Cover
Title Page
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
Notes on Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Introduction
2. A Critical Introduction to Health Geography?
3. Applying a Critical Perspective to Our World
4. A ‘Road Map’ to Health Geographies: A Critical Introduction
5. References
Part I: Body, Health and Disease
1. Chapter 2: The Body in Health Geography
  1. Introduction
  2. Disembodied Geographies
  3. Representational Geographies: Pathologising Bodies and Spaces
  4. From Representation and Governance to Materiality and Embodiment
  5. Conclusion: More‐than‐human Bodies
  6. Questions for Review
  7. Suggested Reading
  8. References
2. Chapter 3: Health and Place
  1. Introduction
  2. Medical Geography: Place as Location
  3. Health Geography
  4. Conclusion
  5. Questions for Review
  6. Suggested Reading
  7. References
Part II: Changing Spaces of (Health) Care
1. Chapter 4: Landscapes of Wellbeing
  1. Introduction
  2. Wellbeing: Its Emergence and Development
  3. Therapeutic Landscapes: Definitions and Beginnings
  4. Conclusion
  5. Questions for Review
  6. Suggested Reading
  7. References
2. Chapter 5: (Re)Locating, Reforming and Providing Health Care
  1. Introduction
  2. Locating Health Care
  3. Reforming Health Care
  4. Changing Places: Institutions and Neoliberal Thinking
  5. Place and the Evidence‐Based Agenda
  6. Conclusion
  7. Questions for Review
  8. Suggested Reading
  9. References
3. Chapter 6: Spaces of Care
  1. Introduction
  2. Care: Mapping the Boundaries of an Ideological Term
  3. Tracing the Everyday Spaces of Care
  4. Eroding Places of Care in a Post‐welfare State
  5. An End to Care?
  6. Conclusion
  7. Questions for Review
  8. Suggested Reading
  9. References
4. Chapter 7: Post‐Asylum Geographies
  1. Introduction
  2. Asylum Geographies
  3. A Failed Ideal and the Grassroots of Reform
  4. Post‐Asylum Geographies
  5. Placing Contemporary Mental Health
  6. Conclusion
  7. Questions for Review
  8. Suggested Reading
  9. References
Part III: Producing Health
1. Chapter 8: Ecological Approaches to Public Health
  1. Introduction
  2. Placing the Geography of Health Inequalities
  3. Thinking Critically about Neighbourhood and Contextual Effects on Health
  4. Conclusion
  5. Questions for Review
  6. Suggested Reading
  7. References
2. Chapter 9: Capturing Complexity
  1. Introduction
  2. Tensions in Ecological Health Research
  3. Towards Realistic Complexity in Ecological Health Research
  4. Implications of Complexity for Health Geography Research
  5. Conclusion
  6. Questions for Review
  7. Suggested Reading
  8. References
3. Chapter 10: Interventions for Population Health
  1. Introduction
  2. Improving Health or Reducing Inequalities?
  3. Environmental Interventions and Population Health
  4. ‘Natural Experiments’: Generating Better Quality Evidence
  5. Conclusion
  6. Questions for Review
  7. Suggested Reading
  8. References
Part IV: Emerging Geographies of Health and Biomedicine
1. Chapter 11: Epidemics and Biosecurity
  1. Introduction
  2. What Causes Epidemic Disease?
  3. Disease Ecology
  4. Tackling Epidemics
  5. Governing Epidemics: Biopolitics, Securitisation and Global Threat
  6. Conclusion
  7. Questions for Review
  8. Suggested Reading
  9. References
2. Chapter 12: Pharmaceuticalisation and Medical Research
  1. Introduction
  2. Bioprospecting: Sourcing New Active Compounds
  3. Clinical Trials
  4. Constituting Pharmaceutical Markets
  5. Addressing the ‘Global Drug Gap’
  6. Conclusion
  7. Questions for Review
  8. Suggested Reading
  9. References
