Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Analysis and Separation Techniques

1.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
1.2 Chelation Ion Chromatography
1.3 Membranes
References

Chapter 2: Electrical Applications

2.1 Capacitors
2.2 Electrokinetic Micropumps
2.3 Lead-Acid Batteries
2.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries
2.5 Nickel Batteries
2.6 Sodium-Ion Batteries
2.7 Solar Cells
2.8 Fuel Cells
References

Chapter 3: Medical Uses

3.1 High Performance Additive Manufactured Scaffolds
References

Chapter 4: Lubricants

4.1 Fuels
4.2 Lubricant Additives
4.3 Anti-Wear Additives
4.4 Fluid Loss Control Additives
4.5 Warm Mix Asphalt Additives
References

Chapter 5: Concrete Additives

5.1 Properties of Concrete
5.2 Set Retarders
5.3 Accelerators
5.4 Dispersants and Thinners
5.5 Defoamers
5.6 Shrinkage Compensation
5.7 Permeability
5.8 Air Entraining Agents
5.9 Corrosion Protection
5.10 Superabsorbent Polymers
5.11 Fibers
5.12 Additives from Wastes
References

Chapter 6: Other Uses

6.1 High Performance Additive for Powder Coatings
6.2 Radiation Shielding
6.3 Superabsorbent Polymers
6.4 Laser Additive Manufacturing of High Performance Materials
6.5 High Temperature Cooling Application
References

Index

Tradenames
Acronyms
Chemicals
General Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Ionic liquids.
Figure 1.2 Acetonitrile.
Figure 1.3 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride.
Figure 1.4 Sudans and Para Red.
Figure 1.5 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.
Figure 1.6 Nucleotides.
Figure 1.7 Ionic liquids.
Figure 1.8 Catecholamines.
Figure 1.9 Fluoroquinolone antibiotics.
Figure 1.10 4,4′-Diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid.
Figure 1.11 Propyl propane thiosulfonate.
Figure 1.12 Phenothiazine.
Figure 1.13 Imidazole compounds.
Figure 1.14 Inhibitors and passivators (33).
Figure 1.15 Atrolactic acid.
Figure 1.16 Mandelic acid derivatives.
Figure 1.17 Vancomycin.
Figure 1.18 Actaplanin.
Figure 1.19 Dansyl amino acids.
Figure 1.20 5-(Dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride.
Figure 1.21 Flavonoid racemates.
Figure 1.22 Hydroxypropyl-β-cydodextrin.
Figure 1.23 Oxybutynin.
Figure 1.24 Amino alcohols.
Figure 1.25 Morpholine and trifluoroacetic acid.
Figure 1.26 1,4-Dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and Dithiothreitol.
Figure 1.27 Acidic drugs.
Figure 1.28 Iminodiacetic acid.
Figure 1.29 Complexing agents.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 3,4-Ethylene-dioxythiophene.
Figure 2.2 Trimethylammoniopropane sulfonate.
Figure 2.3 N,N′-o-Phenylenedimaleimide.
Figure 2.4 Functional electrolytes (33).
Figure 2.5 In-situ coating additives.
Figure 2.6 Charging curve of a device without lithium polysulfide (37).
Figure 2.7 Charging and discharging curves of a device containing lithium polysulfide (37).
Figure 2.8 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
Figure 2.9 Functional electrolyte additives (42).
Figure 2.10 Synthesis of methylene ethylene carbonate (53).
Figure 2.11 Cyclic carbonates.
Figure 2.12 Borate-based anion receptors (58).
Figure 2.13 Borate compounds.
Figure 2.14 Synthesis of a salicyclic organoborate (63).
Figure 2.15 Trimethylboroxine.
Figure 2.16 1-Propylphosphonic acid cyclic anhydride.
Figure 2.17 2-(Triphenylphosphoranylidene) succinic anhydride.
Figure 2.18 Methylene methanedisulfonate.
Figure 2.19 Synthesis of 3,3′-sulfonyldipropionitrile (75).
Figure 2.20 Additives for performance improvement.
Figure 2.21 Electrolyte solvents.
Figure 2.22 1,3-Propane sultone.
Figure 2.23 Preparation of disultones (90).
Figure 2.24 Di(methylsulfonyl) methane.
Figure 2.25 Isothiocyanates.
Figure 2.26 Polymerization of an isothiocyanate.
Figure 2.27 N,N′-4,4′-diphenylmethane-bismaleimide.
Figure 2.28 Allyloxytrimethylsilane.
Figure 2.29 1,2-Bis(difluoromethylsilyl)ethane.
Figure 2.30 Additive used for testing (103).
Figure 2.31 Aromatic hydrocarbon-based nonaqueous organic solvents.
Figure 2.32 Nitrile-based compounds.
Figure 2.33 Polyalkyleneglycol diglycidylether.
Figure 2.36 Synthesis of star molecules (121).
Figure 2.35 Organo-sulfur compounds.
Figure 2.36 Synthesis of star molecules (121).
Figure 2.37 Synthesis of star molecules (127).
Figure 2.38 N-Butyl-N′-(4-pyridylheptyl)imidazolium bromide.
Figure 2.39 1-Methyl-3-propyl-imidazolinium iodide.
Figure 2.40 Diethyl oxalate and 4-tert-Butyl pyridine.
Figure 2.41 Co-additives for nanomorphology control.
Figure 2.42 Polymer from thieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene isoindigo, R=2-decyltetradecyl.
Figure 2.43 Indenothiophene and benzothiadiazole.
Figure 2.44 Hemin.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 γ-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Figure 3.2 Chitosan.
Figure 3.3 Clorhexidine.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Amine type antioxidants.
Figure 4.2 Phenol type antioxidants.
Figure 4.3 Anti-rust additives.
Figure 4.4 Additives for greases.
Figure 4.5 Zinc di-n-butyldithiocarbamate.
Figure 4.6 Surfactants for ionic liquids.
Figure 4.7 Thiophosphite derivative.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Effects of commonly used pozzolanic materials on the amount of calcium hydroxide (5).
Figure 5.2 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
Figure 5.3 Xylonic acid.
Figure 5.4 Synthesis of an ethoxylated fatty alcohol acrylate.
Figure 5.5 Melanin and tyrosine.
Figure 5.6 Melt spinning apparatus (53).

