “DOI,” Inverse and Barrier Analysis 273 3.5 Rapid Batch Analysis for History Matching 281 3.6 Supercharge, Contamination Depth and Mudcake Growth in “Large Boreholes” – Lineal Flow 289 Mudcake growth and filtrate invasion 289 Time-dependent pressure distributions 292 3.7 Supercharge, Contamination Depth and Mudcake Growth in Slimholes or “Clogged Wells” – Radial Flow 292 3.8 References 294 4 Supercharge, Pressure Change, Fluid Invasion and Mudcake Growth 295 Conventional zero supercharge model 295 Supercharge model 296 Relevance to formation tester job planning 298 Refined models for supercharge invasion 299 4.1 Governing equations and moving interface modeling 300 Single-phase flow pressure equations 300 Problem formulation 303 Eulerian versus Lagrangian description 303 Constant density versus compressible flow 304 Steady versus unsteady flow 305 Incorrect use of Darcy’s law 305 Moving fronts and interfaces 306 Use of effective properties 308 4.2 Static and dynamic filtration 310 4.2.1 Simple flows without mudcake 310 Homogeneous liquid in a uniform linear core 311 Homogeneous liquid in a uniform radial flow 313 Homogeneous liquid in uniform spherical domain 314 Gas flow in a uniform linear core 315 Flow from a plane fracture 317 4.2.2 Flows with moving boundaries 318 Lineal mudcake buildup on filter paper 318 Plug flow of two liquids in linear core without cake 321 4.3 Coupled Dynamical Problems: Mudcake and Formation Interaction 323 Simultaneous mudcake buildup and filtrate invasion in a linear core (liquid flows) 323 Simultaneous mudcake buildup and filtrate invasion in a radial geometry (liquid flows) 327 Hole plugging and stuck pipe 330 Fluid compressibility 331 Formation invasion at equilibrium mudcake thickness 335 4.4 Inverse Models in Time Lapse Logging 336 Experimental model validation 336 Static filtration test procedure 337 Dynamic filtration testing 337 Measurement of mudcake properties 338 Formation evaluation from invasion data 338 Field applications 339 Characterizing mudcake properties 340 Simple extrapolation of mudcake properties 341 Radial mudcake growth on cylindrical filter paper 342 4.5 Porosity, Permeability, Oil Viscosity and Pore Pressure Determination 345 Simple porosity determination 345 Radial invasion without mudcake 346 Problem 1 348 Problem 2 350 Time lapse analysis using general muds 351 Problem 1 352 Problem 2 353 4.6 Examples of Time Lapse Analysis 354 Formation permeability and hydrocarbon viscosity 355 Pore pressure, rock permeability and fluid viscosity 357 4.7 References 360 5 Numerical Supercharge, Pressure, Displacement and Multiphase Flow Models 363 5.1 Finite Difference Solutions 364 Basic formulas 364 Model constant density flow analysis 366 Transient compressible flow modeling 369 Numerical stability 371 Convergence 371 Multiple physical time and space scales 372 Example 5-1. Lineal liquid displacement without mudcake 373 Example 5-2. Cylindrical radial liquid displacement without cake 380 Example 5-3. Spherical radial liquid displacement without cake 383 Example 5-4. Lineal liquid displacement without mudcake, including compressible flow transients 385 Example 5-5. Von Neumann stability of implicit time schemes 388 Example 5-6. Gas displacement by liquid in lineal core without mudcake, including compressible flow transients 390 Incompressible problem 391 Transient, compressible problem 392 Example 5-7. Simultaneous mudcake buildup and displacement front motion for incompressible liquid flows 396 Matching conditions at displacement front 399 Matching conditions at the cake-to-rock interface 399 Coding modifications 400 Modeling formation heterogeneities 403 Mudcake compaction and compressibility 404 Modeling borehole activity 405 5.2 Forward and Inverse Multiphase Flow Modeling 405 Problem hierarchies 406 5.2.1 Immiscible Buckley-Leverett lineal flows without capillary pressure 407 Example boundary value problems 409 General initial value problem 410 General boundary value problem for infinite core 411 Variable q(t) 411 Mudcake-dominated invasion 412 Shock velocity 412 Pressure solution 414 5.2.2 Molecular diffusion in fluid flows 415 Exact lineal flow solutions 416 Numerical analysis 417 Diffusion in cake-dominated flows 419 Resistivity migration 419 Lineal diffusion and “un-diffusion” examples 420 Radial diffusion and “un-diffusion” examples 423 5.2.3 Immiscible radial flows with capillary pressure and prescribed mudcake growth 425 Governing saturation equation 426 Numerical analysis 427 Fortran implementation 429 Typical calculations 429 Mudcake dominated flows 435 “Un-shocking” a saturation discontinuity 438 5.2.4 Immiscible flows with capillary pressure and dynamically coupled mudcake growth 441 Flows without mudcakes 441 Modeling mudcake coupling 450 Unchanging mudcake thickness 451 Transient mudcake growth 453 General immiscible flow model 457 5.3 Closing Remarks 458 5.4 References 464 Cumulative References 467 Index 481 About the Authors 498