3. Chapter 13: Health and Medical Tourism
  1. Introduction
  2. Early Forms of Health and Medical Tourism
  3. Defining Medical Tourism
  4. Who are Medical Tourists?
  5. Where do they Travel and in what Numbers?
  6. What are the Impacts of Medical Tourism?
  7. Medical Tourism and Health Geography
  8. Conclusion
  9. Questions for Review
  10. Suggested Reading
  11. References
4. Chapter 14: Global Health Geographies
  1. Introduction
  2. From International Dialogue to Overseas Intervention
  3. Emerging Global Biopolitics
  4. Bureaucratising Global Health
  5. The Economisation of Global Health
  6. Critical Geographies of Global Health
  7. Conclusion
  8. Questions for Review
  9. Suggested Reading
  10. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 08
1. Table 8.1 The analysis grid for environments leading to obesity (ANGELO) framework.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Standardised mortality rates for men aged 15–64.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Comparison of history’s worst epidemics by number of deaths. Data taken from National Geographic (2014) and WHO (http://apps.who.int).
2. Table 11.2 Several recent diseases mapped against Fraser’s four key criteria for a major epidemic outbreak. Data taken from Young (2015).
3. Table 11.3 Average life expectancy by social status and UK district according to Chadwick’s 1842 report.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Key phases of the drug development process.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 A typology of medical tourists.
2. Table 13.2 Costs (US$) of a series of medical procedures in the United States, Germany and India in 2012. Data taken from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp‐srv/special/business/high‐cost‐of‐medical‐procedures‐in‐the‐us/, viewed 15 April 2016.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Status of the WHO malaria eradication programme, September 1968.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 Male life expectancy on the Jubilee Line, London.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 ‘A hard job,’ the front cover from the San Francisco Illustrated Wasp published in August, 1878.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 The ‘left behind’ generation from global care chains, as evidenced in Albania.
2. Figure 6.2 ‘Supportive currents’ within US cities.
3. Figure 6.3 A disappearing landscape of day care?
4. Figure 6.4 Time to CARE from a rooftop in Detroit, MI.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 St. Loman’s Hospital (formerly Mullingar District Lunatic Asylum), Mullingar, Ireland (built 1847).
2. Figure 7.2 Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital, Michigan.
3. Figure 7.3 Apartments at Knowle former asylum.
4. Figure 7.4 Tokani derelict asylum, New Zealand.
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8.1 Conceptual model of the possible neighbourhood pathways for cardiovascular disease risk.
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9.1 Extract of Foresight Obesity System Map.
2. Figure 9.2 Simple, complicated and complex systems models illustrated.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Catch it, Bin it, Kill it – respiratory and hand hygiene campaign in the United Kingdom (2008–2009).
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Top 10 biotech and pharmaceutical companies worldwide 2013, based on market value (in billion US dollars).
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Exhibit from “Mapping the market for medical travel”, May 2008, McKinsey Quarterly, www.mckinsey.com.

