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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 978-1-119-23444-9
ISSN: 1042-1122

CONTENTS

Preface

Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications

EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES ON THE PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF TiO₂ FILMS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7. REFERENCES
PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DYES USING MWCNT-TiO₂ COMPOSITES AS CATALYST
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7. REFERENCES
SYNTHESIS OF THE TiO₂-LONG LASTING PHOSPHOR (Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺) COMPOSITE AND ITS PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTION PROPERTIES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7. REFERENCES
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROTEXTURED TITANIUM DIOXIDE SURFACE BY USING MICROCUTTING TECHNIQUES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTION
4. EXPERIMENTAL
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6. CONCLUSIONS
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
8. REFERENCES
MORPHOLOGY CONTROL AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TiO₂ FILM
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6. PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TIO₂ NANOARRAYS
7. CONCLUSIONS
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
9. REFERENCES

Advanced Functional Materials, Devices, and Systems for the Environment

ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES WITH OXIDE ION ELECTROLYTES FOR FORMATION OF HYDROGEN AND DECOMPOSITION OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE CH₄-CO₂ MIXED BIOGAS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. REFORMING OF CH₄-CO₂ MIXED GAS AND SHIFT REACTION OF CO WITH H₂O VAPOR USING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
4. ELECTROCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CO AND CO₂ GASES
5. COMBINED REACTION SYSTEM USING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
6. CONCLUSIONS
7. REFERENCES
GASTIGHT, CLOSED PORE INCLUSIVE POROUS CERAMICS THROUGH A SUPERPLASTICALLY FOAMING METHOD
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. Acknowledgements
7. REFERENCES
CYANOSILYLATION OF BENZALDEHYDE WITH TRIMETHYLSILYL CYANIDE OVER A-SITE METAL SUBSTITUTED PEROVSKITE-TYPE OXIDE CATALYST PREPARED BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HETERONUCLEAR CYANO COMPLEX PRECURSORS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7. REFERENCES

Geopolymers, Inorganic Polymer Ceramics, and Sustainable Composites

NANOPARTICLES SEEDED GEOPOLYMERS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. REFERENCES
NH₃BH₃ AND NaBH₄ ENCLOSED IN GEOPOLYMERS AND ZEOLITES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7. REFERENCES

Macroporous Ceramics for Environmental and Energy Applications

SILICON CARBIDE MEMBRANES FOR WATER FILTRATION APPLICATIONS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. SAINT-GOBAIN SiC CERAMIC FILTERS
4. FILTRATION TRIALS
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. REFERENCES
FABRICATION OF POROUS CERAMICS WITH CYLINDRICAL PORES AND INCORPORATING PORES BY UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSION
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
7. REFERENCES

Advanced Sensors for Energy, Environment, and Health Applications

PRINTED CANTILEVERS AND MOS GAS SENSORS FOR HAZARDOUS GAS DETECTION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. GAS SENSOR PROCESSING
4. HAZARDOUS GAS DETECTION
5. CONCLUSION
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
7. REFERENCES
SENSING CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOS MICRO GAS SENSOR ARRAY ON GAS MIXTURE
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7. REFERENCES

Author Index

EULA

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1. Effect of aging time in the viscosity of the produce solutions with and without PVB.
Figure 2. SEM images of films with 1, 2 or 3 layers, without PVB.
Figure 3. SEM images of films with 1, 2 or 3 layers, with PVB.
Figure 4. XRD analysis of the samples with PVB heat-treated at 400, 500, 600°C.
Figure 5. Photocurrent of the 3 layer films with PVB heat treated at 400, 500 or 600°C.
Figure 6. Photocurrent measurements of samples with and without PVB, with 1, 2 or 3 layers.

Chapter 2

Figure 1. XRD diffraction patterns of the samples synthesized with P25 (a) and titanium propoxide in acidic (TA) or alkaline (TB) medium heat-treated at different temperatures (b).
Figure 2. TEM images of samples (a) TA-500, (b) TB-400 and (c) P25+CNT-A.
Figure 3. Photoluminescence of MWCNT, P25 and composites P25+CNT-A and P25+CNT-B.
Figure 4. Variation of the concentration of the dye under 60 min period of UV irradiation in the presence of MWCNT, P25 and composites P25+CNT-A and P25+CNT-B.
Figure 5. Photoluminescence of TiO₂ composites heat-treated at different temperatures in acid and alkaline medium.
Figure 6. Variation of the concentration of the dye under 60 min period of UV irradiation in the presence of TiO₂ composites heat-treated at different temperatures in acid and alkaline medium.

