Details

Stress and Your Health


Stress and Your Health

From Vulnerability to Resilience
1. Aufl.

von: Hymie Anisman

16,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 12.02.2015
ISBN/EAN: 9781118850336
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 296

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Beschreibungen

<i>Stress and Your Health: From Vulnerability to Resilience </i>presents an evidence-based evaluation of the various effects of stress, along with methods to alleviate distress and stress-related illnesses.<br /><br /> <ul> <li>Examines myriad stressor effects and proven ways to alleviate stress in our lives</li> <li>Covers a wide range of stressor-related topics including therapeutic strategies to deal with stress and factors that hinder treatment of stress</li> <li>Makes difficult biochemical and immunological concepts accessible to a non-specialist audience</li> <li>Addresses many of the factors that cause individuals to be more vulnerable to the impact of stressors and at increased risk for pathology</li> </ul>
<p>Preface xiii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xvi</p> <p><b>1 Stressors, Stress, and Distress 1</b></p> <p>What this book is about 1</p> <p>What do we mean when we talk about stressors? 3</p> <p>The characteristics of stressors: comparing apples, oranges, and lemons 5</p> <p>Chronic stressors and allostatic overload 10</p> <p>Before you go… 11</p> <p><b>2 Individual Differences in Relation to Stressors and Stress Responses 12</b></p> <p>Vulnerability and resilience 13</p> <p>Genetic influences 13</p> <p>Age 17</p> <p>Sex 18</p> <p>Personality differences in relation to stress responses 18</p> <p>Previous stressor experiences 19</p> <p>Stress generation 19</p> <p>Before you go… 20</p> <p><b>3 Appraising Stressful Events 21</b></p> <p>Appraising stressors 22</p> <p>Guidance through primary and secondary appraisals 22</p> <p>Thinking fast and slow 22</p> <p>Guideposts and anchors 25</p> <p>Appraisals based on what others think 27</p> <p>Appraisals in relation to learning, memory, automaticity, expectation, and habit 28</p> <p>Positive and negative emotions 30</p> <p>Gauging stressors 31</p> <p>Before you go… 33</p> <p><b>4 Coping with Stressors 35</b></p> <p>First responses to stressors 36</p> <p>Coping methods 36</p> <p>Personal growth and finding meaning 38</p> <p>Social support 40</p> <p>Loneliness 40</p> <p>Unsupportive interactions 42</p> <p>Social rejection 44</p> <p>Forgiveness and trust 46</p> <p>Empathy 48</p> <p>Before you go… 48</p> <p><b>5 Hormones and What They Do 50</b></p> <p>What’s a hormone? 51</p> <p>Linking hormones and behaviors 51</p> <p>The hormonal stress response 54</p> <p>Hormones of the autonomic nervous system 54</p> <p>The hypothalamic?]pituitary?]adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoids 55</p> <p>What cortisol (corticosterone) does for us 55</p> <p>The cortisol/corticosterone response to an acute stressor 55</p> <p>Cortisol variations in humans 56</p> <p>Yesterday’s stressors influence today’s responses 59</p> <p>A cacophony of hormones associated with stress, eating and energy regulation: leptin, ghrelin, CRH, and neuropeptide Y 60</p> <p>Oxytocin and positive responses 62</p> <p>Estrogen and testosterone 64</p> <p>Before you go… 67</p> <p><b>6 Neurotransmitter Processes and Growth Factors 69</b></p> <p>Neuronal and glial processes in relation to challenges 70</p> <p>Stressors influence neurotransmitter functioning 72</p> <p>Acetylcholine (ACh) 72</p> <p>Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine 75</p> <p>Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): beyond the HPA system 76</p> <p>Glutamate 78</p> <p>Gamma?]aminobutyric acid (GABA) 79</p> <p>Cannabinoids 79</p> <p>Neurotrophic factors 80</p> <p>The past influences the future 82</p> <p>Before you go… 83</p> <p><b>7 Immunological Effects of Stressors 84</b></p> <p>A brief look at how the immune system works 85</p> <p>Cells of the immune system 86</p> <p>Immune memories 87</p> <p>Cytokines: messenger molecules of the immune system 88</p> <p>Immune–hormone interactions 88</p> <p>Stress, brain processes, and immunological changes 91</p> <p>Cytokine changes in response to stressors 93</p> <p>Before you go…. 