Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Foreword 3
Preface
Chapter 1: Methods for Extraction of Nanocellulose from Various Sources
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hierarchical Structure of Natural Fibers
1.3 Cellulose Fibers: Structure and Chemistry
1.4 Main Cellulose Sources
1.5 Classification of Nanocellulose Structures
1.6 Preparation Techniques of Various Types of Nanocellulose
1.7 Pretreatment
1.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2: Characterization of Various Kinds of Nanocellulose
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods of Investigations
2.3 Characterization of Various Kinds of Nanocellulose
2.4 Concluding Remark
References
Chapter 3: Surface Modification of Nanocellulose
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Esterification of Nanocellulose
3.3 Silylation of Nanocellulose
3.4 Grafting of Polymers onto Nanocellulose
3.5 Cross-linking of Nanocellulose with Glyoxal
3.6 Nanocellulose with Surface-Sulfonated Functionalities
3.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4: Self-Assembly of Native Cellulose Nanostructures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal Assemblies and Implications
4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Nanocelluloses
4.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogels and Supracolloidal Interactions
4.5 Self-Assembled Nanocomposites Based on Nanocelluloses
4.6 Nanocellulose Aerogels
4.7 Fibers Based on Nanocelluloses
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Thermoplastic Cellulose Nanocomposites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cellulosic Nanostructures
5.3 Overview of Thermoplastic Cellulose Composites and Nanocomposites
5.4 Processing Techniques
5.5 Performance Influencing Factors
5.6 Characterization of Thermoplastic Cellulose Nanocomposites
5.7 Potential Applications
5.8 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Elastomeric Nanocomposites Reinforced with Nanocellulose and Nanochitin
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Matrix Polymers
6.3 Processing Techniques
6.4 Properties
6.5 Applications
6.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Thermoset Cellulose Nanocomposites: Flammability Characteristics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fire Retardancy
7.3 Thermosetting Polymers
7.4 Cellulose and Its Nanocellulose
7.5 Thermoset Cellulose Nanocomposites
7.6 Strategies to Impart Flammability in Thermosets
7.7 Flammability Characterization
7.8 Applications
7.9 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Hybrid Filler (Cellulose/Noncellulose) Reinforced Nanocomposites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Attributes Contributed by the Mineral-Based Reinforcement
8.3 Attributes Contributed by the Cellulosic Reinforcement
8.4 Processing in Preparation of Hybrid Composites
8.5 Practical Considerations
8.6 Summing It Up
References
Chapter 9: Fully Green Cellulose Nanocomposites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bionanocomposite Based on CNF
9.3 Bionanocomposite Based on CNC
9.4 Role of CNF and CNC in Bionanocomposites
9.5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Coupling Agent Usage in the Preparation of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)- and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Nanocomposites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Application of Coupling Agents in Cellulose Nanocomposites
10.3 Coupling Reaction Mechanisms
10.4 Evaluation of Effectively Coupling Reactions
10.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Microscopic Analysis of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)- and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Nanocomposites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microscopic Techniques for Nanocellulose Analysis
11.3 Strategies for the Imaging of Nanoreinforcements in the Nanocomposites
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)- and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Nanocomposites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Effect of Morphology and Dimensions of CNF and CNC on the Mechanical Properties of the Nanocomposites
12.3 Effect of Processing Technology on the Mechanical Properties of the Nanocomposites
12.4 Effect of Interfacial Interactions on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Nanocomposites
12.5 Effect of Mechanical Test Methods on the Mechanical Properties of the Nanocomposites
12.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibril CNF- and Cellulose Nanocrystal CNC-Based Nanocomposites
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Analytical Techniques for Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Nanocellulose-Based Composites
13.3 Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF)-Based Composites
13.4 Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Based Composites
13.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14: Rheological Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose Nanofibrils and Cellulose Nanocrystals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Rheological Properties: Measurement and Contributing Factors
14.3 Rheological Properties of Different Types of Cellulose Nanocomposites
14.4 Conclusion
14.5 Summary and Future Scope
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Thermal Properties of Cellulose Nanocomposites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Thermal Degradation
15.3 Thermal Transitions
15.4 Thermal Expansion
15.5 Thermal Conductivity
15.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 16: Crystallization Behavior of Cellulose Nanocomposites and Cellulose Nanofibril-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites
16.1 Background
16.2 Crystallization in Polymer/CNCs (or CNFs) Nanocomposites
16.3 Effects of CNCs and CNFs on PEO Crystallization in Cast Films
16.4 Conclusion and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17: Spectroscopy Studies of Cellulose Nanofiber- and Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Spectroscopic Techniques Applied to the Characterization of Nanocellulose-Based Composites
17.3 Final Comments
References
Chapter 18: Raman Spectroscopy of CNC- and CNF-Based Nanocomposites
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Raman Spectroscopy
18.3 Micro-Raman and Raman Imaging
18.4 Applications to Cellulose Materials
18.5 Applications to Nanocomposites
18.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19: Dielectric Spectroscopy: An Efficient Tool to Study the Interfacial Adhesion and Properties of Natural Rubber/Nanocellulose-Based Green Nanocomposites
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Experimental
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20: Water Sorption and Barrier Properties of Cellulose Nanocomposites
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Microstructure and Surface Properties of Fibrous and Ground Cellulosic Substrates
20.3 Super Water-Absorbing Nanocellulose Aerogels from TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils via Cyclic Freezing–Thawing
20.4 Modification of Nanocellulose for Tunable Sorption Ability
20.5 Fabrication of Tunable Gas Barrier Nanocellulose Composites
Summary
References
Chapter 21: Environmental Health and Safety of Cellulose Nanomaterials and Composites
21.1 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Issues for Nanomaterials
21.2 EHS and the Product Life Cycle
21.3 Measurement Challenges
21.4 Physicochemical and Safety Aspects of CN
21.5 Defining Risk
21.6 Life-Cycle Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
21.7 Potential Occupational Exposure and Risk
21.8 Potential for Consumer Exposure and Risk
21.9 Specific Human Health Endpoints and Biokinetics
21.10 Human Health Endpoints Summary
21.11 Environmental and Product Life-Cycle Considerations
21.12 Environmental Hazards/Toxicity Data
21.13 Implications of Physicochemical Characteristics on Behavior
21.14 Getting to Sustainability
21.15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Nanostructured Cellulose and Cellulose Composites
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Key Principles of Wetting Characterization
22.3 Nanocellulose-Based Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Surfaces
22.4 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23: Commercialization of Cellulose Nanofibril (CNF) and Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC): Pathway and Challenges
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Scale-Up and Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals
23.3 Cellulose Nanofibrils
23.4 Status Summary
References
Chapter 24: Cellulose Nanocrystals and Nanofibrils in Advanced Applications
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Mesoporous Photonic Cellulose Films
24.3 Actuators and Sensors
24.4 Sustainable Electronics
24.5 Cellulose Nanomaterials in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals
24.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword 1
Preface
Begin Reading