CONTENTS

Cover

Further Volumes of the Series “Nanotechnology Innovation & Applications”

Title Page

Dedication

Series Editor Preface

About the Series Editor

Foreword by Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. Mult. Herbert Gleiter

Foreword by Prof. Dr. Joachim Maier

Foreword by Prof. C.N.R. RAO, F.R.S.

“Perspective” on the Book on Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy by Prof. Tu Hailing

A Way Forward by Baldev Raj, Marcel Van de Voorde, and Yashwant Mahajan

Introduction by Baldev Raj, Marcel Van de Voorde, and Yashwant Mahajan

Volume 1

Part One: Energy Production
1. Chapter 1: Fossil Fuels: The Effect of Zeolite Catalyst Particle Morphology on Catalyst Performance in the Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons
  1. 1.1 Zeolites and Zeotypes as Nanocatalysts for Petroleum and Natural Gas
  2. 1.2 Modification of Porosity: Hierarchical Zeolites
  3. 1.3 Modification of Size and Morphology
  4. 1.4 Tools to Predict and Characterize Zeolite Morphology
  5. 1.5 Tailor-Made Catalysts for the Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons (MTH) Reaction
  6. 1.6 Summary and Outlook
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References
2. Chapter 2: Fossil Fuels: Nanotechnologies for Petroleum Reservoir Engineering
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Addition of Nanosized Colloidal Particles to Technological Fluids
  3. 2.3 Indigenous Nanocolloidal Particles in Native Petroleum Fluids
  4. 2.4 Conclusions
  5. 2.5 Appendix
  6. References
3. Chapter 3: Fossil Fuels: Coke-Resistant Nanomaterials for Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Fuels
  1. 3.1 Introduction to Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Technology
  2. 3.2 A Thermodynamic View of Catalyst Coking
  3. 3.3 Tuning of Active Sites to Resist Coking
  4. 3.4 Methods for Characterizing Carbon Deposits
  5. 3.5 Summary and Outlook
  6. References
4. Chapter 4: Photovoltaics: Light Energy Harvesting with Plasmonic Nanoparticle Networks
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Light Absorption by a Single Particle
  3. 4.3 Light Absorption by a Collection of Particles
  4. 4.4 Upper Bound for Light Absorption in Nanoparticle Networks
  5. 4.5 Light Absorption Beyond the Dipolar Approximation
  6. 4.6 Design of Absorption Spectrum with Plasmonic Particles
  7. 4.7 Concluding Remarks
  8. Acknowledgments
  9. References
5. Chapter 5: Photovoltaics: Role of Nanotechnology in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
  1. 5.1 Nanotechnology and Its Relevance
  2. 5.2 A Brief History on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
  3. 5.3 Construction and Working of DSSCs
  4. 5.4 Transparent Conducting Substrate
  5. 5.5 Semiconductor Materials
  6. 5.6 Nanotechnology vis–à–vis Renewable Energy Industry
  7. 5.7 Nanotechnology vis–à–vis Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
  8. 5.8 Sensitizer
  9. 5.9 Plasmonics
  10. 5.10 Counter Electrode
  11. 5.11 Conclusions
  12. References
6. Chapter 6: Photovoltaics: Nanomaterials for Photovoltaic Conversion
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Photovoltaic Materials and Technologies: State of the Art
  3. 6.3 Nanomaterials for Photovoltaics
  4. 6.4 Conclusion and Outlook
  5. References
7. Chapter 7: Photovoltaics: Light-Trapping in Crystalline Silicon and Thin-Film Solar Cells by Nanostructured Optical Coatings
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Crystalline Si Solar Cells
  3. 7.3 Nanostructured Coatings for Thin-Film Solar Cells
  4. 7.4 Other PV Applications of Resonant Nanostructures
  5. 7.5 Summary
  6. References
8. Chapter 8: Photovoltaics: Nanoengineered Materials and Their Functionality in Solar Cells
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Functional Elements of a Solar Cell
  3. 8.3 Transparent and Conductive Front Electrodes
  4. 8.4 Nanostructured Contact Material
  5. 8.5 Nanostructured Absorber Materials
  6. 8.6 Back Electrodes and Intermediate Layer
  7. 8.7 Conclusions
  8. References
9. Chapter 9: Nonselective Coatings for Solar Thermal Applications in CSP
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Materials
  3. 9.3 Fabrication Methods
  4. 9.4 Performance
  5. 9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonselective Overselective Coatings
  6. 9.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
  7. 9.7 Future Aspects
  8. References
10. Chapter 10: Selective Surfaces for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion in CSP: From Multilayers to Nanocomposites
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 State of the Art on Selective Surfaces for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion
  3. 10.3 W–SiC Multinanolayers as High-Temperature Solar Selective Coatings
  4. 10.4 Conclusions
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
11. Chapter 11: Nanobiotechnology Augmenting Biological Gaseous Energy Recovery
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production and Its Improvement Using Nanoparticles
  3. 11.3 Gaseous Energy Extraction via Biomethanation Process and Improvement of Biomethanation Process Using Nanoparticles
  4. 11.4 BioH2 Production via Photofermentation and Role of Nanoparticles in the Improvement of H2 Production
  5. 11.5 Photocatalytic Conversion of Acetate in Spent Media to H2
  6. 11.6 Conclusion
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References
12. Chapter 12: Nanotechnologies in Sodium-Cooled Fast Spectrum Reactor and Closed Fuel Cycle Sustainable Nuclear Energy System
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Nanomaterials for Nuclear Systems
  3. 12.3 Nanosensors, Surface Modification, and Coatings for Reactor and Reprocessing Applications
  4. 12.4 Surface Modification and Coating Technologies Based on Nanotechnology
  5. 12.5 Summary
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
13. Chapter 13: Nanotechnology and Applications for Electric Power: The Perspective of a Major Player in Electricity
  1. 13.1 The Context and Perspective of a Global Player in Electricity
  2. 13.2 The Issue of Nanotechnology for Electric Power
  3. 13.3 Main Subjects Studied
  4. 13.4 Social Acceptance and Health Risk
  5. 13.5 Conclusions
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
14. Chapter 14: Lightweight Nanostructured Materials and Their Certification for Wind Energy Applications
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Property Requirements for Wind Energy Applications
  3. 14.3 Brief Overview on Materials for Wind Energy Applications
  4. 14.4 Properties of Bulk Ceramic Nanomaterials
  5. 14.5 Certification
  6. 14.6 Conclusion and Outlook
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References