Chapter 3

Figure 1. XRD pattern of LPCVD-TiO₂ deposited on the glass at 390°C for 1min.
Figure 2. (a) TEM cross-sectional images of the TiO₂-coated Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu,Dy phosphor and (b) magnified lattice image at the area of “A” marked in (a).
Figure 3. EDS spectra of the TiO₂-coated Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu,Dy phosphor at three points marked in the TEM image in Fig. 2(a).
Figure 4. Excitation (a) and emission spectra (b) of the pure phosphor (Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺) and TiO₂ coated phosphor.
Figure 5. Changes in the benzene concentration with an irradiation time for the TiO₂ coated phosphor (Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺) beads under UV and visible light irradiations. The “Blank” symbol stands for the sample of TiO₂-(Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺) beads held in the dark state without light irradiation.
Figure 6. AES depth profiles of the TiO₂-coated phosphor (Sr4Al1₄O25:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺).
Figure 7. Schematic energy band structure at the interfaces of TiO₂ and phosphor (Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺).
Figure 8. Changes in the benzene concentration with the irradiation time for the TiO₂ coated phosphor (Sr₄Al₁₄O₂₅:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺) beads and pure TiO₂(P-25) in the dark. The light was switched-off after 30 min irradiation. The thickness of the TiO₂-coated layer was approximately 150 nm.

Chapter 4

Figure 1. Schematic drawing of photocatalytic reaction of TiO₂ film.
Figure 2. Schematic drawing of 3-axis NC lathe system for microcutting grooves texture.
Figure 3. Schematic drawing of estimated cross-sectional surface geometries for three different kinds of feed rates in microcutting.
Figure 4. Photo of the head parts for vibration-assisted microcutting (A) and schematic drawing of fabricated surface texture (B).
Figure 5. Schematic drawing and outlook of equipment for anodic oxidation.
Figure 6. SEM images of polished Ti (A) and polished and oxidized Ti (TiO₂) (B).
Figure 7. Illustration of half-angle method (A) and outlook of wettability testing apparatus (B).
Figure 8. Micrographs of textured pure Ti by microcutting under three different kinds of feed rates 9 um/rev (A), 18 um/rev (B) and 27 um/rev (C), and oxidized surface of (B) (D).
Figure 9. Relationship between surface area ratio and feed rate (A) and relationship between contact angle and duration of UV rays irradiation (B).
Figure 10. Micrograph of textured pure Ti by vibration-assisted microcutting (A) and 3-D image of its oxidized surface (B).
Figure 11. Comparison result of surface area ratio between mirror finished and textured surfaces (A) and relationship between contact angle and duration of UV rays irradiation (B).

Chapter 5

Fig. 1. SEM images of the AAO templates anodized with different electrolytes. (a) H₃PO₄, (b) H₂C₂O₄, (c) Mixed electrolytes of H₂C₂O₄ and H₃PO₄, (d) H₂SO₄ and (e) Mixed electrolytes of H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄.
Fig.2 SEM morphology of AAO templates. a) pure aluminum, b) 3102 aluminum alloy and c) 6061 aluminum alloy.
Fig. 3. SEM images of the TiO₂ nanoarrays prepared with AAO templates which were anodized with different electrolytes. (a) H₂C₂O₄, (b) Mixed electrolytes of H₂C₂O₄ and H₃PO₄, (c) H₂SO₄, (d) H₃PO₄ and (e) Mixed electrolytes of H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄.
Fig.4. SEM images of TiO₂ nanotubes prepared at different LPD temperature. (a) 30°C, (b) 35°C, (c) 40°C and (d) 45°C.
Fig. 5. The schematic diagram of LPD process at high temperature.
Fig. 6 SEM morphology of TiO₂ films on different substrates. (a) pure aluminum, (b)3032 aluminum alloy and (c) 6061 aluminum alloy.
Fig. 7 Photocatalytic property of TiO₂ thin films fabricated on aluminum alloy and pure aluminum substrates.
Fig. 8 XPS spectra of TiO₂ nanofilms on 6061 Al alloy. a) full spectra, b) Ti_2p, c) O_1s, d) Mg_1s and e) Si_2p.

