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Satellite Communications Systems Engineering


Satellite Communications Systems Engineering

Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance
2. Aufl.

von: Louis J. Ippolito

101,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 28.02.2017
ISBN/EAN: 9781119259367
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 464

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Beschreibungen

<p>The first edition of <i>Satellite Communications Systems Engineering</i> (Wiley 2008) was written for those concerned with the design and performance of satellite communications systems employed in fixed point to point, broadcasting, mobile, radio navigation, data relay, computer communications, and related satellite based applications. This welcome Second Edition continues the basic premise and enhances the publication with the latest updated information and new technologies developed since the publication of the first edition.  The book is based on graduate level satellite communications course material and has served as the primary text for electrical engineering Masters and Doctoral level courses in satellite communications and related areas. Introductory to advanced engineering level students in electrical, communications and wireless network courses, and electrical engineers, communications engineers, systems engineers, and wireless network engineers looking for a refresher will find this essential text invaluable.</p>
<p>List of Acronyms xiii</p> <p>Preface to Second Edition xix</p> <p><b>1 Introduction to Satellite Communications 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Early History of Satellite Communications 3</p> <p>1.1.1 SCORE 3</p> <p>1.1.2 ECHO 3</p> <p>1.1.3 COURIER 4</p> <p>1.1.4 WESTFORD 4</p> <p>1.1.5 TELSTAR 4</p> <p>1.1.6 RELAY 4</p> <p>1.1.7 SYNCOM 5</p> <p>1.1.8 EARLYBIRD 5</p> <p>1.1.9 APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE-1, ATS-1 5</p> <p>1.1.10 ATS-3 5</p> <p>1.1.11 ATS-5 6</p> <p>1.1.12 ANIK A 6</p> <p>1.1.13 ATS-6 6</p> <p>1.1.14 CTS 8</p> <p>1.2 Some Basic Communications Satellite System Definitions 9</p> <p>1.2.1 Satellite Communications Segments 9</p> <p>1.2.2 Satellite Link Parameters 10</p> <p>1.2.3 Satellite Orbits 11</p> <p>1.2.4 Frequency Band Designations 13</p> <p>1.3 Overview of Book Structure and Topics 13</p> <p>References 15</p> <p><b>2 Satellite Orbits 17</b></p> <p>2.1 Kepler’s Laws 18</p> <p>2.2 Orbital Parameters 19</p> <p>2.3 Orbits in Common Use 22</p> <p>2.3.1 Geostationary Orbit 23</p> <p>2.3.2 Low Earth Orbit 25</p> <p>2.3.3 Medium Earth Orbit 26</p> <p>2.3.4 Highly Elliptical Orbit 26</p> <p>2.3.5 Polar Orbit 27</p> <p>2.4 Geometry of GSO Links 27</p> <p>2.4.1 Range to Satellite 29</p> <p>2.4.2 Elevation Angle to Satellite 29</p> <p>2.4.3 Azimuth Angle to Satellite 30</p> <p>2.4.4 Sample Calculation 31</p> <p>References 33</p> <p>Problems 33</p> <p><b>3 Satellite Subsystems 35</b></p> <p>3.1 Satellite Bus 36</p> <p>3.1.1 Physical Structure 37</p> <p>3.1.2 Power Subsystem 38</p> <p>3.1.3 Attitude Control 39</p> <p>3.1.4 Orbital Control 39</p> <p>3.1.5 Thermal Control 41</p> <p>3.1.6 Electronic Propulsion Satellites 42</p> <p>3.1.7 Tracking, Telemetry, Command, and Monitoring 43</p> <p>3.2 Satellite Payload 45</p> <p>3.2.1 Transponder 45</p> <p>3.2.2 Antennas 47</p> <p>References 48</p> <p><b>4 The RF Link 49</b></p> <p>4.1 Transmission Fundamentals 49</p> <p>4.1.1 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power 51</p> <p>4.1.2 Power Flux Density 51</p> <p>4.1.3 Antenna Gain 52</p> <p>4.1.4 Free-Space Path Loss 55</p> <p>4.1.5 