Volume 2

Part Two: Energy Storage and Distribution
1. Chapter 15: Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Anode-Active Materials
  3. 15.3 Cathode-Active Materials
  4. 15.4 Electrolytes
  5. 15.5 New Reactions
  6. 15.6 Safety
  7. 15.7 Conclusions
  8. References
2. Chapter 16: Carbon Nanotube Materials to Realize High-Performance Supercapacitors
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 CNI's Contributions
  3. 16.3 Sustainability
  4. 16.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. References
3. Chapter 17: Recent Developments and Prospects of Nanostructured Supercapacitors
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Properties of Supercapacitors
  3. 17.3 Terminology and Electric Double Layer
  4. 17.4 Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
  5. 17.5 Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitors
  6. 17.6 Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces
  7. 17.7 Design of Capacitive Energy Storage Devices through Electrode–Electrolyte Coupling
  8. 17.8 Future Outlook and Recommendations
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References
4. Chapter 18: Nanostructured and Complex Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage
  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 The “Weaker” Bonds Formed by Hydrogen
  3. 18.3 The “Stronger” Bonds Formed by Hydrogen
  4. 18.4 Conclusion
  5. References
5. Chapter 19: Nanotechnology for the Storage of Hydrogen
  1. 19.1 Introduction
  2. 19.2 Nanotechnology
  3. 19.3 Intermetallics-Based Hydrides with Nanostructure
  4. 19.4 Nanocomposite-Based Hydrides
  5. 19.5 Summary
  6. References
6. Chapter 20: Phase Change Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 Nanoenhanced PCMs
  3. 20.3 Nanostructured PCMs
  4. 20.4 Conclusions
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. References
7. Chapter 21: Carbon Nanotube Wires and Cables: Near-Term Applications and Future Perspectives
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 Carbon Nanotube Wires and Cables
  3. 21.3 Applications of CNT Wires and Cables
  4. 21.4 Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
Part Three: Energy Conversion and Harvesting
1. Chapter 22: Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials: Current Research and Future Challenges
  1. 22.1 Introduction to Thermoelectricity
  2. 22.2 Challenges to Increase the Efficiency
  3. 22.3 Electronic and Phonon Properties
  4. 22.4 Current Researches: Thermoelectric Nano Materials materials and Their Performances
  5. 22.5 Future Challenges
  6. 22.6 Roadmap for the Future Researches
  7. 22.7 Conclusion
  8. References
2. Chapter 23: Nanostructured Cost-Effective and Energy-Efficient Thermoelectric Materials
  1. 23.1 Introduction
  2. 23.2 Key Parameters for Controlling ZT
  3. 23.3 Material Requirements
  4. 23.4 Nanostructure Engineering to Lower Thermal Conductivity
  5. 23.5 Band Engineering to Enhance the Power Factor
  6. 23.6 Development of Cost-Effective and Energy-Efficient Nanostructured Thermoelectric Materials
  7. 23.7 Outlook and Future Challenge
  8. Acknowledgment
  9. References
3. Chapter 24: Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Technology
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 Nanomaterials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell and Fuel Cells Operating on Small Organic Molecules
  3. 24.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
  4. 24.4 Conclusion
  5. References
4. Chapter 25: Contributions of Nanotechnology to Hydrogen Production
  1. 25.1 Introduction
  2. 25.2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting Reaction
  3. 25.3 Nano Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalytic Water Splitting
  4. 25.4 Summary
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. References
5. Chapter 26: Nanoenhanced Materials for Photolytic Hydrogen Production
  1. 26.1 Introduction
  2. 26.2 Basic Principle and Evaluation Methods for Photolytic H2 Production
  3. 26.3 Photolytic H2 Evolution Based on Nanoenhanced Materials
  4. 26.4 Conclusion and Outlook
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
6. Chapter 27: Human Vibration Energy Harvester with PZT
  1. 27.1 Introduction to Micro Energy Harvesting
  2. 27.2 Human Vibration Energy Harvester with PZT
  3. 27.3 Alternative Design of Cantilever Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
  4. 27.4 Stress Distribution Simulation for Different Surface Shapes
  5. 27.5 Variable Profile Thickness of the Metal Shim
  6. 27.6 Comparison of Stress Distribution for Various Surface Shapes and Profiles
  7. 27.7 Output Power Comparison of Various Profiles
  8. 27.8 Conclusion
  9. Acknowledgment
  10. References
7. Chapter 28: Energy Consumption in Information and Communication Technology: Role of Semiconductor Nanotechnology
  1. 28.1 Introduction
  2. 28.2 Elements of Information Processing
  3. 28.3 Energy Consumption in Computing: From Bits to Millions of Instructions per Second (MIPS)
  4. 28.4 Fundamental Physics of Binary Operations
  5. 28.5 Opportunities for Beyond the Current Information and Communication Technology Paradigm
  6. References

