Cover
Title Page
About the Authors
Series Editors’ Preface
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter One: Introduction
1. 1.1 Background
2. 1.2 Smoking and Tobacco; The Importance of Geography
3. 1.3 Geographical Approaches to Past Smoking Research
4. 1.4 Geographies of Smoking: Making Connections
5. 1.5 Writing Smoking Geographies
Chapter Two: The Geo‐epidemiology of an Addiction
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Measuring Tobacco Consumption
3. 2.3 Spatial Patterns of Smoking and Smoking Transitions
4. 2.4 Conclusions
Chapter Three: The Economic Geography of Tobacco
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Growing Tobacco
3. 3.3 Manufacturing Cigarettes
4. 3.4 Distribution Networks
5. 3.5 Tobacco Retail
6. 3.6 Conclusion
Chapter Four: Context Matters: Area Effects, Socio‐economic Status and Smoking
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Contextual Effects on Health
3. 4.3 Contextual Effects on Smoking
4. 4.4 Social Inequality and Smoking
5. 4.5 Conclusions
Chapter Five: Place‐Based Practices: Pathways to Smoking Behaviour
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 The Social Context of Smoking
3. 5.3 Social Capital
4. 5.4 Resilience, Resistance and Smoking Behaviour
5. 5.5 Contagion, Networks and Smoking
6. 5.6 Neighbourhood ‘Liveability’ and Stressors
7. 5.7 Supply and Demand: Tobacco Retailing and Availability
8. 5.8 Conclusion
Chapter Six: Smoking, Denormalisation and the Messy Terrain of Unintended Consequences
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Tobacco Denormalisation, Opium and Messy Landscapes of Exclusion
3. 6.3 Denormalisation and Purified Space
4. 6.4 Stigma: The Personal Taint
5. 6.5 Taste, Class and Policing the Poor
6. 6.6 Contesting Denormalisation: Virtual and Material Space
7. 6.7 Concluding Comments
Chapter Seven: Smoking Gateways: Burdens and Co‐behaviours
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 The Small‐Area Geography of Smoking‐Attributable Mortality
3. 7.3 Reducing Smoking‐Attributable Morbidity
4. 7.4 Co‐behaviour: Tobacco and Cannabis
5. 7.5 Conclusions
Chapter Eight: Place and Tobacco Regulation
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Tobacco Control Policies
3. 8.3 Problems of Traditional Tobacco Policies
4. 8.4 Conclusions
Chapter Nine: Conclusion
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Smoking, Tobacco and Geographical Scholarship
3. 9.3 Geography and Tobacco Control Policy
4. 9.4 New Directions for Geographical Research on Tobacco and Smoking
5. 9.5 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02
1. Table 2.1 The stages of the smoking transition model.
2. Table 2.2 Ethnic inequalities in smoking in New Zealand 1981–2013.
Chapter 03
1. Table 3.1 Major Private Cigarette Manufacturing Companies: mergers and acquisitions since 1990.
Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1 Odds ratio of being a current smoker (95% CIs) predicted from area‐level deprivation and current smoking, Scotland (males and females modelled separately).
2. Table 4.2 Odds ratio of being an ever smoker (95% CIs) predicted from area‐level deprivation and current smoking, Scotland (males and females modelled separately).
Chapter 05
1. Table 5.1 Liveability, neighbourhood trust and neighbourhood social capital.
2. Table 5.2 Odds ratio of being a current smoker (95% CIs) by neighbourhood measures of incivilities, trust and social capital in the 2005 wave of the Families and Children Study (FACS) (n = 6697). These are multivariate results adjusted for age, equivalised weekly household income, and highest academic qualification.
3. Table 5.3 Odds Ratio of being a smoker (95% CIs) predicted from access to supermarkets in 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey (males and females modelled separately).
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1 Relative risks of death from smoking: by cause.
2. Table 7.2 Selected studies of AMI hospitalisation in relation to smoking bans.
3. Table 7.3 Smoking bans and AMI morbidity: age affects 2003/4 versus 2005/6. Source: Author.
4. Table 7.4 Deprivation (NZDep) and AMI morbidity: age affects 2003/4 versus 2005/6.
5. Table 7.5 Tobacco and cannabis experience, England and Wales.
6. Table 7.6 Logistic regression: co‐consumption of cigarette smoking and cannabis use (regular use of cannabis).
Chapter 08
1. Table 8.1 Average price of the most sold brand and total tax share, by country income group, 2008.
2. Table 8.2 Average price of the most sold brand and total tax share % price, by region, 2008.
