reading

Cover
Title Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Recycling and Sustainable Utilization of Precious and Specialty Metals
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 How did we come to this Situation?
3. 1.3 Magnitude of the Waste Problem and Disposal of End-of-Life Products
4. 1.4 Benefits Derived by the Global Community from Effective Recycling
5. 1.5 Urban Mining
6. 1.6 Technologies for Metal Separations and Recovery from EOL Wastes
7. 1.7 Conclusions
8. References
2 Global Metal Reuse, and Formal and Informal Recycling from Electronic and Other High-Tech Wastes
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Metal Sources
3. 2.3 E-waste
4. 2.4 Responses to the E-waste Problem
5. 2.5 Reuse of Metals from High-tech Sources
6. 2.6 Recycling of Metals from High-tech Sources
7. 2.7 Conclusions
8. References
3 Global Management of Electronic Wastes: Challenges Facing Developing and Economy-in-Transition Countries
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 E-waste Composition
3. 3.3 E-waste Generation
4. 3.4 Problems with E-waste
5. 3.5 E-waste Management Challenges Facing Developing Countries
6. 3.6 Environmental and Health Impacts of E-Waste Management in Developing Countries
7. 3.7 Solutions for Present and Future Challenges
8. 3.8 Conclusions
9. References
4 Dynamics of Metal Reuse and Recycling in Informal Sector in Developing Countries
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Science of Metals
3. 4.3 Technosphere, Demand and Mobility of Metals
4. 4.4 Waste Dumpsites and Treasures of Heavy Metals
5. 4.5 Scrap Metal and Consumer Markets
6. 4.6 Export of Metal Scrap
7. 4.7 E-waste Scavenging and End-of-Life Management
8. 4.8 Scrap Metal Theft
9. 4.9 Conclusions
10. References
5 Metal Sustainability from Global E-waste Management
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 E-Waste Issues
3. 5.3 E-Waste Management in China
4. 5.4 Recycling of Metals Found in E-waste
5. 5.5 Challenges and Efforts in Metal Sustainability in China
6. 5.6 Summary
7. 5.7 Acknowledgment
8. References
6 E-waste Recycling in China: Status Quo in 2015
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Formal E-waste Collection and Recycling System in China
3. 6.3 Informal E-waste Collection and Recycling
4. 6.4 Conclusions
5. References
7 Metallurgical Recovery of Metals from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in PRC
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Major Sources of E-Waste in China
3. 7.3 Strategies and Regulations for WEEE Management and Treatment
4. 7.4 Recycling and Processing of WEEE
5. 7.5 Current Issues in WEEE Treatment in China
6. 7.6 Conclusions
7. References
8 Metal Pollution and Metal Sustainability in China
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Heavy Metal Pollution in China
3. 8.3 Metal Sustainability in China
4. 8.4 Metal Sustainability in China: Future Prospects
5. References
9 Mercury Mining in China and its Environmental and Health Impacts
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Mercury Mines and Mining
3. 9.3 Mercury in the Environment
4. 9.4 Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessment
5. 9.5 Summary
6. References
10 Effects of Non-essential Metal Releases on the Environment and Human Health
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Metal Biogeochemical Cycles
3. 10.3 Metal Environmental Toxicology
4. 10.4 Case Study: Cadmium
5. 10.5 Chronic Low-Level Exposure of Human Populations to Non-Essential Metals
6. References
11 How Bacteria are Affected by Toxic Metal Release
1. 11.1 Introduction to Bacteria in the Environment
2. 11.2 Bacterial Interactions with Metals
3. 11.3 Bacterial Response to Toxic Metals
4. 11.4 How Are Metals Toxic to Bacteria?