Chapter 6

Fig. 1 Possible reaction mechanism for (a) reforming of CH₄-CO₂ mixed gas and (b) shift reaction of CO-H₂O mixed gas through porous GDC cells.
Fig. 2 Fractions of CO, H₂, CO₂ and O₂ gases through a porous electrochemical cell at 400– 700°C⁸.
Fig. 3 Scheme of electrochemical decomposition of CO and CO₂ gases using (a) porous oxide ion electrolyte and (b) dense oxide ion electrolyte.
Fig. 4 (a) O₂ content of outlet gas in anode side and (b) decomposition rate of CO as a function of applied voltage¹¹.
Fig. 5 X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) Ni–YSZ cathode and (b) Ru–YSZ anode after the CO decomposition experiment at 800°C.
Fig. 6 Outlet gas composition of (a) cathode side and (b) anode side during CO₂ decomposition at 800°C¹¹.
Fig. 7 Variations of y (conversion rate of CO₂ to CO) and q (conversion rate of CO₂ to C) values in Eqs. (37) and (38) as a function of applied voltage¹¹.

Chapter 7

Figure 1. Elastic modulus of conventional and superplastically foamed porous 8YSZ based ceramics. In the superplastically foamed ceramics, silica or 8mol% of yttria was dispersed as superplasticity facilitator.
Figure 2. Linear thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) for 8YSZ based dense and porous ceramics
Figure 3. Linear thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) for superplastically foamed porous ceramics using AlN as a foaming agent.
Fig.4 XRD for variously fabricated 0YSZ-8Y ceramics dense and superplastically foamed ceramics with and without pre-sintering
Figure 5. AlN amount dependence of porosity in 0YSZ8Y/AlN with and without pre-sintering
Figure 6. SEM photos of 0YSZ-8Y/AlN with and without pre-sintering.(a)3wt% AlN, without pre-sintering (b)20wt% AlN, without pre-sintering and (c) 3wt% AlN, with pre-sintering
Figure 7. Thermal conductivity of 8YSZ base dense and porous ceramics

Chapter 8

Figure 1. XRD patterns of LaFe-containing samples. A heteronuclear metal cyano complex precursor, La[Fe(CN)6]· 5H₂O (a), was calcined at 500 (b), 550 (c), 600 (d), 700 (e), 800 (f), 900 (g), and 1000 °C (h) for 1 h in air.
Figure 2. Catalytic activities (A) per catalyst weight and (B) per specific surface area over LaFeO₃ catalysts calcined at several temperatures. Reaction conditions: benzaldehyde (0.5 mmol), TMSCN (1 mmol), catalyst (50 mg), CH₂Cl₂ (12 ml), 20°C, and 1 h.
Figure 3. Catalytic activities for cyanosilylation as a function of crystallite diameter of LaFeO₃ catalysts. Reaction conditions: benzaldehyde (0.5 mmol), TMSCN (1 mmol), catalyst (50 mg), CH₂Cl₂ (12 ml), 20°C, and 1 h.
Figure 4. XRD patterns of LnFe-containing samples calcined at 1000°C for 1 h in air. (a) LaFeO₃, (b) PrFeO₃, (c) SmFeO₃, (d) GdFeO₃, and (e) DyFeO₃.
Figure 5. Catalytic activities per specific surface area over LnFeO3 catalysts (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, Gd, and Dy) calcined at 1000°C for 1 h in air. Reaction conditions: benzaldehyde (0.5 mmol), TMSCN (1 mmol), catalyst (50 mg), CH₂C_l2 (12 ml), 20°C, and 1 h.
Figure 6. Catalytic activities per specific surface area as a function of surface oxygen concentration on LnFeO3 catalysts (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, Gd, and Dy) calcined at 1000°C for 1 h in air (CN method). Reaction conditions: benzaldehyde (0.5 mmol), TMSCN (1 mmol), catalyst (50 mg), CH₂C_l2 (12 ml), 20 oC, and