3. Table 8.3 Timeline of Tobacco Advertising Controls in New Zealand.
4. Table 8.4 Urban–rural effects on call numbers to Quitline controlling for age, gender, ethnicity and area deprivation. (Odds Ratios and 95% CIs).
5. Table 8.5 PEGS outcome indicators.
6. Table 8.6 PEGS impact on smoking inequality.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Surveying smoking prevalence: the multistage clustered design of the 2012 Health Survey for England.
2. Figure 2.2 Multilevel synthetic estimation (MLSE) of smoking prevalence: case study for Scotland.
3. Figure 2.3 Total annual sales of manufactured cigarettes in the UK, 1905 to 2009.
4. Figure 2.4 Sales of manufactured cigarettes per adult per day in the UK, 1905 to 2009.
5. Figure 2.5 Adult Smoking Prevalence.
6. Figure 2.6 Smoking Rates, 1980 to 2012.
7. Figure 2.7 Adult smoking prevalence by manual or non‐manual socio‐economic group, 1992‐2010.
8. Figure 2.8 Ward‐level smoking estimates: England.
9. Figure 2.9 Relationship between smoking and the NZDep2013 Index of Deprivation.
10. Figure 2.10 The four‐stage smoking epidemic transition model.
11. Figure 2.11 Prevalence of male and female cigarette smoking, UK, 1948 to 2010.
12. Figure 2.12 Smoking prevalence by gender and age, 2012, Great Britain.
13. Figure 2.13 Proportion of the population who currently smoke tobacco by gender and age, New Zealand.
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 Top ten tobacco producing nations by area, 2011.
2. Figure 3.2 Top ten tobacco producing nations by tonnage, 2012.
3. Figure 3.3 Top ten tobacco producing nations by percentage of agricultural land under tobacco.
4. Figure 3.4 The top ten nations by tonne of tobacco harvest; percent change 1962–2012.
5. Figure 3.5 The Southampton BAT Site.
6. Figure 3.6 Top ten countries for smuggled cigarette consumption (c. 2010).
7. Figure 3.7 Tobacco smuggling and level of economic development (c. 2010).
8. Figure 3.8 Smuggled tobacco and levels of tobacco tax.
9. Figure 3.9 Smuggled tobacco and pack price.
10. Figure 3.10 Smuggled tobacco and relative affordability of cigarettes.
11. Figure 3.11 The cigarette sales transition.
12. Figure 3.12 A traditional tobacconist.
13. Figure 3.13 Online tobacco retail.
14. Figure 3.14 Tobacco retail outlets in Scotland.
15. Figure 3.15 German cigarette vending machine with integrated age identification card reader.
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Context effects on smoking at different geographical scales.
2. Figure 4.2 Pathways between Income Inequality and Smoking.
3. Figure 4.3 Net effects of ethnic inequality on Māori smoking quit rates.
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5.1 Smoking prevalence and different measures of social capital, English Local Authorities 2008.
2. Figure 5.2 Odds Ratio of being a smoker (95% CIs) predicted from access to supermarkets in 2002/03.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 A Nazi anti‐smoking advertisement titled ‘The chain‐smoker’ saying ‘He does not devour it [the cigarette], it devours him.’ Reprinted in Proctor, (1996).
2. Figure 6.2 Advertisement for Laudanum.
3. Figure 6.3 Soothing opium syrups: child dosage regimes.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 Smoking‐attributable mortality: global patterns, highest five men and women 2002.
2. Figure 7.2 Smoking attributable deaths as a percentage of all deaths. English Strategic Health Authorities, 2002.
3. Figure 7.3 Tobacco and cannabis: age of first experience.
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8.1 ‘Hey big people we copy what we see … So keep us smokefree.’
2. Figure 8.2 Percentage of European countries with above average scores on six tobacco control measures.
3. Figure 8.3 State variations in the enactment of statewide smokefree policies in the USA.
4. Figure 8.4 US Smokefree Laws in Workplaces, Restaurants and Bars, as of April 2, 2015.

RGS‐IBG Book Series

For further information about the series and a full list of published and forthcoming titles please visit www.rgsbookseries.com

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Cover image: Newsies smoking at Skeeter’s Branch, St. Louis, MO. Photograph by Lewis Hine, 1910. Based on file from Library of Congress; Ferris wheel (Awaji Service Area), Smoking Area, 2010. Photographer: /Wikimedia Commons; “It’s wise to smoke Extra‐mild Fatima” tobacco advertisement, 1950. From the collection of Stanford University (tobacco.stanford.edu).

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