reading

Wiley-IUPAC Series in Biophysico-Chemical Processes in Environmental Systems

Series Editors: Nicola Senesi and Baoshan Xing

The Division of Chemistry and the Environment of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is sponsoring this series which addresses the fundamentals of physical-chemical-biological interfacial interactions in the environment and the impacts on: (1) the transformation, transport, and fate of nutrients and pollutants, (2) food chain contamination and food quality and safety, and (3) ecosystem health, including human health. In contrast to classical books that focus largely on separate physical, chemical, and biological processes, this book series is unique in integrating the frontiers of knowledge of both fundamentals and impacts of interfacial interactions of these processes in the global environment.

Books in the series:

Biophysico-Chemical Processes of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soil Environments, edited by Antonio Violante, Pan Ming Huang, and Geoffrey M. Gadd

Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems, edited by Nicola Senesi, Baoshan Xing, and Pan Ming Huang

Biophysico-Chemical Processes of Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Environmental Systems, edited by Baoshan Xing, Nicola Senesi, and Pan Ming Huang

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Xing, Baoshan, editor. | Vecitis, Chad D., editor. | Senesi, N. (Nicola), editor.
Title: Engineered nanoparticles and the environment : biophysicochemical processes and toxicity / edited by Baoshan Xing, Chad D. Vecitis, Nicola Senesi.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2016. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016017203 | ISBN 9781119275824 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119275848 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Nanoparticles–Toxicology. | Nanoparticles–Environmental aspects.
Classification: LCC RA1270.N36 E54 2016 | DDC 615.9/02–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017203

CONTENTS

SERIES PREFACE

PREFACE

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

PART I SYNTHESIS, ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION, DETECTION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

1 CHALLENGES FACING THE ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ENTERPRISE
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Current Challenges in Environmental Nanotechnology
3. 1.3 Conclusions
4. References
2 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES FOR WATER TREATMENT APPLICATION
1. 2.1 Introduction: an Emerging Water Problem
2. 2.2 Water Purification Processes Using Nanoparticles
3. 2.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
4. References
3 MASS SPECTROMETRIC METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY ON THE FATE OF CORE–SHELL NANOPARTICLES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles
3. 3.3 Effect of Surface Chemistry on Nanoparticle Uptake
4. 3.4 Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Tracking Nanoparticles in Complex Mixtures
5. 3.5 Summary and Conclusions
6. References
4 SEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF NANOPARTICLES (NP) IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Major Challenges
3. 4.3 Different Approaches to Quantify Engineered NP in Environmental Matrices
4. 4.4 Initial Sample Preparation for Engineered NP
5. 4.5 Sophisticated Sample Preparation for Engineered NP
6. 4.6 Engineered NP in Different Environmental Compartments (Water, Sludge, Soils, Sediment)
7. 4.7 Future Trends and Demands
8. 4.8 List of Abbreviations
9. References
5 NANOCATALYSTS FOR GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION
1. 5.1 Organohalides and Nitrates: Common Grounwater Contaminants
2. 5.2 Conventional Physicochemical Remediation Methods
3. 5.3 Nanocatalyzed Degradation of Aqueous Compounds
4. 5.4 Future Work and Conclusions
5. References

PART II ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE, PROCESSES, AND MODELING OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES

6 PROPERTIES, SOURCES, PATHWAYS, AND FATE OF NANOPARTICLES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Nanoparticle Classification
3. 6.3 Sources of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment
4. 6.4 Behavior and Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles
5. 6.5 Conclusions
6. References
7 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE MODELING METHODS FOR ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Current Decision Support Guidance and Software: Place of Nanomaterials
3. 7.3 Representation of Nano-Specific Data for Modeling Purposes
4. 7.4 Modeling Techniques: Describing The Fate and Flow of Nanomaterials
5. 7.5 Future Data Requirements for The Exposure Modeling of Nanomaterials
6. References
8 AGGREGATION KINETICS AND FRACTAL DIMENSIONS OF NANOMATERIALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Theoretical Framework
3. 8.3 Common Experimental Techniques
4. 8.4 State of Nanoparticle Aggregation Studies
5. 8.5 Recent Advances in Aggregation Studies
6. 8.6 Future Challenges and Research Directions
7. Acknowledgments
8. Appendix: Symbols
9. References
9 ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Sorption Characteristics of OCs on Different Types of ENPs
3. 9.3 The Methods Applied to Study the Adsorption Mechanisms of OCs by ENPs
4. 9.4 OC–ENP Interactions in Environment-Relevant Conditions
5. 9.5 The Risks of OC–ENP Interaction
6. 9.6 Summary and Future Perspectives
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
10 SORPTION OF HEAVY METALS BY ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Sorption Mechanisms of Heavy Metals by ENMs
3. 10.3 Sorption Kinetics of Heavy Metals by ENMs
4. 10.4 Sorption Thermodynamics of Heavy Metals by ENMs
5. 10.5 Factors Influencing Heavy Metal Sorption by ENMs
6. 10.6 Summary and Perspective
7. References
11 EMISSION, TRANSFORMATION, AND FATE OF NANOPARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Summary of Previous Review Articles
3. 11.3 Physicochemical Characteristics of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
4. 11.4 Emissions of Airborne Nanoparticles in Atmospheric Environment
5. 11.5 Atmospheric Transformation of Natural and Incidental Nanoparticles
6. 11.6 Fate of Naturally, Incidentally, and Intentionally Produced Nanoparticles
7. 11.7 Summary and Conclusions
8. Acknowledgments
9. References
12 NANOPARTICLE AGGREGATION AND DEPOSITION IN POROUS MEDIA
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Colloidal Interactions Governing Nanoparticle Aggregation and Deposition
3. 12.3 Nanoparticle Aggregation in Aqueous Environment
4. 12.4 Nanoparticle Deposition in Porous Media
5. 12.5 Challenges in Understanding Nanoparticle Transport in Natural Environments
6. References
13 INTERFACIAL CHARGE TRANSFERS OF SURFACE-MODIFIED TIO₂ NANOPARTICLES IN PHOTOCATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Degussa P25: Origin of High Photocatalytic Activity
3. 13.3 Common Strategies to Improve TiO₂ Photocatalytic Activity: Surface Modificaition
4. 13.4 Importance of Interparticle Charge Transfer
5. 13.5 Comments on Evaluating Photocatalytic Activity
6. 13.6 Conclusions
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
14 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF METAL, METAL OXIDE, AND METAL CHALCOGENIDE NANOPARTICLES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Nanoscale Properties of Materials
3. 14.3 Dissociative Dissolution
4. 14.4 Redox Reactions
5. 14.5 Light-Induced Reactions
6. 14.6 Future Research Needs
7. Acknowledgments
8. References