Chapter 9

Figure 1 FWHM ratio of milled mordenite on as-received mordenite measured from the XRD diffractograms.
Figure 2 ATR-FTIR spectra for the as-received and ball milled mordenite.
Figure 3 Percentages of the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the seeded geopolymers compared with the non-seeded geopolymer at the same aging time.
Figure 4 pH and conductivity values of the geopolymers soaked in distilled water for 24 hours.
Figure 5 XRD diffractograms of metakaoline, milled-mordenite-seeded geopolymer at 3 hours, 3 days and 7 days.
Figure 6 Zeolite content express in term of sums of integrated intensities of the zeolite crystalline phases over the (011) reflection of SiO₂ at 3 days and at 7 days.
Figure 7 ATR-FTIR spectra for the sample 4, mordenite-seeded geopolymer, at 3 hours, 3 days and 7 days.
Figure 8 SEM images at 3 days (left) and 7 day (right) for the alumina-seeded geopolymer, sample 3.

Chapter 10

Fig. 1 Typical SEM picture of AB-G
Fig. 2 IR absorption spectra of AB-G (a) and AB (b) at 25°C, and heated at 120°C, 150°C and 300°C. Assignment of peaks as denoted.
Fig. 3 TG (solid) and dtG (gray, thinner) (a) and DTA of AB-G in heating up to 300°C and during cooling
Fig. 4 Typical SEM of SB-G (sample S1)
Fig. 5 IR absorption of samples SB-G S2-S8 and S1* (with Si/Al and released hydrogen in ml per 200 mg sample, for S2-S8 compare table 1).
Fig. 6 TG curves of SB-G S9-S12 (table 1).
Fig. 7 Mass loss of SB-G samples S13-S16 (table 1).
Fig. 8 IR absorption spectra of SB and SB-SOD samples prepared at 60°C, 80°C and 120°C (1mg in 100 mg KBr each).
Fig. 9 SEM photographs of SB-SOD samples prepared at 60°C (upper left), 80°C (upper right) and 120°C (lower left), and their particle size distribution (lower right)
Fig. 10 Released hydrogen in ml per 1 g sample, mass loss (wt%) and degree of reaction of SB-SOD samples prepared at 60°C, 80°C and 120°C as a function of their average particle size.

Chapter 11

Figure 1: From left to right: Saint-Gobain cross-flow SiC filter (25 mm diameter); SiC filter carrier structure (coarse-grain) and SiC membrane (fine-grain); Close-up of carrier and membrane.
Figure 2: Schematics of SiC filter operating in cross-flow mode.
Figure 3: Schematics of dead-end SiC filter configuration.
Figure 4: Flow rate and permeability as a function of time for filtration tests with synthetic produced water using 250 and 1000 nm Saint-Gobain SiC membranes.
Figure 5: Turbidity of synthetic produced water before and after filtration through a 250 nm membrane.
Figure 6: Permeate flux for produced water filtered through a 250 nm cross-flow SiC membrane at 0.4 and 1 bar TMP.
Figure 7: Turbidity of feed water (produced water after some pre-treatment) and permeate after microfiltration through a 250 nm SiC membrane.
Figure 8: Produced water from oil wells across the US was passed through Saint-Gobain SiC cross-flow filters resulting in a significant reduction in turbidity.
Figure 9: Saint-Gobain SiC dead-end filters in a swimming pool installation.

Chapter 12

Figure 1. The configuration of the mold using the unidirectional solidification of water⁵, J-W. Lee et al., Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figure 2. The configuration of the mold using the unidirectional solidification of slurry under reduce pressure⁵, J-W. Lee et al, Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figures 3. The ice with cylindrical pores solidified under 0.10 and 0.11 MPa⁵, J-W. Lee et al., Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figure 4. The pores diameter in the ice solidified⁵, J-W. Lee et al., Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figure 5. The formation mechanism of cylindrical pores for lotus-type porous metals and/or ceramics in pressurized hydrogen atmosphere⁵, J-W. Lee et al., Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figures 6. The transverse cross section view of the sintered samples⁵, J-W. Lee et al., Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figures 7. The longitudinal cross-section view of the sintered samples⁵, J-W. Lee et al., Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figure 8. The porosity of the samples⁵, J-W. Lee et al., Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn. 34, 226-230 (2014). ©2014, the Technical Association of Refractories Jpn.
Figure 9. An example of porous silicon carbide with bi-modal pores in shape.

