Cover Page

Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications

www.wiley.com/go/meoa

Series Editors

Professor Arthur Willoughby, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Dr Peter Capper, SELEX Galileo Infrared Ltd, Southampton, UK

Professor Safa Kasap, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Published Titles

Bulk Crystal Growth of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials, Edited by P. Capper

Properties of Group-IV, III--V and II--VI Semiconductors, S. Adachi

Charge Transport in Disordered Solids with Applications in Electronics, Edited by S. Baranovski

Optical Properties of Condensed Matter and Applications, Edited by J. Singh

Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications, Edited by J. Poortmans and V. Arkhipov

Dielectric Films for Advanced Microelectronics, Edited by M. R. Baklanov, M. Green, and K. Maex

Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials, Edited by P. Capper and M. Mauk

Molecular Electronics: From Principles to Practice, M. Petty

CVD Diamond for Electronic Devices and Sensors, Edited by R. S. Sussmann

Properties of Semiconductor Alloys: Group-IV, III--V, and II--VI Semiconductors, S. Adachi

Mercury Cadmium Telluride, Edited by P. Capper and J. Garland

Zinc Oxide Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications, Edited by C. Litton, D. C. Reynolds, and T. C. Collins

Lead-Free Solders: Materials Reliability for Electronics, Edited by K. N. Subramanian Silicon Photonics: Fundamentals and Devices, M. Jamal Deen and P. K. Basu

Nanostructured and Subwavelength Waveguides: Fundamentals and Applications, M. Skorobogatiy

Photovoltaic Materials: From Crystalline Silicon to Third-Generation Approaches, Edited by G. Conibeer and A. Willoughby

Glancing Angle Deposition of Thin Films: Engineering the Nanoscale, Matthew M. Hawkeye, Michael T. Taschuk, and Michael J. Brett

Wiley Series in Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications

www.wiley.com/go/meoa

Series Editors

Professor Arthur Willoughby, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Dr Peter Capper, SELEX Galileo Infrared Ltd, Southampton, UK

Professor Safa Kasap, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

Published Titles

Bulk Crystal Growth of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials, Edited by P. Capper

Properties of Group-IV, III--V and II--VI Semiconductors, S. Adachi

Charge Transport in Disordered Solids with Applications in Electronics, Edited by S. Baranovski

Optical Properties of Condensed Matter and Applications, Edited by J. Singh

Thin Film Solar Cells: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications, Edited by J. Poortmans and V. Arkhipov

Dielectric Films for Advanced Microelectronics, Edited by M. R. Baklanov, M. Green, and K. Maex

Liquid Phase Epitaxy of Electronic, Optical and Optoelectronic Materials, Edited by P. Capper and M. Mauk

Molecular Electronics: From Principles to Practice, M. Petty

CVD Diamond for Electronic Devices and Sensors, Edited by R. S. Sussmann

Properties of Semiconductor Alloys: Group-IV, III--V, and II--VI Semiconductors, S. Adachi

Mercury Cadmium Telluride, Edited by P. Capper and J. Garland

Zinc Oxide Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications, Edited by C. Litton, D. C. Reynolds, and T. C. Collins

Lead-Free Solders: Materials Reliability for Electronics, Edited by K. N. Subramanian Silicon Photonics: Fundamentals and Devices, M. Jamal Deen and P. K. Basu

Nanostructured and Subwavelength Waveguides: Fundamentals and Applications, M. Skorobogatiy

Photovoltaic Materials: From Crystalline Silicon to Third-Generation Approaches, Edited by G. Conibeer and A. Willoughby

Glancing Angle Deposition of Thin Films: Engineering the Nanoscale, Matthew M. Hawkeye, Michael T. Taschuk, and Michael J. Brett

Microwave Materials
and Applications

Volume I

Edited by

MAILADIL T. SEBASTIAN

University of Oulu, Finland

RICK UBIC

Boise State University, ID, US

HELI JANTUNEN

University of Oulu, Finland

Microwave Materials
and Applications

Volume II

Edited by

MAILADIL T. SEBASTIAN

University of Oulu, Finland

RICK UBIC

Boise State University, ID, US

HELI JANTUNEN

University of Oulu, Finland

This edition first published 2017
© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Mailadil T. Sebastian, Heli Jantunen and Rick Ubic to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the authors shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sebastian, M. T., 1952-- editor. | Jantunen, Heli, editor. | Ubic, Rick, editor.
Title: Microwave materials and applications / edited by Dr. Mailadil T. Sebastian, Dr. Heli Jantunen, Dr. Rick Ubic.
Description: Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016052142 | ISBN 9781119208525 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119208556 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Microwave devices--Materials. | Dielectrics.
Classification: LCC TK7876 .M2545 2017 | DDC 621.381/30284--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016052142