Volume 3

Part Four: Nanoenabled Materials and Coatings for Energy Applications
1. Chapter 29: Nanocrystalline Bainitic Steels for Industrial Applications
  1. 29.1 Introduction
  2. 29.2 Design of Nanocrystalline Steel Grades: Scientific Concepts
  3. 29.3 Microstructure and Properties
  4. 29.4 Summary
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
2. Chapter 30: Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Storage
  1. 30.1 Graphene Hits the Headlines
  2. 30.2 Graphene: Why All the Fuss?
  3. 30.3 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Energy Storage Devices
  4. 30.4 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Energy Generation Devices
  5. References
3. Chapter 31: Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Nanoparticles at the Crossroad between Materials Science and Nanotechnology and Their Applications with Regard to Sustainability
  1. 31.1 Introduction
  2. 31.2 Synthesis and Structural Characterization
  3. 31.3 Doping Inorganic Fullerenes/Nanotubes
  4. 31.4 Applications
  5. 31.5 Fullerenes and Nanotubular Structures from Misfit Layered Compounds
  6. 31.6 Conclusions
  7. References
4. Chapter 32: Nanotechnology, Energy, and Fractals Nature
  1. 32.1 Introduction
  2. 32.2 Short Introduction to Fractals
  3. 32.3 Nanosizes and Fractals
  4. 32.4 Energy and Fractals
  5. 32.5 Toward Fractal Nanoelectronics
  6. 32.6 The Goldschmidt's Tolerance Factor, Clausius–Mossotti Relation, Curie, and Curie–Weiss Law Bridge to Fractal Nanoelectronics Contribution
  7. 32.7 Summary
  8. Acknowledgment
  9. References
  10. Additional References
  11. Further Reading
5. Chapter 33: Magnesium Based Nanocomposites for Cleaner Transport
  1. 33.1 Introduction
  2. 33.2 Fabrication of Magnesium-based Nanocomposites
  3. 33.3 Mechanical Properties and Corrosion
  4. 33.4 Engineering Properties
  5. 33.5 Potential Applications in Transport Industries
  6. 33.6 Challenges
  7. 33.7 Conclusions
  8. References
6. Chapter 34: Nanocomposites: A Gaze through Their Applications in Transport Industry
  1. 34.1 Introduction
  2. 34.2 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites in Transport Sector
  3. 34.3 Lightweight High-strength Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
  4. 34.4 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites in Transport Industry
  5. 34.5 Nanocomposite Coating
  6. 34.6 Challenges and Opportunities for Nanocomposites
  7. References
7. Chapter 35: Semiconducting Nanowires in Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Energy Generation
  1. 35.1 Introduction
  2. 35.2 Fabrication of Silicon and Silicon–Germanium Nanowires
  3. 35.3 Nanowire-based Photovoltaics
  4. 35.4 Introduction of Thermoelectric Effects
  5. 35.5 Thermal Conductivity of Silicon Nanowires
  6. 35.6 Thermoelectric Property of Silicon Nanowires
  7. 35.7 Thermoelectric Property of Silicon–Germanium Nanowires
  8. 35.8 Thermoelectric Property of Other Nanowires
  9. References
8. Chapter 36: Nanoliquid Metal Technology Toward High-Performance Energy Management, Conversion, and Storage
  1. 36.1 Introduction
  2. 36.2 Typical Properties of Nanoliquid Metal
  3. 36.3 Emerging Applications of Nanoliquid Metal in Energy Areas
  4. 36.4 Challenging Scientific and Technological Issues
  5. 36.5 Summary
  6. Acknowledgment
  7. References
9. Chapter 37: IoNanofluids: Innovative Agents for Sustainable Development
  1. 37.1 Introduction
  2. 37.2 IoNanofluids: Nature, Definitions, Preparation, and Structure Characterization
  3. 37.3 IoNanofluids Properties
  4. 37.4 Applications of IoNanofluids
  5. 37.5 Challenges in IoNanofluids Research
  6. 37.6 Challenges to Industrial Applications
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References
Part Five: Energy Conservation and Management
1. Chapter 38: Silica Aerogels for Energy Conservation and Saving
  1. 38.1 Introduction
  2. 38.2 Thermal Insulation Materials
  3. 38.3 Aerogels