Chapter 13

Figure 1. Scheme of the screen-printed ZnO gas sensor
Figure 2. (a) Photograph of the ZnO layer printed on the platinum IDTs and (b) AFM analysis of the printed ZnO nanoceramics.
Figure 3. (a) Scheme of the Au/PZT/Au cantilever (b) top view of the Au electrode coated with zeolite
Figure 4. Current evolution of the ZnO printed film at 22°C (bias voltage 1V): (a) in dry air with (‘On’) and without halogen lighting (‘Off’), (b) under dry air or 300ppm H₂
Figure 5. Sensor response under benzene (1000 ppm) with: (a) screen-printed PZT cantilevers with increasing DAY zeolites masses (Si/Al=40; H⁺); (b) Si microcantilevers coated with different DAY ( change of Si/Al ratio and extra-framework cation).

Chapter 14

Figure 1. Micro-structures of the four gas sensing materials: (a) Pd-SnO₂, (b) In₂O₃, (c) Ru-WO₃, and (d) Pd doped SnO₂-ZnO.
Figure 2. (a) Photograph of fabricated sensor on the TO-39 package and (b) electro-thermal characteristic as the heating power vs. operating temperature.
Figure 3. Gas sensing properties in the CO-NO₂ system; (a) SN, (b) IN, (c) WO, and (d) SZ sensors.
Figure 4. Gas sensing properties in the CO-NH3 system; (a) SN, (b) IN, (c) WO, and (d) SZ sensors.
Figure 5. Gas sensing properties in the CO-HCHO system; (a) S N, (b) IN, (c) WO, and (d) SZ sensors.
Figure 6. Gas sensing properties in the NO₂-NH₃ system; (a) SN, (b) IN, (c) WO, and (d) SZ sensors.
Figure 7. Gas sensing properties in the NO₂-HCHO system; (a) SN, (b) IN, (c) WO, and (d) SZ sensors.
Figure 8. Gas sensing properties in the NH₃-HCHO system; (a) SN, (b) IN, (c) WO, and (d) SZ sensors.

Preface

The global challenges we face require innovative thinking and sustainable technology to meet increased demands for energy, clean water, and infrastructure. Research in materials, specifically ceramic materials, continues to provide solutions to everyday challenges such as environmental protection, energy supply and generation, and healthcare. The 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (11th CMCEE), held June 14–19, 2015 at the Hyatt Regency Vancouver in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, identified key challenges and opportunities for ceramic technologies to create sustainable materials.

This Ceramic Transactions volume contains papers submitted from the following five symposia held in Track 3: Ceramics for Environmental Systems:

Photocatalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications
Advanced Functional Materials, Devices, and Systems for the Environment
Geopolymers, Inorganic Polymer Ceramics, and Sustainable Composites
Macroporous Ceramics For Environmental and Energy Applications
Advanced Sensors for Energy, Environment, and Health Applications

After a peer-review process, 14 papers were accepted for inclusion in this proceedings volume. The editors wish to extend their gratitude and appreciation to all the symposium co-organizers for their help and support, to all the authors for their cooperation and contributions, to all the participants and session chairs for their time and efforts, and to all the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. We also acknowledge the organization and leadership provided by the meeting chairs, Mrityunjay Singh, Tatsuki Ohji, and Alexander Michaelis.

We hope these proceedings will serve as a useful resource for researchers and engineers working in the field of environmental science and technology.

LIANZHOUWANG, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, China
NOBUHITO IMANAKA, Osaka University, Japan
WALTRAUDM. KRIVEN, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
MANABU FUKUSHIMA, AIST, Japan
GIRISHKALE, University of Leeds, UK