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Aniline and anhydride monomers.
Figure 6.2 Silane compounds.
Figure 6.3 Compatibility increasers.

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Chemical names of the dyes.
Table 1.2 Detection limits and recoveries for Sudan dyes and Para Red (7).
Table 1.3 Properties of certain ionic liquids (8, 12, 13).
Table 1.4 Ionic liquids and antibiotics (15).
Table 1.5 Solvents tested for extraction of stabilizers (40).
Table 1.6 Dansyl amino acids (46).
Table 1.7 Zinc dithiophosphates (68).
Table 1.8 Acidic drugs (69).

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Supercapacitor electrode composition (7).
Table 2.2 Electrolyte for bipolar architectures (37).
Table 2.3 Highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO), oxidation potentials (OP), reduction potentials (RP), and BE F^– binding affinity values in eV.
Table 2.4 Charge and discharge capacities and initial coulombic efficiencies (65).
Table 2.5 Isothiocyanates (93).
Table 2.6 Additive used for testing (103).
Table 2.7 Carbonate-based solvents (104).
Table 2.8 Aromatic nonaqueous organic solvents (104).
Table 2.9 Nitrile-based compounds (104).
Table 2.10 Nonaqueous electrolytes and aprotic organic solvents (105).
Table 2.11 Organo-sulfur compounds (106).
Table 2.12 Fluorinated cycloaliphatic additives (151).
Table 2.13 Inhibitor additives for fuel cells (154, 155).
Table 2.14 Tradenames in References.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Types of additives (10).
Table 4.2 Amine type antioxidants (10).
Table 4.3 Phenol type antioxidants (10).
Table 4.4 Anti-rust additives (10).
Table 4.5 Antioxidants (14).
Table 4.6 Extreme pressure and anti-wear additives (14).
Table 4.7 Friction modifiers (14).
Table 4.8 Rust and corrosion inhibitors (14).
Table 4.9 Structure modifiers (14).
Table 4.10 Standards used for the evaluation (14).
Table 4.11 Surfactants for ionic liquids (21).
Table 4.12 Tradenames in References.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Components in calcium aluminate cement (8).
Table 5.2 Air entraining agents (40).
Table 5.3 Superabsorbent polymers (43).
Table 5.4 Formulations with a superabsorbent polymer (43).
Table 5.5 Tradenames in References.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Materials for superabsorbent polymers (8).
Table 6.2 Additives for superabsorbent polymers (8).
Table 6.3 Organic additives for cold storage (32).
Table 6.4 Tradenames in References.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-119-36361-3

Preface

This book focuses on the chemistry of additives for high performance uses in analytical applications, electrical applications, medical applications, and others, as well as special exemplified uses of these additives.

The text focuses on the literature of the past decade. Beyond education, this book may serve the needs of engineers and specialists who have only a passing knowledge of these issues, but need to know more.

How to Use This Book

Utmost care has been taken to present reliable data. Because of the vast variety of material presented here, however, the text cannot be complete in all aspects, and it is recommended that the reader study the original literature for more complete information.

The reader should be aware that mostly US patents have been cited where available, but not the corresponding equivalent patents of other countries.

For this reason, the author cannot assume responsibility for the completeness, validity or consequences of the use of the material presented here. Every attempt has been made to identify trademarks; however, there were some that the author was unable to locate.

Index

There are four indices: an index of tradenames, an index of acronyms, an index of chemicals, and a general index. In the index of chemicals, compounds that occur extensively, e.g., acetone, are not included at every occurrence, but rather when they appear in an important context. When a compound is found in a figure, the entry is marked in boldface letters in the chemical index.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to our university librarians, Dr. Christian Hasenhüttl, Dr. Johann Delanoy, Franz Jurek, Margit Keshmiri, Dolores Knabl, Friedrich Scheer, Christian Slamenik, Renate Tschabuschnig, and Elisabeth Groß for their support in literature acquisition. In addition, many thanks to the head of my department, Professor Wolfgang Kern, for his interest and permission to prepare this text.

I also want to express my gratitude to all the scientists who have carefully published their results concerning the topics dealt with herein. This book could not have been otherwise compiled.

Last, but not least, I want to thank the publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his abiding interest and help in the preparation of the text. In addition, my thanks go to Jean Markovic, who made the final copyedit with utmost care.

Johannes Fink
Leoben, 6th September 2016

Additives for High Performance Applications

Chemistry and Applications

Preface

How to Use This Book

Index

Acknowledgements