Basic Link Equation for Received Power 56</p> <p>4.2 System Noise 59</p> <p>4.2.1 Noise Figure 61</p> <p>4.2.2 Noise Temperature 63</p> <p>4.2.3 System Noise Temperature 66</p> <p>4.2.4 Figure of Merit 69</p> <p>4.3 Link Performance Parameters 70</p> <p>4.3.1 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 70</p> <p>4.3.2 Carrier-to-Noise Density 72</p> <p>4.3.3 Energy-per-Bit to Noise Density 72</p> <p>Reference 73</p> <p>Problems 73</p> <p><b>5 Link System Performance 75</b></p> <p>5.1 Link Considerations 75</p> <p>5.1.1 Fixed Antenna Size Link 76</p> <p>5.1.2 Fixed Antenna Gain Link 77</p> <p>5.1.3 Fixed Antenna Gain, Fixed Antenna Size Link 77</p> <p>5.2 Uplink 79</p> <p>5.2.1 Multiple Carrier Operation 81</p> <p>5.3 Downlink 81</p> <p>5.4 Percent of Time Performance Specifications 82</p> <p>References 84</p> <p>Problems 85</p> <p><b>6 Transmission Impairments 87</b></p> <p>6.1 Radiowave Frequency and Space Communications 87</p> <p>6.2 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms 89</p> <p>6.2.1 Absorption 90</p> <p>6.2.2 Scattering 90</p> <p>6.2.3 Refraction 90</p> <p>6.2.4 Diffraction 90</p> <p>6.2.5 Multipath 90</p> <p>6.2.6 Scintillation 90</p> <p>6.2.7 Fading 90</p> <p>6.2.8 Frequency Dispersion 90</p> <p>6.3 Propagation Below About 3 GHz 92</p> <p>6.3.1 Ionospheric Scintillation 95</p> <p>6.3.2 Polarization Rotation 97</p> <p>6.3.3 Group Delay 98</p> <p>6.3.4 Dispersion 99</p> <p>6.4 Propagation Above About 3 GHz 100</p> <p>6.4.1 Rain Attenuation 101</p> <p>6.4.2 Gaseous Attenuation 105</p> <p>6.4.3 Cloud and Fog Attenuation 107</p> <p>6.4.4 Depolarization 108</p> <p>6.4.5 Tropospheric Scintillation 114</p> <p>6.5 Radio Noise 117</p> <p>6.5.1 Specification of Radio Noise 119</p> <p>6.5.2 Noise From Atmospheric Gases 121</p> <p>6.5.3 Sky Noise Due To Rain 124</p> <p>6.5.4 Sky Noise Due to Clouds 125</p> <p>6.5.5 Noise From Extra-Terrestrial Sources 126</p> <p>References 134</p> <p>Problems 135</p> <p><b>7 Propagation Effects Modeling and Prediction 138</b></p> <p>7.1 Atmospheric Gases 138</p> <p>7.1.1 Leibe Complex Refractivity Model 139</p> <p>7.1.2 ITU-R Gaseous Attenuation Models 140</p> <p>7.2 Clouds and Fog 152</p> <p>7.2.1 ITU-R Cloud Attenuation Model 153</p> <p>7.2.2 Slobin Cloud Model 155</p> <p>7.3 Rain Attenuation 162</p> <p>7.3.1 ITU-R Rain Attenuation Model 162</p> <p>7.3.2 Crane Rain Attenuation Models 176</p> <p>7.4 Depolarization 187</p> <p>7.4.1 Rain Depolarization Modeling 188</p> <p>7.4.2 Ice Depolarization Modeling 190</p> <p>7.5 Tropospheric Scintillation 194</p> <p>7.5.1 Karasawa Scintillation Model 194</p> <p>7.5.2 ITU-R Scintillation Model 197</p> <p>7.5.3 van de Camp Cloud Scintillation Model 199</p> <p>References 201</p> <p>Problems 203</p> <p><b>8 Rain Fade Mitigation 205</b></p> <p>8.1 Power Restoral Techniques 205</p> <p>8.1.1 Beam Diversity 206</p> <p>8.1.2 Power Control 207</p> <p>8.1.3 Site Diversity 211</p> <p>8.1.4 Orbit Diversity 227</p> <p>8.2 Signal Modification Restoral Techniques 229</p> <p>8.2.1 Frequency Diversity 230</p> <p>8.2.2 Bandwidth Reduction 231</p> <p>8.2.3 Time-Delayed Transmission Diversity 231</p> <p>8.2.4 Adaptive Coding and Modulation 231</p> <p>8.3 Summary 232</p> <p>References 232</p> <p>Problems 233</p> <p><b>9 The Composite Link 235</b></p> <p>9.1 Frequency Translation (FT) Satellite 236</p> <p>9.1.1 Uplink 236</p> <p>9.1.2 Downlink 238</p> <p>9.1.3 Composite Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 238</p> <p>9.1.4 Performance Implications 243</p> <p>9.1.5 Path Losses and Link Performance 244</p> <p>9.2 On-Board Processing (OBP) Satellite 248</p> <p>9.2.1 OBP Uplink and