93</p> <p><b>8 Stress across the Life Span 95</b></p> <p>Connections over time 96</p> <p>Prenatal experiences 96</p> <p>Biological correlates of prenatal stress in humans 98</p> <p>Consequences of prenatal infection in animals and humans 99</p> <p>Stress experienced early in life 101</p> <p>Transitional periods 104</p> <p>Older age 106</p> <p>Before you go… 107</p> <p><b>9 Cardiovascular Disease 108</b></p> <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) 109</p> <p>The heart’s response to a challenge 109</p> <p>Psychosocial factors associated with heart disease 110</p> <p>The influence of stressors on heart disease 110</p> <p>Job strain 112</p> <p>Depressive illness and heart disease 113</p> <p>Socioeconomic status (SES) 114</p> <p>Sex?]dependent trajectories for heart disease 114</p> <p>Personality factors and heart disease 115</p> <p>Type A personality 115</p> <p>Type D personality 116</p> <p>Physiological stress responses associated with heart disease 116</p> <p>Sympathetic nervous system reactivity 116</p> <p>Inflammatory processes in heart disease 117</p> <p>Stress, pathogen burden, and heart disease 118</p> <p>Obesity, cytokines, and heart disease 119</p> <p>Before you go… 120</p> <p><b>10 Diabetes 121</b></p> <p>Type 1 diabetes 122</p> <p>Type 2 diabetes 122</p> <p>Stressor influences in relation to the development of Type 2 diabetes 123</p> <p>Immune factors in Type 2 diabetes 126</p> <p>Genetic contributions 127</p> <p>Before you go… 127</p> <p><b>11 Stress, Immunity, and Disease 128</b></p> <p>Immunity and illness 128</p> <p>Allergies 129</p> <p>Infectious illness 130</p> <p>Stressors influence vulnerability and the course of infectious illness 133</p> <p>Autoimmune disorders 134</p> <p>Exacerbation of autoimmune disorders by stressful experiences 137</p> <p>Before you go… 137</p> <p><b>12 Stress and Cancer: Cancer and Stress 138</b></p> <p>The cancer process 139</p> <p>The stress–cancer link 141</p> <p>Implication for cancer treatment 144</p> <p>Stress stemming from cancer 145</p> <p>Treating cancer?]related distress 147</p> <p>Before you go… 148</p> <p><b>13 Depressive Illnesses and Cognitive Mistakes 149</b></p> <p>What is depression? 150</p> <p>Depressive subtypes 152</p> <p>Cognitive theories of depressive disorders 153</p> <p>Helplessness 153</p> <p>Hopelessness 154</p> <p>Depression from an evolutionary perspective 156</p> <p>Depression from a neurochemical vantage 158</p> <p>Neurobiological explanations of depressive disorders 158</p> <p>Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in relation to depressive disorders 159</p> <p>Gene and environmental interactions 160</p> <p>Reward processes in depression: dopamine and anhedonia 161</p> <p>Depression and anxiety: corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) as a player in depression 162</p> <p>Coordination and discoordination of neuronal process: gamma?]aminobutyric acid (GABA) 163</p> <p>Growth factors and depression 164</p> <p>Inflammatory processes and depressive disorders 165</p> <p>Before you go… 169</p> <p><b>14 Fretting over Anxiety Disorders 171</b></p> <p>A plague of anxiety disorders 172</p> <p>Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 172</p> <p>Panic disorder 173</p> <p>Obsessive?]compulsive disorder (OCD) 174</p> <p>Phobias and social anxiety 177</p> <p>Before you go… 178</p> <p><b>15 Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 179</b></p> <p>Acute stress disorder 180</p> <p>Posttraumatic stress disorder 180</p> <p>Vulnerability and resilience 181</p> <p>Neuroanatomical underpinnings of PTSD 182</p> <p>Biochemical determinants of PTSD 184</p> <p>CRH and corticoids in relation to PTSD?]related memories 185</p> <p>Norepinephrine and serotonin and PTSD?]related memories 187</p> <p>GABA and the extinction of fear responses in PTSD 187</p> <p>Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and resilience 188</p> <p>Before you go… 188</p> <p><b>16 Addictions and Forbidden Fruits 190</b></p> <p>What’s an addiction 190</p> <p>Stress as a provocateur in the addiction process 191</p> <p>Reward and aversion in relation to addiction: a multistep process 191</p> <p>Dopamine in relation to stress and reward 192</p> <p>Corticotropin hormone in relation to stress and addiction 193</p> <p>Can eating become an addiction? 