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<p>Preface ix</p> <p>Acknowledgments xv</p> <p>Introduction xvii</p> <p><b>Part 1. As Many Critiques As There Are Deliberations 1</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 1. From Defiant Critical Citizenship to Pluralist Political Critique 5</b></p> <p>1.1. Testing critical citizenship 7</p> <p>1.2. Critique as defiance 8</p> <p>1.2.1. Relational critique 8</p> <p>1.3. Stealth democracy versus sunshine democracy 11</p> <p>1.4. From reactive critique to pluralist political critique 14</p> <p>1.5. The critique of common sense 18</p> <p>1.6. Intensity of critique towards democracy and propensity to engage 20</p> <p>1.7. Comparative attractiveness of five features of democracy 25</p> <p>1.8. From critical citizenship to citizenship critique 26</p> <p>1.8.1. Democracy, citizenship and types of critique 27</p> <p>1.8.2. Beyond the four types of critique: communication, responsibility and burdens of judgment 29</p> <p>1.9. An unusual debate to tame the critics 34</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Multiple and Conflicting Origins of Deliberative Democracy 43</b></p> <p>2.1. Recent and deflationary definition of deliberative democracy 46</p> <p>2.2. The sources of deliberative democracy 48</p> <p>2.2.1. Eight phases in the evolution of a conflict theory 48</p> <p>2.2.2. Late arrival of philosophy? 51</p> <p>2.2.3. Three additional steps in the history of TDD 53</p> <p>2.2.4. A division into two generations 59</p> <p>2.3. Questionable developments, remaining problems and the promise of theory 60</p> <p>2.4. TDD from three other perspectives 63</p> <p>2.5. Contested deliberation and probation 68</p> <p><b>Part 2. Disseminated Deliberation between Empirical Analyses and Theoretical Disputes 77</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Deliberation, Argumentation, Multiscale Agreement Modes 79</b></p> <p>3.1. Fragmented deliberations under institutional constraints 80</p> <p>3.2. Access to the agreements 85</p> <p>3.3. Philosophy and practical deliberations 92</p> <p>3.3.1. Theory and empirical differences 92</p> <p>3.3.2. Constructive or critical philosophy 94</p> <p>3.3.3. Mobilization of philosophy for empirical work 97</p> <p>3.4. Guaranteed or "unfiltered" deliberation? 102</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. More than a "Familial Dispute" at the Foundation of Deliberative Democracy 109</b></p> <p>4.1. Between Rawls and Habermas, incompatible perspectives 111</p> <p>4.1.1. Disputes about the limits of politics and the instruments of representation (Rawlsian division) 114</p> <p>4.1.2. Playing Rawls against Rawls (Habermasian reconstruction) 114</p> <p>4.2. Disagreements at the heart of deliberative tools: reflective equilibrium and argumentation 116</p> <p>4.2.1. The equilibrium control of the conjecture of the original position (Rawls) 116</p> <p>4.2.2. Reflective equilibrium well understood (Habermas) 118</p> <p>4.2.3. Theory of incomplete argumentation (Rawls) 119</p> <p>4.3. Challenges of pluralism and limits of reflective equilibrium 120</p> <p>4.3.1. Pluralism at the heart of the judgment 121</p> <p>4.4. Reflective equilibriums put to the test 125</p> <p>4.4.1. Recomposition of the burdens of judgment 126</p> <p>4.4.2. Burdens of judgment in search of equilibrium 128</p> <p>4.5. The law at the risk of democratic debate 130</p> <p><b>Part 3. Embodied Rhetoric and Complex Political System 135</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 5. Argumentation Put Into Question 143</b></p> <p>5.1. Argumentation, the key to saving communicative rationality 144</p> <p>5.2. Enigmatic Habermasian additions on argumentation 15</p> <p>5.3. Expectations and disappointed promises of argumentative hopes 158</p> <p>5.4. Give up? 160</p> <p>5.5. Venturing out as the situation requires 163</p> <p>5.6. Types of questions and components of the argument 165</p> <p>5.7. The frameworks of argumentation 169</p> <p>5.8. Arguing, from law to politics 172</p> <p>5.9. Argumentation, legal methodology, social justice 174</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. From Conversation to Consideration 183</b></p> <p>6.1. Communication capacities 183</p> <p>6.1.1. Narration 186</p> <p>6.1.2. Interpretation 186</p> <p>6.1.3. Combinations of communication capacities 187</p> <p>6.2. Conversation 189</p> <p>6.3. Consideration 194</p> <p>6.4. Issues, circumstances and responsibilities 198</p> <p>6.4.1. General issues (hexameter) fixing the circumstances 199</p> <p>6.4.2. Detailed responsibilities 200</p> <p>6.4.3. The will is not only a matter of conflicting desires 201</p> <p>6.4.4. Communicating, from circumstances to political responsibilities 204</p> <p>6.5. Rhetoric, as essence and perfection of language 206</p> <p>6.6. System of deliberative systems 212</p> <p>6.6.1. System functions and levels of pluralism 214</p> <p>6.6.2. From social deliberation to deliberative systems 216</p> <p>6.7. Deliberative stage system and expertise 218</p> <p>Conclusion 225</p> <p>References 237</p> <p>Index 251</p>

<p><b>Bernard Reber,</b> Senior Fellow in the Center National for the Scientific Research (CNRS), Sciences Po Paris, (Political Research Center).</p>

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