Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Valorization of Lignocellulosic Materials to Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lignocellulose: An Abundant Carbon Source for PHA Production
1.3 Lignocellulosic Pretreatment Techniques
1.4 Hydrolysis of Lingocellulose
1.5 Lignocellulose Biomass as Substrate for PHA Production
1.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 2: Biological Gaseous Energy Recovery from Lignocellulosic Biomass

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Simple Sugars as Feedstock
2.3 Complex Substrates as Feedstock
2.4 Biomass Feedstock
2.5 Waste as Feedstock
2.6 Industrial Wastewater
2.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 3: Alkali Treatment to Improve Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers for Use in Various Applications

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Alkali Treatment
3.3 Application of the Alkali-Steam-Treated Fibers
3.4 Summary
References

Chapter 4: Biodiesel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Oleaginous Microbes

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lignocellulosics Distribution, Availability and Diversity
4.3 Prospective Oleaginous Microbes for Lipid Production
4.4 Technical Know-How for Biodiesel Production from LCBs
4.5 Fermentation
4.6 Transesterification for Biodiesel Production
4.7 Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
4.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 5: Biopulping of Lignocellulose

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass
5.3 Pulping and its Various Processes
5.4 Biopulping – Process Overview
5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopulping
5.6 Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
References

Chapter 6: Second Generation Bioethanol Production from Residual Biomass of the Rice Processing Industry

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Residual Biomass
6.3 Rice and Processing
6.4 Pretreatment Techniques
6.5 Hydrolysis
6.6 Fermentation
6.7 Bioethanol Production
6.8 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 7: Microbial Enzymes and Lignocellulosic Fuel Production

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Sustainable Alternative for Fuel Production
7.3 Enzymes and Their Sources for Biofuel Generation
7.4 Microbial Enzymes towards Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation
7.5 Applications in Biofuel Production
7.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 8: Sugarcane: A Potential Agricultural Crop for Bioeconomy through Biorefinery

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Present Status of Sugarcane Production and its Availability
8.3 Morphology of Sugarcane
8.4 Factors Involved in Sugarcane Production
8.5 Major Limitations of Sugarcane Production
8.6 An Overview of Biotechnological Developments for Sugarcane Improvement
8.7 By-Products of Sugarcane Processing
8.8 Applications of Sugarcane for Biorefinery Concept
8.9 Utilization of Sugarcane Residue for Bioethanol Production
8.10 Conclusion
References

Chapter 9: Lignocellulosic Biomass Availability Map: A GIS-Based Approach for Assessing Production Statistics of Lignocellulosics and its Application in Biorefinery

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geographical Information System (GIS)
9.3 Application of GIS in Mapping Lignocellulosic Biomass
9.4 Biofuels from Lignocellulosics
9.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 10: Lignocellulosic Biomass Utilization for the Production of Sustainable Chemicals and Polymers

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass
10.3 Pretreatment Strategies
10.4 Value-Added Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass
10.5 Sustainable Polymers from Lignocellulosic Biomass
10.6 Potential Challenges for a Sustainable Biorefinery
10.7 Environmental Effects of Biorefineries
10.8 Future Perspectives of Biorefineries and Their Products
10.9 Conclusion
References

Chapter 11: Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biobutanol Production

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Biobutanol
11.3 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass
11.4 Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass
11.5 Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
11.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 12: Application of Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Paper Industry

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Major Raw Materials Used in the Paper Industry
12.3 Pulp and Papermaking Process
12.4 Waste Generation
12.5 Waste to Value-Added Products
12.6 Conclusion
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Flow diagram of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production from lignocellulose precursor molecules.
Figure 1.2 A process diagram of PHA production from lignocellulosic biomass.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Potential feedstock for biohydrogen production.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Comprehensive metabolic engineering pathways and targets for biodiesel production from lignocellulosic biomass.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Overview of the steps involved in different pulping processes.
Figure 5.2 Degradation of wood by fungal hyphae.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Biorefinery concept for sugarcane [39].

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Flowchart for assessing the biomass estimates using GIS.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 A generalized concept for production of value-added chemicals and polymers from lignocellulosic biomass.

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Variations in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin composition in different lignocellulosic materials.
Table 1.2 Glimpse of different physical and chemical methods for lignocellulose pretreatment.
Table 1.3 Microbial utilization of different lignocellulosic materials for polyhydroxyalkanoates production.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Feedstock used for hydrogen production.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Properties of engineering materials [2].
Table 3.2 Composition of different lignocellulosic fibers [2].
Table 3.3 Properties of natural and man-made fibers [10, 11].

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Algal species and their respective lipid accumulation.
Table 4.2 Lipid content of oleaginous yeast and molds.
Table 4.3 Studies on lipid production by metabolic engineering strategies.
Table 4.4 Lignocellulose pretreatment methods for biodiesel production.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Major biochemical compositions of various types of lignocellulosic biomass.
Table 5.2 Reaction mechanisms of some ligninolytic enzymes (adapted from [40]).

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic biomass.
Table 7.2 Sources of enzymes/proteins used in lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels.
Table 7.3 Production of microbial enzymes from lignocellulosic biomass.
Table 7.4 Group I, II and III enzymes used in lignocellulosic ethanol production.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Different varieties of sugarcane grown in different states of India [13].
Table 8.2 Sugarcane varieties and their salient features.
Table 8.3 Few examples of disease-causing organisms, symptoms and management of sugarcane crop [17].
Table 8.4 Use of sugarcane for different biofuels and biobased products in a biorefinery concept.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Surplus biomass available in different states of India.
Table 9.2 Availability of specific crops in India.
Table 9.3 Biomass residue available in different states of the USA.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Value-added chemicals and polymers obtained from lignocellulose-based substrate and their applications.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Reducing sugar yield from several types of lignocellulosic biomass.
Table 11.2 Biobutanol production from several types of lignocellulosic biomass.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Differences between mechanical and chemical pulping.

This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kuila, Arindam, editor. | Sharma, Vinay, editor.
Title: Lignocellulosic biomass production and industrial applications / edited by Arindam Kuila and Vinay Sharma.
Description: Beverly, MA : Scrivener Publishing ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Includes index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017010812 (print) | LCCN 2017013368 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119323853 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119323877 (epub) | ISBN 9781119323600 (cloth)
Subjects: LCSH: Lignocellulose–Biotechnology. | Biomass–Industrial applications.
Classification: LCC TP248.65.L54 (ebook) | LCC TP248.65.L54 L5383 2017 (print) | DDC 662/.88–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017010812

Preface

Lignocellulosic materials such as agricultural residues (e.g., wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn stover), forest products (hardwood and softwood), and crops such as switchgrass and salix, are becoming a potent source for generating different valuable products. Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, along with smaller amounts of pectin, protein and extractives (soluble nonstructural materials such as nonstructural sugars, nitrogenous material, chlorophyll and waxes). Cellulose and hemicellulose are the main constituents of lignocellulosic biomass, occupying a major portion of the fibrous structure of plant cell walls. This book, entitled Lignocellulosic Biomass Production and Industrial Applications, describes the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for different possible applications. Although there have been numerous reports on lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel application, there have been very few other applications reported for lignocellulosic biomass-based chemicals, polymers, etc. Therefore, this book covers all of the possible lignocellulosic biomass applications. It describes the different types of biofuel production, such as bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel and biogas, from lignocellulosic biomass. Also presented are various other lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery applications for the production of chemicals, polymers, paper and bioplastics. In addition, there is a discussion of the major benefits, limitations and future prospects of the use of lignocellulosic biomass.

Arindam Kuila
Vinay Sharma
Banasthali, India
February 2017