195</p> <p>An integrated perspective 195</p> <p>Treatment for addictions 196</p> <p>Before you go… 197</p> <p><b>17 Coping with Illness, Caregiving, and Loss 199</b></p> <p>How might illness come to affect health? 200</p> <p>Major physical illnesses 201</p> <p>What patients know and what they need to know 201</p> <p>Appraising and coping with illness 202</p> <p>Personal control, decision?]making, and trust 203</p> <p>Social support and unsupportive interactions in the face of illness 204</p> <p>Mood changes associated with illness 205</p> <p>Adjustment to chronic illnesses: psychological resilience in the face of illness 206</p> <p>Stress associated with caregiving 207</p> <p>Loss and grief 208</p> <p>Before you go… 209</p> <p><b>18 The Workplace for Better or Worse 211</b></p> <p>Job?]related distress 212</p> <p>Status and job strain 212</p> <p>Burnout 212</p> <p>Absenteeism and presenteeism 212</p> <p>Bullying in the workplace 213</p> <p>Social support in the workplace 215</p> <p>Trust in the workplace 216</p> <p>Unemployment 216</p> <p>Time management and juggling 217</p> <p>Before you go… 218</p> <p><b>19 Transmission of Trauma across Generations 220</b></p> <p>Traveling across generations 221</p> <p>Parental stress influences on children 221</p> <p>Intergenerational effects of trauma: beyond poor parenting 222</p> <p>Environments modify gene actions 223</p> <p>The case of epigenetic effects 223</p> <p>Collective and historic trauma 226</p> <p>Before you go… 229</p> <p><b>20 Stress Reduction through Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies 231</b></p> <p>Prelude to dealing with stress 232</p> <p>Relaxation training 233</p> <p>Exposure therapy 233</p> <p>Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 234</p> <p>Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) 237</p> <p>Meditation 237</p> <p>Mindfulness 238</p> <p>The default mode network 240</p> <p>Positive psychotherapy (PPT) 241</p> <p>Giving and receiving 242</p> <p>The social cure 243</p> <p>Before you go… 244</p> <p><b>21 Drug Remedies to Attenuate Stress and Stress?]Related Disorders 246</b></p> <p>Something about drug treatments 247</p> <p>Placebo and nocebo responses 247</p> <p>Selecting the right treatment and related caveats 249</p> <p>Treating depression 250</p> <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 250</p> <p>A cocktail of acronyms: SNRI, NDRI, NaSSA, MAOI 253</p> <p>Ketamine 256</p> <p>Deep brain stimulation 257</p> <p>Anti?]inflammatory agents 258</p> <p>Treating anxiety disorders 259</p> <p>Treating PTSD 259</p> <p>Herbal (naturopathic) treatments 262</p> <p>Before you go… 266</p> <p><b>22 Epilogue 267</b></p> <p>It’s OK to go now… 267</p> <p>References 269</p> <p>Index 272</p>
<p>“This is a worthwhile read, especially for those wanting to gain a good grounding in the subject of stress.”  (<i>The British Psychological Society</i>, 1 October 2015)</p>
<b>Hymie Anisman</b> is a Professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. He also holds a Canada Research Chair in Neuroscience and is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Professor Anisman’s research includes the influence of stressors on neurochemical and neuroendocrine systems, and how these influence psychological (anxiety, depression) and physical (immune-related) disorders. He is the author of <i>An Introduction to Stress and Health</i> (2014) and co-editor of <i>Handbook of Psychoneuroimmunology</i> (Wiley, 2014).