  4. 38.4 Preparation
  5. 38.5 Aerogels in Various Forms: Monoliths, Granules, and Sheets
  6. 38.6 Thermal Insulation Applications
  7. 38.7 Energy Saving and Conservation Using Aerogel Products
  8. 38.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
  9. 38.9 Safety and Hazard Measures
  10. 38.10 Summary
  11. Acknowledgments
  12. References
2. Chapter 39: Nanotechnology in Architecture
  1. 39.1 Nanotechnology and Green Building
  2. 39.2 Energy
  3. 39.3 Air and Water
  4. 39.4 Materials
  5. 39.5 Nanosensors
  6. 39.6 Environmental and Health Concerns
  7. References
3. Chapter 40: Nanofluids for Efficient Heat Transfer Applications
  1. 40.1 Introduction
  2. 40.2 Traditional Nanofluids
  3. 40.3 CNT-Based Nanofluids
  4. 40.4 Magnetic Nanofluids
  5. 40.5 Graphene Nanofluids
  6. 40.6 Hybrid Nanofluid
  7. 40.7 Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change Material
  8. 40.8 Conclusions
  9. Acknowledgment
  10. References
Part Six: Technologies, Intellectual Property, and Markets
1. Chapter 41: Nanomaterials for Li-Ion Batteries: Patents Landscape and Product Scenario
  1. 41.1 Introduction
  2. 41.2 Lithium-Ion Battery: Basic Concepts
  3. 41.3 Advantages of Nanostructured Materials
  4. 41.4 Patent Analysis
  5. 41.5 Technology Analysis
  6. 41.6 Commercial Status of Nano-Enabled Li-Ion Batteries
  7. 41.7 Market
  8. 41.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
  9. References
2. Chapter 42: Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells: A Bibliometric Analysis
  1. 42.1 Introduction
  2. 42.2 Literature Analysis
  3. 42.3 Patent Landscaping
  4. 42.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Patent Analysis
  5. 42.5 Technology Analysis
  6. 42.6 Scenario of Commercial Products Can Be Moved after Future Perspectives
  7. 42.7 Future Perspectives
  8. 42.8 Conclusion
  9. Acknowledgments
3. Chapter 43: Techno-Commercial Opportunities of Nanotechnology in Wind Energy
  1. 43.1 Introduction
  2. 43.2 Wind Energy Industry Requirements
  3. 43.3 Growth Drivers
  4. 43.4 Challenges
  5. 43.5 Applications
  6. 43.6 Intellectual Property Scenario
  7. 43.7 Products Outlook
  8. 43.8 Future Development and Directions
  9. 43.9 Conclusion
  10. Acknowledgment
  11. References
Part Seven: Environmental Remediation
1. Chapter 44: Nanomaterials for the Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Renewable Fuels and Value-Added Products
  1. 44.1 Introduction: Dealing with the Waste Stream Greenhouse CO2 Gas
  2. 44.2 Theoretical Potentials for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2
  3. 44.3 CO2 Speciation versus Electrolyte pH
  4. 44.4 Effect of Particle Size on Electrode Performance in Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction
  5. 44.5 Effect of Particle Size on the Efficiency of Aqueous-Based CO2 Reduction Reactions
  6. 44.6 Effect of Particle Size on the Efficiency of Nonaqueous-Based CO2 Reduction Reactions
  7. 44.7 Reverse Microbial Fuel Cells: The Practical Artificial Leaves
  8. 44.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References
2. Chapter 45: Nanomaterial-Based Methods for Cleaning Contaminated Water in Oil Spill Sites
  1. 45.1 Introduction
  2. 45.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials and Composites
  3. 45.3 Nanosized Natural and Synthetic Polymers
  4. 45.4 Nanomaterials-Based Membranes
  5. 45.5 Aerogels
  6. 45.6 Toxicity, Cost, and Selection of Nanomaterials for Water Cleanup from Oil
  7. 45.7 Conclusions and Further Outlook
  8. References
3. Chapter 46: Nanomaterials and Direct Air Capture of CO2
  1. 46.1 Introduction
  2. 46.2 CO2 as a Resource
  3. 46.3 Circular CO2 Economy
  4. 46.4 CO2 Capture or Separation Technologies
  5. 46.5 New Roads into CO2 Capture: Direct Air Capture and Nanomaterials
  6. 46.6 Nanomaterials
  7. 46.7 Carbon Nanotubes
  8. 46.8 Conclusion
  9. References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 7.1