5. 11.5 Conclusions
6. References
12 Application of Molecular Recognition Technology to Green Chemistry: Analytical Determinations of Metals in Metallurgical, Environmental, Waste, and Radiochemical Samples
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Technologies Used for Green Chemistry Trace Element Analysis
3. 12.3 Elemental Analysis Instrumentation
4. 12.4 Arsenic Speciation in Food Analysis
5. 12.5 Metal Separation Resins and Their Application to Elemental Analyses
6. 12.6 Green Chemistry Analytical Applications of Metal Separation Resins
7. 12.7 Conclusions
8. References
13 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Production of Actinides and Lanthanides
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 f-Element Chemistry in Ionic Liquids
3. 13.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids in f-Element Isolation
4. 13.4 Summary
5. 13.5 Acknowledgments
6. References
14 Selective Recovery of Platinum Group Metals and Rare Earth Metals from Complex Matrices Using a Green Chemistry/Molecular Recognition Technology Approach
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Molecular Recognition Technology
3. 14.3 Strengths of Molecular Recognition Technology in Metal Separations
4. 14.4 Applications of Molecular Recognition Technology to Separations Involving Platinum Group Metals
5. 14.5 Applications of Molecular Recognition Technology to Separations Involving Rare Earth Elements
6. 14.6 Comparison of Opex and Capex Costs for Molecular Recognition Technology and Solvent Extraction in Separation and Recovery of Rare Earth Metals
7. 14.7 Conclusions
8. References
15 Refining and Recycling Technologies for Precious Metals
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Precious Metals Supply and Demand
3. 15.3 Autocatalysts (Pt, Pd, Rh)
4. 15.4 Electronic Components
5. 15.5 Catalysts for Fuel Cell Application
6. 15.6 Extraction and Refining Technologies for Precious Metals
7. 15.7 Conclusions
8. References
16 The Precious Metals Industry: Global Challenges, Responses, and Prospects
1. 16.1 Introduction: The Precious Metals Industry
2. 16.2 Current and Emerging Challenges
3. 16.3 Responding to the Challenges: Mitigating Approaches and New Developments
4. 16.4 Concluding Remarks: A Long-Term View of the Precious Metals Industry
5. References
17 Metal Sustainability from a Manufacturing Perspective: Initiatives at ASARCO LLC Amarillo Copper Refinery
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 General Overview of Sustainability from the Copper Industry Perspective
3. 17.3 A Brief History of ASARCO LLC
4. 17.4 How Refined Copper is Produced
5. 17.5 Introduction to Physical Chemistry of Copper Electrorefining
6. 17.6 Electrolyte Purification
7. 17.7 Recovery of Metals by Precipitation from Acidic Streams
8. 17.8 Other Sustainable Development Efforts at ACR
9. 17.9 Conclusions
10. References
18 Sustainability Initiatives at ASARCO LLC: A Mining Company Perspective
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 What is Sustainable Mining?
3. 18.3 Exploration
4. 18.4 Innovative Reclamation Methods
5. 18.5 Reclamation of San Xavier Tailings Storage Facilities and Waste Rock Deposition Areas
6. 18.6 Fostering Renewable Energy Projects on Disturbed Lands
7. 18.7 Utilization of Mining Wastes
8. 18.8 Conclusions
9. References
19 Recycling and Dissipation of Metals: Distribution of Elements in the Metal, Slag, and Gas Phases During Metallurgical Processing
1. 19.1 Introduction: Background, Motivation, and Objectives
2. 19.2 Method: Chemical Thermodynamic Analysis of the Distribution of Elements in the Smelting Process
3. 19.3 Element Distribution Tendencies in Recycling Metals
4. 19.4 Metallurgical Knowledge for Recycling: Element Radar Chart for Metallurgical Processing
5. References
20 Economic Perspectives on Sustainability, Mineral Development, and Metal Life Cycles
1. 20.1 Introduction
2. 20.2 The Many Faces of Sustainability
3. 20.3 Economic Concepts
4. 20.4 Implications for Mine Development
5. 20.5 Implications for Regional and National Mineral Development
6. 20.6 Implications for Metal Life Cycles, Material Efficiency, and the Circular Economy
7. 20.7 What to Do?