Autorenportrait

Tao Lu, PhD, Vice President, China Oilfield Services Limited, leads the company’s logging and directional well R&D activities, also heading its formation testing research, applications and marketing efforts. Mr. Lu is recipient of numerous awards, including the National Technology Development Medal, National Engineering Talent and State Council Awards, and several COSL technology innovation prizes.Xiaofei Qin graduated from Huazhong University of Science and Technology with a M.Sc. in Mechanical Science and Engineering. At China Oilfield Services Limited, he is engaged in the research and development of petroleum logging instruments and their applications. Mr. Qin has published twelve scientific papers and obtained twenty patents.Yongren Feng is a Professor Level Senior Engineer and Chief Engineer at the Oilfield Technology Research Institute of China Oilfield Services Limited. He has been engaged in the research and development of offshore oil logging instruments for three decades, mainly responsible for wireline formation testing technology, electric core sampling methods and formation testing while drilling (FTWD) tool development.Yanmin Zhou received her PhD in geological resources engineering from the University of Petroleum, Beijing and serves as Geophysics Engineer at COSL. She participated in the company’s Drilling and Reservoir Testing Instrument Development Program, its National Science and Technology Special Project, and acts as R&D engineer for national formation testing activities.Wilson Chin earned his PhD from M.I.T. and his M.Sc. from Caltech. He has authored over twenty books with Wiley-Scrivener and other major scientific publishers, has more than four dozen domestic and international patents to his credit, and has published over one hundred journal articles, in the areas of reservoir engineering, formation testing, well logging, Measurement While Drilling, and drilling and cementing rheology. Inquiries: wilsonchin@aol.com.

Back cover copy

This book reviews strongly related subjects in wellbore pressure transient analysis for overbalanced and underbalanced drilling, static and dynamic filtration, single and multiphase flow, transient mudcake buildup and stuck-pipe assessment, describes existing models, and develops new fluid flow algorithms useful in modeling these flow effects.Mysterious “supercharge effects,” encountered in formation testing pressure transient analysis, and reservoir invasion, mudcake growth, dynamic filtration, stuck-pipe remediation, and so on, are often discussed in contrasting petrophysical versus drilling contexts. However, these effects are physically coupled and intricately related. The authors focus on a comprehensive formulation, provide solutions for different specialized limits, and develop applications that illustrate how the central ideas can be used in seemingly unrelated disciplines. This approach contributes to a firm understanding of logging and drilling principles. Fortran source code, furnished where applicable, is listed together with recently developed software applications and conveniently summarized throughout the book. In addition, common (incorrect) methods used in the industry are re-analyzed and replaced with more accurate models, which are then used to address challenging field objectives.Sophisticated mathematics is explained in “down to earth” terms, but empirical validations, in this case through Catscan experiments, are used to “keep predictions honest.” Similarly, early-time, low mobility, permeability prediction models used in formation testing, several invented by one of the authors, are extended to handle supercharge effects in overbalanced drilling and near-well pressure deficits encountered in underbalanced drilling. These methods are also motivated by reality. For instance, overpressures of 2,000 psi and underpressures near 500 psi are routinely reported in field work, thus imparting a special significance to the methods reported in the book.This new volume discusses old problems and modern challenges, formulates and develops advanced models applicable to both drilling and petrophysical objectives. The presentation focuses on central unifying physical models which are carefully formulated and mathematically solved. The wealth of applications examples and supporting software discussed provides readers with a unified focus behind daily work activities, emphasizing common features and themes rather than unrelated methods and work flows. This comprehensive book is “must” reading for every petroleum engineer.