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 10.1

Table 11.1

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 19.4

Table 19.5

Table 19.6

Table 22.1

Table 23.1

Table 23.2

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

Table 26.1

Table 26.2

Table 26.3

Table 26.4

Table 26.5

Table 27.1

Table 27.2

Table 27.3

Table 27.4

Table 27.5

Table 28.1

Table 28.2

Table 29.1

Table 29.2

Table 29.3

Table 29.4

Table 30.1

Table 30.2

Table 30.3

Table 30.4

Table 30.5

Table 30.6

Table 33.1

Table 34.1

Table 34.2

Table 34.3

Table 34.4

Table 34.5

Table 34.6

Table 34.7

Table 34.8

Table 34.9

Table 34.10

Table 34.11

Table 34.12

Table 34.13

Table 36.1

Table 36.2

Table 36.3

Table 36.4

Table 37.1

Table 37.2

Table 38.1

Table 38.2

Table 38.3

Table 39.1

Table 39.2

Table 39.3

Table 40.1

Table 40.2

Table 41.1

Table 41.2

Table 42.1

Table 42.2

Table 43.1

Table 43.2

Table 43.3

Table 43.4

Table 44.1

Table 44.2

Table 44.3

Table 44.4

Table 44.5

Table 44.6

Table 44.7

Table 45.1

List of Illustrations

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19

Figure 1.20

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

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Figure 6.20

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Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

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Figure 8.1

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Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