Critical Introductions to Geography

Critical Introductions to Geography is a series of textbooks for undergraduate courses covering the key geographical sub disciplines and providing broad and introductory treatment with a critical edge. They are designed for the North American and international market and take a lively and engaging approach with a distinct geographical voice that distinguishes them from more traditional and out‐dated texts.

Prospective authors interested in the series should contact the series editor:
John Paul Jones III
School of Geography and Development
University of Arizona
jpjones@email.arizona.edu

Published

Cultural Geography
Don Mitchell

Geographies of Globalization
Andrew Herod

Geographies of Media and Communication
Paul C. Adams

Social Geography
Vincent J. Del Casino Jr

Mapping
Jeremy W. Crampton

Research Methods in Geography
Basil Gomez and John Paul Jones III

Political Ecology, Second Edition
Paul Robbins

Geographic Thought
Tim Cresswell

Environment and Society, Second Edition
Paul Robbins, Sarah Moore and John Hintz

Urban Geography
Andrew E.G. Jonas, Eugene McCann, and Mary Thomas

Health Geographies: A Critical Introduction
By The right of Tim Brown, Gavin J. Andrews, Steven Cummins, Beth Greenhough, Daniel Lewis, and Andrew Power

This edition first published 2018
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Tim Brown, Gavin J. Andrews, Steven Cummins, Beth Greenhough, Daniel Lewis, and Andrew Power to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Brown, Tim, 1968– author. | Andrews, Gavin J., 1970– author. | Cummins, Steven, (Geographer), author. | Greenhough, Beth, author. | Lewis, Daniel (Geographer), author. | Power, Andrew, 1979– author.
Title: Health geographies : a critical introduction / Tim Brown, Gavin J. Andrews, Steven Cummins, Beth Greenhough, Daniel Lewis, Andrew Power.
Description: Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016057491 (print) | LCCN 2017009192 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118739037 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118739020 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781118738993 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781118739013 (ePub)Subjects: LCSH: Medical geography.
Classification: LCC RA792 .A53 2017 (print) | LCC RA792 (ebook) | DDC 614.4/2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016057491

List of Boxes

2.1	Key Concepts: Disembodied Geographies
2.2	Key Thinkers: Sander Gilman
2.3	Key Themes: Embodiment and Disability Geographies
3.1	Key Concepts: Understandings and Attributes of Place
3.2	Key Thinkers: Robin Kearns
4.1	Key Themes: Types of Wellbeing
5.1	Key Themes: Health Care Restructuring
6.1	Key Concepts: Shadow State
6.2	Key Thinkers: Julia Twigg
6.3	Key Themes: The ‘Big Society’ in the United Kingdom
7.1	Key Thinkers: Chris Philo
7.2	Key Concepts: Total Institution
8.1	Key Concepts: Contextual Explanations for Health Inequalities
8.2	Key Themes: Place Effects on Health
9.1	Key Themes: The ‘Glasgow Effect’
9.2	Key Thinkers: Nancy Krieger
10.1	Key Concepts: Area‐based Interventions
10.2	Key Themes: The Pennsylvania Fresh Food Financing Initiative
11.1	Key Concepts: Miasma and Germ Theories
11.2	Key Thinkers: Michel Foucault and Biopower
12.1	Key Themes: The Drug Development Process
12.2	Key Themes: Creating a Pharmaceutical Market
12.3	Key Themes: India’s Clinical Trial and Patent Regulations
13.1	Key Themes: Indian Hill Stations
13.2	Key Themes: Organ Trafficking and the Positive Side of the Organ Trade?
14.1	Key Themes: Tropical Medicine
14.2	Key Concepts: Structural Adjustment Programmes and Global Health

Notes on Contributors

Tim Brown is Senior Lecturer in Human Geography at Queen Mary University of London. His research explores the critical geographies of public health and more recently global health. He is widely published in these areas in leading geographical and interdisciplinary health journals and is the author/editor of several books, including A Companion to Health and Medical Geography (Wiley‐Blackwell 2010) and Bodies Across Borders (Ashgate 2015).

Gavin J. Andrews is a full Professor and a health geographer based at McMaster University in Canada. His wide‐ranging empirical interests include ageing, holistic medicine, health care work, sports and fitness cultures, health histories of places and popular music. Much of his work is positional and considers the development, state‐of‐the‐art and future of health geography. In terms of theoretical approaches, in recent years he has developed an interest in non‐representational theory and its potential to animate the energies and movements in the ‘taking place’ of health and health care.

Steven Cummins is Professor of Population Health and Director of the Healthy Environments Research Programme at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK. He is a geographer with training in epidemiology and public health and earned his PhD from the MRC Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow. He has published extensively on how the urban environment affects health in a range of disciplines including geography, epidemiology, urban studies and health policy.