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781119208525

This edition first published 2017
© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Mailadil T. Sebastian, Heli Jantunen and Rick Ubic to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the authors shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sebastian, M. T., 1952-- editor. | Jantunen, Heli, editor. | Ubic, Rick, editor.
Title: Microwave materials and applications / edited by Dr. Mailadil T. Sebastian, Dr. Heli Jantunen, Dr. Rick Ubic.
Description: Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016052142 | ISBN 9781119208525 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119208556 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Microwave devices--Materials. | Dielectrics.
Classification: LCC TK7876 .M2545 2017 | DDC 621.381/30284--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016052142

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781119208525

CONTENTS

Volume I
1. List of Contributors
2. Series Preface
3. Preface
4. 1: Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties and Factors Affecting Them
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Permittivity (ϵ_r) and quality factor (Q)
  3. 1.3 Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties
  4. 1.4 Methods of Measurement
  5. 1.5 Measurement of EMI Shielding Effectiveness
  6. 1.6 Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Measurements
  7. 1.7 Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Powder Samples
  8. 1.8 Estimation of Dielectric Loss by Spectroscopic Methods
  9. 1.9 Factors Affecting Dielectric Loss
  10. 1.10 Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Resonant Frequency
  11. 1.11 Tuning of the Resonant Frequency
  12. References
5. 2: Modeling of Microwave Dielectric Properties of Composites
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Connectivity
  3. 2.3 Electrostatic Theory
  4. 2.4 Mixing Equations
  5. 2.5 Effect of Porosity
  6. 2.6 Conclusion
  7. References
6. 3: Perovskites
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Lattice Constant Prediction
  3. 3.3 Tolerance Factor
  4. 3.4 Octahedral Tilting
  5. 3.5 Simple Perovskites
  6. 3.6 Cation Ordering
  7. 3.7 Cation Deficient Perovskites
  8. 3.8 Summary
  9. References
7. 4: High Permittivity Materials
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 The BaO–Ln₂O₃–TiO₂ System
  3. 4.3 The Effect of Processing Parameters on Electrical Properties
  4. 4.4 Titania
  5. 4.5 Sr_1-3x/2Ce_xTiO₃ Ceramics
  6. 4.6 Pb_n(Nb_1-xTa_x)O_5+n
  7. 4.7 (Pb_1-xCa_x)(Fe_1/2B_1/2)O₃ [B = Nb, Ta]
  8. 4.8 Ag(Nb_1-xTa_x)O₃
  9. 4.9 Summary
  10. References
8. 5: Millimeter-Wave Materials
  1. 5.1 Introduction: New Frontiers of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics
  2. 5.2 Dielectric Properties for Millimeter Wave [29]
  3. 5.3 Candidates of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics
  4. 5.4 Specialized Study
  5. 5.5 Acknowledgments
  6. References
9. 6: Other Important Materials
  1. 6.1 Spinel
  2. 6.2 Li₂ATi₃O₈ (A = Mg, Zn) Ceramics
  3. 6.3 Li₂Zn₃Ti₄O₁₂
  4. 6.4 Apatites
  5. 6.5 Alumina
  6. 6.6 Zirconium Tin Titanate
  7. 6.7 Dielectric Materials in the BaO–TiO₂ System
  8. 6.8 Columbite Niobates (M²⁺Nb₂O₆)
  9. 6.9 Acknowledgments
  10. References
10. 7: Microwave Dielectric Properties of Glasses and Bulk Glass Ceramics
  1. 7.1 Glasses
  2. 7.2 Bulk Glass Ceramics
  3. References
11. 8: High Temperature Cofired Ceramic (HTCC), Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC), and Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramic (ULTCC) Materials
  1. 8.1 High Temperature Cofired Ceramics (HTCC)
  2. 8.2 HTCC Alumina
  3. 8.3 Aluminium Nitride HTCC
  4. 8.4 ZrSiO₄
  5. 8.5 Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC)
  6. 8.6 Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramics (ULTCC)
  7. 8.7 Discussion and Conclusion
  8. References
12. Index
Volume II
1. List of Contributors
2. Series Preface
3. Preface
4. 9: Voltage Tunable Microwave Dielectrics for Frequency and Phase Agile Devices
  1. 9.1 Introduction to Voltage Tunable Materials
  2. 9.2 Different Classes of Voltage Tunable Materials
  3. 9.3 Importance of Voltage Tunable Materials in Frequency and Phase Agile Devices