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Figure 8.9

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Figure 8.13

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.13

Figure 12.14

Figure 12.15

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8

Figure 13.9

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

Figure 13.12

Figure 13.13

Figure 13.14

Figure 13.15

Figure 13.16

Figure 13.17

Figure 13.18

Figure 13.19

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Figure 14.8

Figure 14.9

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6

Figure 16.7

Figure 16.8

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Figure 17.7

Figure 17.8

Figure 17.9

Figure 17.10

Figure 17.11

Figure 17.12

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 19.5

Figure 19.6

Figure 19.7

Figure 19.8

Figure 19.9

Figure 19.10

Figure 19.11

Figure 19.12

Figure 19.13

Figure 19.14

Figure 19.15

Figure 19.16

Figure 19.17

Figure 19.18

Figure 19.19

Figure 19.20

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 20.3

Figure 20.4

Figure 20.5

Figure 20.6

Figure 20.7

Figure 20.8

Figure 20.9

Figure 20.10

Figure 20.11

Figure 20.12

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Figure 21.7

Figure 21.8

Figure 21.9

Figure 21.10

Figure 22.1

Figure 22.2

Figure 22.3

Figure 22.4

Figure 22.5

Figure 22.6

Figure 22.7

Figure 22.8

Figure 22.9

Figure 22.10

Figure 22.11

Figure 22.12

Figure 22.13

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 23.3

Figure 23.4

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 25.4

Figure 25.5

Figure 25.6

Figure 25.7

Figure 25.8

Figure 25.9

Figure 25.10

Figure 25.11

Figure 25.12

Figure 25.13

Figure 25.14

Figure 25.15

Figure 25.16

Figure 25.17

Figure 25.18

Figure 25.19

Figure 25.20

Figure 25.21

Figure 25.22

Figure 25.23

Figure 25.24

Figure 25.25

Figure 25.26

Figure 25.27

Figure 25.28

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

Figure 26.3

Figure 26.4

Figure 26.5

Figure 26.6

Figure 26.7

Figure 26.8

Figure 26.9

Figure 26.10

Figure 26.11

Figure 26.12

Figure 26.13

Figure 26.14

Figure 27.1

Figure 27.2

Figure 27.3

Figure 27.4

Figure 27.5

Figure 27.6

Figure 27.7

Figure 27.8

Figure 27.9

Figure 27.10

Figure 27.11

Figure 27.12

Figure 27.13

Figure 27.14

Figure 27.15

Figure 27.16

Figure 27.17

Figure 27.18

Figure 27.19

Figure 27.20

Figure 27.21

Figure 27.22

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

Figure 28.3

Figure 28.4

Figure 28.5

Figure 28.6

Figure 28.7

Figure 28.8

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.10

Figure 28.11

Figure 28.12

Figure 28.13

Figure 28.14

Figure 28.15

Figure 28.16

Figure 28.17

Figure 28.18

Figure 29.1

Figure 29.2

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Figure 29.5

Figure 30.1

Figure 30.2

Figure 30.3

Figure 30.4

Figure 30.5

Figure 30.6

Figure 31.1

Figure 31.2

Figure 31.3

Figure 31.4

Figure 31.5

Figure 31.6

Figure 31.7

Figure 31.8

Figure 31.9

Figure 31.10

Figure 31.11

Figure 31.12

Figure 31.13

Figure 31.14

Figure 31.15

Figure 31.16

Figure 31.17

Figure 31.18

Figure 31.19

Figure 31.20

Figure 31.21

Figure 31.22

Figure 31.23

Figure 31.24

Figure 32.1

Figure 32.2

Figure 32.3

Figure 32.4

Figure 32.5

Figure 32.6

Figure 32.7

Figure 32.8

Figure 32.9

Figure 32.10

Figure 32.11

Figure 32.12

Figure 33.1

Figure 33.2

Figure 33.3

Figure 33.4

Figure 33.5

Figure 33.6

Figure 33.7

Figure 33.8

Figure 33.9

Figure 33.10

Figure 33.11

Figure 34.1

Figure 34.2

Figure 34.3

Figure 35.1

Figure 35.2

Figure 35.3

Figure 35.4

Figure 35.5

Figure 35.6

Figure 35.7

Figure 35.8

Figure 35.9

Figure 35.10

Figure 35.11

Figure 35.12

Figure 35.13

Figure 35.14

Figure 35.15

Figure 35.16

Figure 35.17

Figure 36.1

Figure 36.2

Figure 36.3

Figure 36.4

Figure 36.5

Figure 36.6

Figure 36.7

Figure 36.8

Figure 36.9

Figure 36.10

Figure 36.11

Figure 36.12

Figure 36.13

Figure 36.14

Figure 36.15

Figure 36.16

Figure 37.1

Figure 37.2

Figure 37.3

Figure 37.4

Figure 37.5

Figure 37.6

Figure 38.1

Figure 38.2

Figure 38.3

Figure 38.4

Figure 38.5

Figure 38.6

Figure 38.7

Figure 38.8

Figure 38.9

Figure 38.10

Figure 39.1

Figure 39.2

Figure 39.3

Figure 39.4

Figure 40.1

Figure 40.2

Figure 40.3

Figure 40.4

Figure 40.5

Figure 40.6

Figure 40.7

Figure 40.8

Figure 40.9

Figure 40.10

Figure 40.11

Figure 41.1

Figure 41.2

Figure 41.3

Figure 41.4

Figure 41.5

Figure 41.6

Figure 41.7

Figure 41.8

Figure 41.9

Figure 41.10

Figure 41.11

Figure 41.12

Figure 41.13

Figure 41.14

Figure 42.1

Figure 42.2

Figure 42.3

Figure 42.4

Figure 42.5

Figure 42.6

Figure 42.7

Figure 42.8

Figure 42.9

Figure 42.10

Figure 42.11

Figure 42.12

Figure 42.13

Figure 42.14

Figure 42.15

Figure 42.16

Figure 42.17

Figure 42.18

Figure 42.19

Figure 42.20

Figure 42.21

Figure 42.22

Figure 43.1

Figure 43.2

Figure 43.3

Figure 44.1

Figure 44.2

Scheme 44.1

Figure 44.3

Scheme 44.2

Figure 44.4

Figure 44.5

Figure 44.6

Figure 45.1

Figure 45.2

Figure 45.3

Figure 45.4

Figure 45.5

Figure 45.6

Figure 45.7

Figure 45.8

Figure 45.9

Figure 45.10

Figure 46.1

Figure 46.2

Figure 46.3

Further Volumes of the Series “Nanotechnology Innovation & Applications”

Axelos, M. A. V. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Science

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527339891

Cornier, J., Kwade, A., Owen, A., Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology

Innovation and Production

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340545

Fermon, C. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanomagnetism

Applications and Perspectives

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527339853

Mansfield, E., Kaiser, D. L., Fujita, D., Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Metrology and Standardization for Nanotechnology

Protocols and Industrial Innovations

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340392

Meyrueis, P., Sakoda, K., Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Micro- and Nanophotonic Technologies

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340378

Müller, B. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Human Health

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527338603

Puers, R., Baldi, L.,Van de Voorde, M., van Nooten, S. E. (eds.)

Nanoelectronics

Materials, Devices, Applications

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527340538

Sels, B. and Van de Voorde, M. (eds.)

Nanotechnology in Catalysis

Applications in the Chemical Industry, Energy Development, and Environment Protection

2017

Print ISBN: 9783527339143

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-34014-9

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-69614-7

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-69611-6

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-69612-3

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Series Editor Preface

Since years, nanoscience and nanotechnology have become particularly an important technology areas worldwide. As a result, there are many universities that offer courses as well as degrees in nanotechnology. Many governments including European institutions and research agencies have vast nanotechnology programmes and many companies file nanotechnology-related patents to protect their innovations. In short, nanoscience is a hot topic!

Nanoscience started in the physics field with electronics as a forerunner, quickly followed by the chemical and pharmacy industries. Today, nanotechnology finds interests in all branches of research and industry worldwide. In addition, governments and consumers are also keen to follow the developments, particularly from a safety and security point of view.

This books series fills the gap between books that are available on various specific topics and the encyclopedias on nanoscience. This well-selected series of books consists of volumes that are all edited by experts in the field from all over the world and assemble top-class contributions. The topical scope of the book is broad, ranging from nanoelectronics and nanocatalysis to nanometrology. Common to all the books in the series is that they represent top-notch research and are highly application-oriented, innovative, and relevant for industry. Finally they collect a valuable source of information on safety aspects for governments, consumer agencies and the society.