Downlink 250</p> <p>9.2.2 Composite OBP Performance 250</p> <p>9.3 Comparison of FT and OBP Performance 252</p> <p>9.4 Intermodulation Noise 255</p> <p>9.5 Link Design Summary 257</p> <p>References 258</p> <p>Problems 258</p> <p><b>10 Satellite Communications Signal Processing 261</b></p> <p>10.1 Analog Systems 261</p> <p>10.1.1 Analog Baseband Formatting 262</p> <p>10.1.2 Analog Source Combining 264</p> <p>10.1.3 Analog Modulation 264</p> <p>10.2 Digital Baseband Formatting 270</p> <p>10.2.1 PCM Bandwidth Requirements 273</p> <p>10.2.2 Nearly Instantaneous Companding (NIC) 273</p> <p>10.2.3 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) or Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation (CVSD) 273</p> <p>10.2.4 Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM) 274</p> <p>10.3 Digital Source Combining 274</p> <p>10.4 Digital Carrier Modulation 275</p> <p>10.4.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying 278</p> <p>10.4.2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 280</p> <p>10.4.3 Higher Order Phase Modulation 283</p> <p>10.5 Summary 283</p> <p>Reference 284</p> <p>Problems 284</p> <p><b>11 Satellite Multiple Access 286</b></p> <p>11.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 289</p> <p>11.1.1 PCM/TDM/PSK/FDMA 290</p> <p>11.1.2 PCM/SCPC/PSK/FDMA 292</p> <p>11.2 Time Division Multiple Access 293</p> <p>11.2.1 PCM/TDM/PSK/TDMA 294</p> <p>11.2.2 TDMA Frame Efficiency 295</p> <p>11.2.3 TDMA Capacity 296</p> <p>11.2.4 Satellite Switched TDMA 299</p> <p>11.3 Code Division Multiple Access 303</p> <p>11.3.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 306</p> <p>11.3.2 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 309</p> <p>11.3.3 CDMA Processing Gain 310</p> <p>11.3.4 CDMA Capacity 312</p> <p>References 314</p> <p>Problems 314</p> <p><b>12 The Mobile Satellite Channel 316</b></p> <p>12.1 Mobile Channel Propagation 316</p> <p>12.1.1 Reflection 317</p> <p>12.1.2 Diffraction 318</p> <p>12.1.3 Scattering 318</p> <p>12.2 Narrowband Channel 321</p> <p>12.2.1 Path Loss Factor 323</p> <p>12.2.2 Shadow Fading 327</p> <p>12.2.3 Multipath Fading 333</p> <p>12.2.4 Blockage 340</p> <p>12.2.5 Mixed Propagation Conditions 346</p> <p>12.3 Wideband Channel 348</p> <p>12.4 Multi-Satellite Mobile Links 351</p> <p>12.4.1 Uncorrelated Fading 351</p> <p>12.4.2 Correlated Fading 353</p> <p>References 355</p> <p><b>13 Spectrum Management in Satellite Communications 357</b></p> <p>13.1 Spectrum Management Functions and Activities 357</p> <p>13.1.1 International Spectrum Management 358</p> <p>13.1.2 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) 361</p> <p>13.1.3 Frequency Allocation Process 361</p> <p>13.1.4 Spectrum Management in the United States 365</p> <p>13.2 Methods of Radio Spectrum Sharing 368</p> <p>13.2.1 Frequency Separation 369</p> <p>13.2.2 Spatial Separation 371</p> <p>13.2.3 Time Separation 372</p> <p>13.2.4 Signal Separation 372</p> <p>13.3 Spectrum Efficiency Metrics 372</p> <p>13.3.1 Spectrum Utilization Factor (U) 373</p> <p>13.3.2 Spectrum Utilization Efficiency (SUE) 373</p> <p>References 374</p> <p>Problems 374</p> <p><b>14 Interference Mitigation in Satellite Communications 376</b></p> <p>14.1 Interference Designations 376</p> <p>14.2 Modes of Interference for Satellite Services Networks 377</p> <p>14.2.1 Interference Between Space and Terrestrial Services Systems 377</p> <p>14.2.2 Interference Between Space Services Networks 378</p> <p>14.2.3 Interference Between Space Services Networks with Reverse Band Allocations 379</p> <p>14.3 Interference Propagation Mechanisms 379</p> <p>14.3.1 Line-of-Sight