<p>Hymie Anisman, a world-renowned expert in stress physiology, explains in clear, down-to-earth and often humorous language why Mom was right. Cold weather does not cause the common cold, but it can make the symptoms worse. Stress does not cause cancer, but it can affect the progression and efficacy of treatment. And, as Professor Anisman explains, the list of stress-associated maladies goes on and on. Informed, insightful, and up-to-date with the newest research findings. Required reading for patients and<br />scientists alike.</p> <p><b>Keith W. Kelley</b>, <i>Professor Emeritus of Immunophysiology, University of Illinois</i></p> <p>Stress is in many ways a defining psychological topic of our times, but it is fiendishly difficult to come to grips with. In Stress and Your Health Hymie Anisman shows not only why he is a leading researcher in the field but also why he is a great teacher. For it is impossible not to be impressed by the scope of the book and the breadth of its scholarship; while at the same time one is struck by the ease with which complex ideas are communicated and integrated. The result is a masterful text that works on a number of levels<br />and speaks powerfully to the range of audiences with an interest in this subject matter – researchers, students and lay readers alike.</p> <p><b>Alex Haslam</b>, <i>School of Psychology, University of Queensland</i></p> <p>Although the management of certain types of stress is critical to our health, hardly anyone outside academia knows much about the nature of stress nor how to manage it. Hymie Anisman’s book, Stress and Your Health: From Vulnerability to Resilience, provides a very readable solution. He has written a masterful description of complex biological and psychological processes that is accessible and written with his unique and wonderful sense of humor. It will be valuable both to the interested lay reader as well as serious students of behavioural neuroscience.</p> <p><b>Bryan Kolb</b>, <i>Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge</i></p> <p>The level of perceived stress is on the rise throughout the world, as is the burden of illness attributable to mental illness. There is a clear link between stress and mental illness; Dr. Anisman’s book is not only timely but also very informative about how the body perceives and deals with daily stressors, and how one to cope with stress and its consequences. This delightful book falls in the must read category and will readily resonate with audience of diverse backgrounds.</p> <p><b>Zul Merali, Ph.D., President & CEO</b>, <i>The University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research</i></p> <p>Without question, stress is the leading contributor to psychological disorders worldwide. Responsible for myriad illnesses, stressful events are now associated with everything from depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to heart disease, diabetes, and even neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s. And due to the complexities of modern society, it is virtually certain that stress will become increasingly prevalent in all of our lives.</p> <p><i>Stress and Your Health: From Vulnerability to Resilience</i> offers readers an evidence-based evaluation of a wide range of stressor effects, along with proven methods to alleviate distress and stress-related illnesses. A wide range of stressor-related topics are addressed, including social psychological and biological components, stress-related pathologies, and various therapeutic strategies to deal with stress – as well as the factors that often hinder treatments. Also covered are factors that cause individuals to be more vulnerable to the impact of stressors and at increased risk for pathology, along with elements such as genetic predisposition and various coping processes that engender resilience in some individuals even in the presence of severe stressors.</p> <p>Written in a lively, jargon-free manner to make even the most difficult biological and immunological concepts accessible to a wide audience, Stress and Your Health: From Vulnerability to Resilience offers invaluable insights into ways to identify and alleviate one of the most insidious realities of modern life.</p>

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