The titles of the volumes in the series are as follows:

Human-related nanoscience and nanotechnology

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology for Human Health
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Science

Nanoscience and nanotechnology in information and communication

Nanoelectronics
Micro- and Nanophotonic Technologies
Nanomagnetism: Perspectives and Applications

Nanoscience and nanotechnology in industry

Nanotechnology for Energy Sustainability
Metrology and Standardization of Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology in Catalysis: Applications in the Chemical Industry, Energy Development, and Environmental Protection

The book series appeals to a wide range of readers with backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, from students at universities to scientists at institutes, in industrial companies and government agencies and ministries.

Ever since nanoscience was introduced many years ago, it has greatly changed our lives – and will continue to do so!

March 2016

Marcel Van de Voorde

About the Series Editor

Marcel Van de Voorde, Prof. Dr. ir. Ing. Dr. h.c., has 40 years' experience in European Research Organisations, including CERN-Geneva and the European Commission, with 10 years at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Stuttgart. For many years, he was involved in research and research strategies, policy, and management, especially in European research institutions.

He has been a member of many Research Councils and Governing Boards of research institutions across Europe, the United States, and Japan. In addition to his Professorship at the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands, he holds multiple visiting professorships in Europe and worldwide. He holds a doctor honoris causa and various honorary professorships.

He is a senator of the European Academy for Sciences and Arts, Salzburg, and Fellow of the World Academy for Sciences. He is a member of the Science Council of the French Senate/National Assembly in Paris. He has also provided executive advisory services to presidents, ministers of science policy, rectors of Universities, and CEOs of technology institutions, for example, to the president and CEO of IMEC, Technology Centre in Leuven, Belgium. He is also a Fellow of various scientific societies. He has been honored by the Belgian King and European authorities, for example, he received an award for European merits in Luxemburg given by the former President of the European Commission. He is author of multiple scientific and technical publications and has coedited multiple books, especially in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Foreword

The variety of fields on which nanotechnology had and/or has a significant impact is remarkable. It ranges from health, environmental, and social issues to nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, and energy applications of nanotechnology. In the past decades, energy applications of nanotechnology have been recognized as one of the most promising and important facets of nanotechnology. In fact, even today, nanotechnology plays a key role in producing, storing, and distributing energy. The fast growth of nanotechnology in energy applications keeps rapidly expanding and diversifying our knowledge in that area. As a result, it becomes increasingly difficult to keep up with all of these developments. Similar situations in other fields indicate that an efficient way to overcome this difficulty is by means of reviews written by a team of internationally known experts discussing critically the present state of knowledge as well as conceivable visions and perspectives. This is the motivation and the approach used in this book on energy applications of nanotechnology.

If one looks at nanotechnology as a whole, it becomes evident that many of the key developments in nanotechnology – in basic science as well as in all kinds of technological applications – were initiated by discoveries or developments of new nanometer-sized structures. In turn, these new structures resulted in new properties that opened the way to new applications of nanotechnology.

Historically, the earliest examples – dating back to the fourth century – are Roman glasses containing nanometer-sized gold precipitates. In modern times, new properties were discovered when nanometer-structured materials were developed, for example, in the form of suspensions of colloidal crystals, in the form of buckyballs, or in the form of nanotubes. Basically, the same applies to solid materials with macroscopy external dimensions. About 40 years ago, solid materials consisting of nanometer-sized crystallites that are connected by grain or interface boundaries pioneered the field of nanocrystalline materials. Today, this field has expanded to more than 100 000 publications. All of the nanostructured materials that are available today are characterized by specific atomic arrangements such as the specific atomic arrangements in buckyballs, in nanometer-sized crystals of catalysts, or in nanocrystalline materials.

A world of nanometer-structured solids that have attracted little attention so far for applications in nanotechnology are nanostructured glassy solids. One reason may be that the methods available today to control the microstructure of glasses on a nanometer scale are very limited. However, the few studies of nanometer-structured glassy solids – called nanoglasses – have evidenced promising new features of nanoglasses such as unforeseen new magnetic, mechanical, or biological properties as well as the option to generate alloys in the form of nanoglasses that consist of components that are immiscible in crystalline materials. As already pointed out, the discovery of new kinds of nanostructured materials with new properties stood frequently at the beginning of new developments in nanotechnology. Hence, nanoglasses may represent the beginning of a family of new developments in the area of nanotechnology.

In conclusion, this book gives an overview of research results on structural and functional materials in the wide field of energy technology and is likely to become an important source of information for students, researchers, and industrialists. Moreover, it highlights the needs for nanomaterials research in the field, provides roadmaps for innovation, and pinpoints toward new nanofabrication techniques. Hence, the book is expected to be a stimulus for the further developments of the energy technology for the benefit of industry and economy and the world society.