Interference 381</p> <p>14.3.2 Diffraction 382</p> <p>14.3.3 Tropospheric Scatter 383</p> <p>14.3.4 Surface Ducting and Layer Reflection 383</p> <p>14.3.5 Hydrometeor (Rain) Scatter 384</p> <p>14.4 Interference and the RF Link 386</p> <p>14.4.1 Single Interferer (pfd) 387</p> <p>14.4.2 Multiple Interferers (epfd) 387</p> <p>14.5 Coordination for Interference Mitigation 388</p> <p>14.5.1 Radio-Climate Zones 390</p> <p>14.5.2 Distance Limits 391</p> <p>14.5.3 Coordination Distance for Mode (1) Propagation 392</p> <p>14.5.4 Coordination Distance for Mode (2) Propagation 393</p> <p>14.5.5 ITU-R Coordination Procedures for Satellite and Terrestrial Services 394</p> <p>References 395</p> <p>Problems 396</p> <p><b>15 High Throughput Satellites 398</b></p> <p>15.1 Evolution of Satellite Broadband 399</p> <p>15.2 Multiple Beam Antennas and Frequency Reuse 401</p> <p>15.2.1 Multiple Beam Antenna Array Design 402</p> <p>15.2.2 Adjacent Beam SIR 406</p> <p>15.3 HTS Ground Systems Infrastructure 412</p> <p>15.3.1 Network Architectures 412</p> <p>15.3.2 Frequency Band Options 413</p> <p>15.4 Satellite HTS and 5G 416</p> <p>15.4.1 Cellular Mobile Technology Development 416</p> <p>15.4.2 Satellite 5G Technologies 418</p> <p>References 422</p> <p>Appendix Error Functions and Bit Error Rate 423</p> <p>A.1 Error Functions 423</p> <p>A.2 Approximation for BER 425</p> <p>Index 427</p>
<p><b> LOUIS J. IPPOLITO JR.,</b> Engineering Consultant and Adjunct Professor, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.
<p><b> Focuses on the important basic principles that are unique and timeless to satellite-based communications delivery systems </b> <p> The first edition of <i>Satellite Communications Systems Engineering</i> (Wiley, 2008) was written for those concerned with the design and performance of satellite communications systems employed in fixed point-to-point, broadcasting, mobile, radio navigation, data relay, computer communications, and related satellite-based applications. The rapid growth in satellite communications created a need for accurate information on both satellite communications systems engineering and the impact of atmospheric effects on satellite link design and system performance. It addressed that need for the first time in a single comprehensive source. <p> This welcome second edition continues the basic premise and enhances the publication with the latest updated information and new technologies developed since the publication of the first edition. More in-depth treatments are included for the mobile satellite channel, satellite signal processing, on-board processing satellites, satellite orbits, transmission impairments, and propagation effects modeling and prediction. New chapters include interference mitigation in satellite communications, spectrum management for satellite communications, and high throughput satellites (HTS). Many of the updated tools and calculations are provided in a "handbook" form, with step-by-step procedures and all necessary algorithms in one place to allow direct calculations from one source. <p> The book is based on graduate level satellite communications course material and has served as the primary text for electrical engineering Masters and Doctoral-level courses in satellite communications and related areas. Introductory to advanced level engineering students in electrical, communications and wireless network courses, and electrical engineers, communications engineers, systems engineers, and wireless network engineers looking for a refresher will find this essential text invaluable.

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