Beth Greenhough is Associate Professor of Human Geography and Fellow of Keble College, University of Oxford. Her research explores the social and cultural dimensions of health and biomedical research, and has been funded by the AHRC, ESRC, Brocher Foundation and the Wellcome Trust. She has published widely in leading geography and interdisciplinary journals and is co‐editor of Bodies Across Borders (Ashgate 2015).

Daniel Lewis is a Research Fellow at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK. He has a BA in Geography from LSE, and an MSc in Geographic Information Science and PhD in Geography from UCL. Daniel is a health geographer who is interested in deepening our understanding of the social and spatial determinants of health and health inequalities, and the complex relationships linking individuals and their environments.

Andrew Power is Associate Professor in Geography at University of Southampton. His research examines issues relating to disability, welfare, care and community voluntarism, and has been funded by the AHRC, ESRC and British Society of Gerontology. He has published extensively in leading geographical and disability studies’ journals and is the author/contributor of several books, including Landscapes of Care (Ashgate 2010) and Active Citizenship and Disability (Cambridge University Press 2013).

Foreword

New texts in any area sometimes struggle. We might expect this to be the case in health geography which is well served by two introductory texts and a comprehensive edited handbook summarising recent research. A unique selling point is necessary. It is gratifying therefore to welcome and endorse the publication of Health Geographies: A Critical Introduction. It is an important and necessary addition to the literature that takes us to the current frontiers of inquiry in health geography, engaging the reader with the social, the cultural, the political and the epidemiological, and doing so in a way that highlights the importance of geography. The text offers a critical perspective and brings us a health geography that is mature, confident and theorised, able to build on secure foundations and move forward. Interdisciplinary in reach but firmly anchored in geography, the authors have drawn deeply on their research and teaching expertise to assemble a systematic overview of the topics that have emerged at the cutting edge of the health geography in the past few years. Ideas about place, wellbeing, care, identity, relationality, complexity, biopolitics and global health are now increasingly commonplace in health geography but, to date, we have lacked a critical assessment. In addressing this need, the authors have ably navigated the challenges of summarising complex ideas, working with theory, and setting out a critically‐engaged analysis. The results of their labours should provide undergraduates and commencing graduate students with the necessary background to understand and contribute to the further development of a critical health geography.

Graham Moon
Southampton, 2016

1.1	Male life expectancy on the Jubilee Line, London.
2.1	‘A hard job,’ the front cover from the San Francisco Illustrated Wasp published in August, 1878.
6.1	The ‘left behind’ generation from global care chains, as evidenced in Albania.
6.2	‘Supportive currents’ within US cities.
6.3	A disappearing landscape of day care?
6.4	Time to CARE from a rooftop in Detroit, MI.
7.1	St. Loman’s Hospital (formerly Mullingar District Lunatic Asylum), Mullingar, Ireland (built 1847).
7.2	Kalamazoo Psychiatric Hospital, Michigan.
7.3	Apartments at Knowle former asylum.
7.4	Tokani derelict asylum, New Zealand.
8.1	Conceptual model of the possible neighbourhood pathways for cardiovascular disease risk.
9.1	Extract of Foresight Obesity System Map.
9.2	Simple, complicated and complex systems models illustrated.
11.1	Catch it, Bin it, Kill it – respiratory and hand hygiene campaign in the United Kingdom (2008–2009).
12.1	Top 10 biotech and pharmaceutical companies worldwide 2013, based on market value.
13.1	Exhibit from “Mapping the market for medical travel”.

8.1	The analysis grid for environments leading to obesity (ANGELO) framework.
10.1	Standardised mortality rates for men aged 15–64.
11.1	Comparison of history’s worst epidemics by number of deaths.
11.2	Several recent diseases mapped against Fraser’s four key criteria for a major epidemic outbreak.
11.3	Average life expectancy by social status and UK district according to Chadwick’s 1842 report.
12.1	Key phases of the drug development process.
13.1	A typology of medical tourists.
13.2	Costs (US$) of a series of medical procedures in the United States, Germany and India in 2012.
14.1	Status of the WHO malaria eradication programme, September 1968.