Distinguished Fellow, Honorary Advisor Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. Mult. Herbert Gleiter

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany)

Director, Herbert Gleiter Instítute of Nanoscience

Nanjing University of Science and Technology (China)

Fellow, Institute for Advanced Studies, City University of Hong Kong

Karlsruhe, March 21, 2016

Foreword

The exploration of the nanoworld in recent decades has truly led to a phase transformation in both scientific understanding and technology. The driver has been the much augmented impact of interfacial zones owing to their greater volume fraction, as well as the fact that many nanostructures show mesoscopic behavior, that is, a qualitatively different behavior from the macroscopic bulk. Furthermore, not only local properties can vary, even mechanistic changes can appear.

There is almost no field in science and technology that remains untouched by such phenomena. Referring to energy technologies is highly relevant in this context, not only because this is a field of major relevance, but also because it is particularly rich in nanoscale effects. The whole of Volume I is devoted to energy “production,” Volume II deals with energy storage, distribution, and conversion, and Volume III includes special materials issues and related issues referring to environment and society.

Apart from its relevance, this three-volume book also comes at the right time: The saying (ascribed to Dyson) that a book that intends to cover the time up to (t₀: present time) will be outdated at stresses the point that a field must have reached a certain degree of maturity, should it be worth to be treated comprehensively and sustainably. Even though still a hot topic, nanoscience has reached a degree of maturity that allows one to identify major directions in the scientific treatment. Equally, nanotechnology has provided advanced tools in terms of preparation and analysis and has opened the pathway for various applications.

A representative example is offered by the influence on electrical properties, be it the field of nanoelectronics that is affected or be it – the author's favorite – the field of nanoionics. What the first has achieved in terms of information technology is expected for the latter in terms of energy technology.

In both fields, size reduction can lead to variations by orders of magnitude and, in a variety of cases to qualitative changes as far as transport or storage properties are concerned.

All in all, this book provides a collection of pertinent contributions by well-known experts on nanomaterials with strong emphasis on energy and environmental aspects.

The author wishes the book not only many buyers but also many readers.

Director, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Professor Joachim Maier Stuttgart, Germany

Stuttgart, July 2016

Foreword

Nanoscience is one of the main thrust areas of science today, and the way the subject has blossomed in the last two decades is truly impressive. One of the reasons for the fast development of this field is the variety of applications of nanomaterials. Some of the important applications are in nanomedicine followed by electronics. While the developments in nanomedicine are truly impressive, applications in the area of energy devices are equally noteworthy. A large number of papers have been published in the last few years on the use of nanomaterials in various energy devices.

Among the nanomaterials, special mention must be made of carbon nanotubes that have found many uses. Two-dimensional materials have been widely used in the last few years because of their unique properties. One of the important two-dimensional materials is graphene that has found many applications, although not in pure form but in a state where it is doped suitably or functionalized in an appropriate manner. Inorganic analogues of graphene such as molybdenum disulfide and related chalcogenides have found a variety of possible applications in energy devices and other areas. These materials, unlike graphene, have a band gap.

In battery R&D, nanomaterials have been employed to improve or modify performance. This is specially true of lithium and sodium batteries. Two-dimensional nanomaterials have yielded excellent results in the area of supercapacitors. Thus, graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene have shown good performance as supercapacitor electrodes. Borocarbonitrides, B_xC_yN_z, are also very good supercapacitor materials. In the case of fuel cells, several 2D materials have been found to be good catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Specially noteworthy is the performance of borocarbonitrides.

The hydrogen evolution reaction has assumed great importance because of the wide interest in hydrogen economy. Photochemically induced generation of hydrogen has been achieved by using heterostructures of semiconducting nanomaterials or by dye sensitization employing nanosheets of two-dimensional MoS₂ and other materials. Photoelectrochemical generation of hydrogen using nanomaterials has also been accomplished. Electrochemical hydrogen evolution generally employs a platinum catalyst and there have been recent efforts to substitute platinum by nonmetallic materials. Borocarbonitrides and a few other materials are found to be effective for this purpose. Production of hydrogen by employing a solar thermochemical cycle based on nanoparticles of metal oxides (e.g., Mn₃O₄) is an attractive possibility. In photovoltaics, there has been much progress in recent years, particularly in organic PVs, and there are aspects where nanoscience has made a difference.

The story of nanoenergy goes on, and the subject has become a vital component of nanosc1ence and technology. Clearly, some of the important solutions to the energy problem will emerge by the application of nanomaterials.

The book by Dr. Baldev Raj, Prof. Marcel Van de Voorde, and Dr. Yashwant Mahajan is a comprehensive knowledge base for students, academicians, industries, and policymakers to look at the totality and to understand current status and search for opportunities in a broad spectrum of energy domains. Nanotechnologies can play an important evolutionary or paradigm change contributions to clean energy realization. These volumes cover all energy sources and allied subjects such as storage and environment.

Professor C. N. R. Rao, F. R. S.

National Research Professor

Linus Pauling Research Professor & Honorary President

Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research

Jakkur Campus, Jakkur

Bangalore, India

Jakkur, July 2016