  4. 9.4 Growth Techniques for Voltage Tunable Thin Films on Various Substrates
  5. 9.5 Characterization techniques
  6. 9.6 High-Frequency Characterization
  7. 9.7 Design and Realization Aspects of Varactors Using Tunable Materials
  8. 9.8 Conclusions
  9. 9.9 Acknowledgment
  10. References
5. 10: Dielectric Inks
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Methodology
  3. 10.3 Dielectric Inks and Their Properties
  4. 10.4 Polymer-Based Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications
  5. 10.5 Commercially Available Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications
  6. 10.6 Conclusion
  7. Acknowledgment
  8. References
6. 11: Polymer–Ceramic Composites for Microwave Applications
  1. 11.1 Introduction: Microwave Substrates
  2. 11.2 Types of Polymer–Ceramic Composites
  3. 11.3 Thermoplastic Matrix and Composites
  4. 11.4 PTFE/Ceramic Composites
  5. 11.5 Polyethylene–Ceramic Composites
  6. 11.6 Polystyrene–Ceramic Composites
  7. 11.7 Epoxy Ceramic Composites
  8. 11.8 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP)
  9. 11.9 Thermal Conductivity
  10. 11.10 Polymer Nanoceramic Composites
  11. 11.11 Ultrawideband Antenna Design Using Copper Cladded Ceramic-Filled PTFE Substrates
  12. 11.12 Conclusion
  13. References
7. 12: Rubber–Ceramic Composites
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Silicone Rubber
  3. 12.3 Butyl Rubber (BR)
  4. 12.4 Fabrication of Flexible Microstrip Antenna
  5. 12.5 Conclusions
  6. References
8. 13: Designing of Materials for EMI Shielding Applications
  1. 13.1 Electromagnetic Shielding and Microwave Absorption Mechanism
  2. 13.2 Shielding Effectiveness (SE)
  3. 13.3 Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness
  4. 13.4 Electromagnetic Shielding Materials
  5. 13.5 New Insight into Designing of Materials for Microwave Shielding
  6. 13.6 Nanostructured Graphene/Fe₃O₄ Incorporated Polyaniline for EMI Shielding
  7. 13.7 Designing of Polypyrrole–γ-Fe₂O₃ Nanocomposite Wave Absorber
  8. 13.8 Designing of Conducting Polymer Composite by Incorporating Ferrofluid
  9. 13.9 Designing of Polypyrrole–Aqueous Ferrofluid (PFF) Nanocomposite Microwave Absorber
  10. 13.10 Conclusions
  11. Acknowledgments
  12. References
9. 14: Microwave Ferrites and Applications
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Structure, chemistry, magnetism, and gyromagnetic properties
  3. 14.3 Ferrite Materials Processing for Microwave Applications
  4. 14.4 Semiconductor Integration of Ferrite Thin and Thick Films for MIC Development
  5. 14.5 Ferrite–Based Microwave Device Development
  6. 14.6 Outlook
  7. References
10. 15: Applications of Microwave Dielectrics
  1. 15.1 General Requirements for Microwave Applications
  2. 15.2 LTCC Microwave Components and Materials
  3. 15.3 LTCC Application Examples
  4. References
11. 16: Applications of Dielectric Resonators
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA)
  3. 16.3 Applications of Dielectric Resonator in Microwave Oscillators
  4. 16.4 Application of Dielectric Resonators in Microwave Filters
  5. References
12. Appendix: List of Low-Loss Ceramic Dielectric Materials and Their Properties
  1. Abbreviations
  2. References
13. Index
14. EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1
2. Table 4.2
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1
2. Table 5.2
3. Table 5.3
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1
2. Table 6.2
3. Table 6.3
4. Table 6.4
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1
2. Table 7.2
3. Table 7.3
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1
2. Table 8.2
3. Table 8.3
4. Table 8.4
5. Table 8.5
6. Table 8.6
7. Table 8.7
8. Table 8.8
9. Table 8.9
10. Table 8.10
11. Table 8.11
12. Table 8.12
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1
2. Table 10.2
3. Table 10.3
4. Table 10.4
5. Table 10.5
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1
2. Table 11.2
3. Table 11.3
4. Table 11.4
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1
2. Table 12.2
3. Table 12.3
4. Table 12.4
5. Table 12.5
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1
2. Table 13.2
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1
2. Table 16.2
3. Table 16.3