PART III TOXICITY OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES AND RISK ASSESSMENT

15 FATE, BEHAVIOR, AND BIOPHYSICAL MODELING OF NANOPARTICLES IN LIVING SYSTEMS
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Solubility and Transport of Carbon Nanoparticles in the Aqueous Environment
3. 15.3 Fullerene Binding with Nucleic Acids
4. 15.4 Molecular Dynamics Simulations of DNA Polymerase Inhibition by Fullerene Derivatives
5. 15.5 Fullerene Derivatives Interacting with Biomolecular Assemblies: Membranes and Microtubules
6. 15.6 Silver Nanoparticle-Ubiquitin Corona
7. 15.7 Summary
8. Acknowledgment
9. References
16 SUBCHRONIC INHALATION TOXICITY STUDY IN RATS WITH CARBON NANOFIBERS: NEED FOR ESTABLISHING A WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE APPROACH FOR SETTING NO OBSERVED ADVERSE EFFECT LEVELS (NOAELs)
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Study Design and Material Characterization
3. 16.3 Results
4. 16.4 Discussion and Conclusions
5. Funding Information
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
17 TOXICITY OF MANUFACTURED NANOMATERIALS TO MICROORGANISMS
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Mechanisms of Effects of MNMs to Microbial Populations
3. 17.3 Exposure and Effects of MNMs to Soil Microbial Communities
4. 17.4 Exposure and Effects of MNMs to Aquatic Microbial Communities
5. 17.5 Ecosystem Consequences of MNM Interactions with Microorganisms
6. 17.6 Biological Wastewater Treatment Consequences of MNM Effects on Microorganisms
7. 17.7 Human Health Consequences of MNM Effects on Microorganisms
8. 17.8 Further Remarks and Summary
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
18 TOXICITY OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES TO FISH
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 Uptake and Bioaccumulation of Engineered Nanoparticles in Fish
3. 18.3 Systemic Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles to Fish
4. 18.4 Specific Toxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles to Target Organs in Fish
5. 18.5 The Influencing Factors of Engineered Nanoparticles for Their Toxicities in Fish
6. 18.6 Toxicological Mechanism of Engineered Nanoparticles
7. 18.7 Perspectives
8. References
19 TOXICITY OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
1. 19.1 Introduction
2. 19.2 Silver Nanoparticles—A Matter of Dissolution
3. 19.3 Fullerenes—New Materials, New Effects?
4. 19.4 Titanium Dioxide—Shedding Light on Toxicity
5. 19.5 Role of Aquatic Invertebrates in Bioaccumulation Tests
6. 19.6 Summary
7. References
20 EFFECTS AND UPTAKE OF NANOPARTICLES IN PLANTS
1. 20.1 Introduction
2. 20.2 Phytotoxicity of Engineered Nanoparticles
3. 20.3 Nanoparticle Accumulation
4. 20.4 Trophic Transfer of Engineered Nanomaterials
5. 20.5 Secondary Effects from Nanomaterial Exposure
6. 20.6 Future Research Needs
7. References
21 FEASIBILITY AND CHALLENGES OF HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT FOR ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS
1. 21.1 Introduction
2. 21.2 How Are Nanomaterials Regulated?
3. 21.3 Hazard Identification/ Characterization
4. 21.4 Integrated (Intelligent) Testing Strategies
5. 21.5 Exposure Assessment
6. 21.6 Risk Characterization and Risk Management
7. 21.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
8. Acknowledgments
9. References
10. Notes
22 ECOTOXICOLOGICAL RISK OF ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS (ENMs) FOR THE HEALTH OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
1. 22.1 Introduction
2. 22.2 Entry of ENMs into the Marine Environment
3. 22.3 Biotoxicity of ENMs on Marine Organisms
4. 22.4 Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation of ENMs in Marine Environment
5. 22.5 Effects of ENMs on the Bioavailability and Toxicity of Coexisting Pollutants
6. 22.6 Summary and Perspective
7. Acknowledgments
8. References

INDEX

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Chapter 3

Table 3.1
Table 3.2

Chapter 5

Table 5.1
Table 5.2

Chapter 6

Table 6.1
Table 6.2

Chapter 8

Table 8.1
Table 8.2

Chapter 9

Table 9.1
Table 9.2

Chapter 10

Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Table 10.3
Table 10.4
Table 10.5
Table 10.6
Table 10.7
Table 10.8
Table 10.9

Chapter 11

Table 11.1
Table 11.2

Chapter 13

Table 13.1
Table 13.2

Chapter 14

Table 14.1
Table 14.2
Table 14.3

Chapter 17

Table 17.1
Table 17.2
Table 17.3

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

Chapter 19

Table 19.1
Table 19.2

Chapter 22

Table 22.1
Table 22.2

ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Biophysicochemical Processes and Toxicity