Details

<p>Preface vii</p> <p>About the Companion Website ix</p> <p><b>1 Attitudes of Lines and Planes 1</b></p> <p>Objectives 1</p> <p>Definitions 2</p> <p>Structural Elements 4</p> <p>Structural Grain 5</p> <p><b>2 Outcrop Patterns and Structure Contours 9</b></p> <p>Objectives 9</p> <p>Structure Contours 12</p> <p>The Three‐Point Problem 13</p> <p>Drawing a Topographic Profile 14</p> <p>Drawing Cross Sections of Structure Contour Maps 15</p> <p>Determining Outcrop Patterns with Structure Contours 15</p> <p>Gently Bent Layers 17</p> <p>Determining Exact Attitudes from Outcrop Patterns 18</p> <p>Determining Stratigraphic Thickness in Flat Terrain 19</p> <p>Determining Stratigraphic Thickness on Slopes 20</p> <p>Determining Stratigraphic Thickness by Orthographic Projection 20</p> <p><b>3 Stereographic Projection 31</b></p> <p>Objective 31</p> <p>Plotting a Plane 33</p> <p>Plotting a Line 33</p> <p>Plotting the Pole to a Plane 34</p> <p>Line of Intersection of Two Planes 35</p> <p>Angles of Lines within a Plane 36</p> <p>Determining True Dip from Strike and Apparent Dip 37</p> <p>Determining Strike and Dip from Two Apparent Dips 38</p> <p><b>4 Folds and Cross Sections 43</b></p> <p>Objectives 43</p> <p>Glossary of Fold Terms 43</p> <p>Classification by Shape 45</p> <p>Classification by Orientation 45</p> <p>Fold Classification Based on Dip Isogons 47</p> <p>Outcrop Patterns of Folds 48</p> <p>Cross or Structure Sections of Folded Layers 49</p> <p>The Arc Method 50</p> <p>Down‐Plunge Projection 50</p> <p><b>5 Stereographic Analysis of Folded Rocks 67</b></p> <p>Objectives 67</p> <p>Beta (β) Diagrams 67</p> <p>Pi (π) Diagrams 68</p> <p>Pole Plotter 68</p> <p>Determining the Orientation of the Axial Plane Using Fold Trace 69</p> <p>Constructing the Profile of a Fold Exposed in Flat Terrain 69</p> <p>Determining the Orientation of the Axial Plane Without a Fold Trace 70</p> <p>Simple Equal‐Area Diagrams of Fold Orientation 71</p> <p>Contour Diagrams 71</p> <p>Determining the Fold Style and Interlimb Angle from Contoured Pi Diagrams 75</p> <p><b>6 Rotations and Determining Original Directions in Folded Rocks 87</b></p> <p>Objectives 87</p> <p>Rotation of Lines 87</p> <p>The Two‐Tilt Problem 89</p> <p>Cones: The Drill‐Hole Problem 90</p> <p>Unfolding Folds 93</p> <p><b>7 Foliations, Parasitic Folds, and Superposed Folds 95</b></p> <p>Objectives 95</p> <p>Foliations 95</p> <p>Parasitic Folds 97</p> <p>Superposed Folds 99</p> <p><b>8 Strain Measurements in Ductile Rocks 107</b></p> <p>Objectives 107</p> <p>Longitudinal Strain 107</p> <p>Shear Strain 108</p> <p>The Strain Ellipse 108</p> <p>Strain Fields 108</p> <p>The Coaxial Total Strain Ellipse 109</p> <p>Measuring Strain in Deformed Objects 110</p> <p>Strain in Folds 111</p> <p>Deformed Fossils as Strain Indicators 111</p> <p>Mohr Circle for Sheared Fossils 112</p> <p>Mohr Circle for Boudinage 113</p> <p><b>9 Advanced Strain Measurements 125</b></p> <p>Objectives 125</p> <p>Fry Method 126</p> <p>Rf/φ Method 127</p> <p><b>10 Brittle Failure 131</b></p> <p>Objective 131</p> <p>Quantifying Two‐Dimensional Stress 131</p> <p>The Mohr Diagram 133</p> <p>The Mohr Circle of Stress 134</p> <p>Rules for Going Between Mohr Space and Real Space 135</p> <p>The Failure Envelope 135</p> <p>The Importance of Pore Pressure 138</p> <p><b>11 Analysis of Fracture Systems 147</b></p> <p>Objectives 147</p> <p>Data Collection 148</p> <p>Rose Diagram 148</p> <p>Length vs Strike Graphs 149</p> <p>Interpreting Joint Strike Diagrams 150</p> <p>Contouring Joint Density 150</p> <p>Accounting for Dip in Joints 152</p> <p><b>12 Faults 157</b></p> <p>Objectives 157</p> <p>Measuring Slip 159</p> <p>Rotational (Scissor) Faulting 161</p> <p>Map Patterns of Faults 162</p> <p>Timing of Faults 163</p> <p><b>13 Dynamic and Kinematic Analysis of Faults 169</b></p> <p>Objectives 169</p> <p>Dynamic Analysis 169</p> <p>Kinematic Analysis 174</p> <p><b>14 Structural Synthesis 191</b></p> <p>Objective 191</p> <p>Structural Synthesis 191</p> <p>Some Suggestions for Writing Style 193</p> <p>Common Errors in Geologic Reports 193</p> <p><b>15 Deformation Mechanisms in Mylonites 197</b></p> <p>Objectives 197</p> <p>Deformation Mechanisms 197</p> <p>Fault Rocks 200</p> <p>Kinematic Indicators 202</p> <p>S‐C Fabrics 202</p> <p>Asymmetric Porphyroclasts 202</p> <p>Oblique Grain Shapes in Recrystallized Quartz Aggregates 203</p> <p>Antithetic Shears 203</p> <p>Strain and Offset in Shear Zones 204</p> <p>Potential Sources of Error 205</p> <p><b>16 Construction of Balanced Cross Sections 213</b></p> <p>Objectives 213</p> <p>Thrust‐Belt “Rules” 213</p> <p>Recognizing Ramps and Flats 214</p> <p>Relations Between Folds and Thrusts 215</p> <p>Requirements of a Balanced Cross Section 218</p> <p>Constructing a Restored Cross Section 219</p> <p>Constructing a Balanced Cross Section 220</p> <p><b>17 Introduction to Plate Tectonics 233</b></p> <p>Objectives 233</p> <p>Fundamental Principles 233</p> <p>Plate Boundaries 234</p> <p>Triple Junctions 235</p> <p>Focal‐Mechanism Solutions (“Beach‐Ball” Diagrams) 236</p> <p>Earth Magnetism 240</p> <p>Apparent Polar Wander 242</p> <p><b>18 Virtual Field Trip 253</b></p> <p>Objective 253</p> <p>Newfoundland Folds Field Trip 254</p> <p>Ramapo Fault Field Trip 255</p> <p>References 257</p> <p>Further Reading 259</p> <p>Index 265</p>

<p><b>About the Authors</b> <p><b>Stephen M. Rowland</b> is Professor Emeritus of Geology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA. <p><b>Ernest M. Duebendorfer</b> is Professor Emeritus of Geology at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA. <p><b>Alexander Gates</b> is Distinguished Service Professor & Chair in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.

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