8. Acknowledgments
9. References
21 Closing the Loop: Minerals Industry Issues
1. 21.1 Introduction
2. 21.2 The Waste Hierarchy
3. 21.3 Reducing and Eliminating Wastes
4. 21.4 Tools for Closing the Loop
5. 21.5 Closing the Loop: Barriers and Drivers
6. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. Table 1 Global Benefits Derived from Effective Metal Recycling Programs
2. Table 2 Average content of precious metals, copper, and cobalt in mobile phones and computers, and resulting metals demand from global sales in 2010, compared with world mine production. Reproduced with permission from [2]
Chapter 02
1. Table 1 Metal sources and estimated metal stocks
2. Table 2 Categories of electrical and electronic equipment under the two European Union Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directives
3. Table 3 Reuse standards relevant to electrical and electronic equipment
4. Table 4 Barriers to socioeconomic enterprises’ reuse operations [33]. Reprinted from [33] with permission of Elsevier
5. Table 5 Typical processes involved in the recycling of ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Chapter 03
1. Table 1 Selected definitions of electronic waste or E-waste
2. Table 2 Ten Categories of E-waste according to the EU WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC.
3. Table 3 Six categories of E-waste according to Balde et al. (2014).
4. Table 4 Some toxic and hazardous components of e-waste
5. Table 5 Contents of selected valuable metals in the printed circuit boards of selected electronic products
6. Table 6 Global quantities of e-waste generated by continent
7. Table 7 Characteristics of some common waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) items.
8. Table 8 Potential adverse health effects of toxic components of e-waste on humans
9. Table 9 Major available technologies used to recover metals from e-waste
10. Table 10 Environmental impact of e-waste recycling
11. Table 11 Indicators of health impacts of e-waste in developing countries
Chapter 04
1. Table 1 Metals in various groups and their nature
Chapter 05
1. Table 1 E-waste generation in selected countries
2. Table 2 Domestic e-waste generation in China
3. Table 3 Disposal methods for unwanted electronic and electrical products in China
4. Table 4 National specialized treatment fund for e-waste in China (RMB/per unit)
5. Table 5 Barriers to effective recycling of e-waste (Izatt et al. 2014). Reproduced from Izatt, et al. 2014 with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry
6. Table 6 Percentages by weight of base or major metals in e-waste
7. Table 7 Lead levels in cathode ray tube monitors and printed circuit boards (PCB)
8. Table 8 Environmental pollution of toxic metals in China
9. Table 9 Human body burden of heavy metals from e-waste in China
10. Table 10 Precious metal concentrations in several different printed circuit boards (g/tonne)
11. Table 11 Flows into use and in-use stock of REEs in phosphors
12. Table 12 Recovery and output value of metals
Chapter 06
1. Table 1 Estimation of e-waste generation in China (1,000 units) [3].
2. Table 2 Overview of casual waste recycling jobs in Taizhou of China
Chapter 07
1. Table 1 Various Types of Metals for Different Kinds of WEEE Materials
2. Table 2 Various Types of WEEE Materials and Processing Companies
3. Table 3 Metal refinery companies for different types of metal recovery
4. Table 4 List of SKS Furnace Installations for Copper Smelting
5. Table 5 Installations of SKS Lead Smelters in China
Chapter 08
1. Table 1 Pollution statistics of key sources of industrial enterprises in Xiangjiang River Basin [17].
2. Table 2 Metal concentration levels in atmospheric PM 2.5 in typical regions of China (µg·m⁻³) [41].
3. Table 3 Standard limit of environmental air quality of heavy metals in China (annual average) (µg·m⁻³)
4. Table 4 Elimination of Inefficient Production Facilities in China in 2012–2013 [84, 85].
5. Table 5 Production and composition of blast furnace dust in China in iron and steel enterprises
Chapter 09
1. Table 1 Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in ambient air in Hg mining districts and remote regions in China
2. Table 2 Mercury concentrations in surface water in Hg mining areas worldwide (ng/L)
3. Table 3 Comparison of human hair Hg concentrations in different Hg mines
4. Table 4 Comparison of blood Hg (B-Hg) concentrations in the population from Hg mines
Chapter 10
1. Table 1 Human exposure to specific non-essential metal species and known adverse health effects as well as potential disease links
Chapter 11
1. Table 1 Functions of essential metals in biological systems. General functions of the most common elements used throughout all domains of life. This is not an exhaustive list. Refer to da Silva and Williams (2001) for the uses of metals in proteins and biological systems
2. Table 2 Acceptable standards for metal contaminants in soil, water, and sediment and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for C. metallidurans and E. coli
3. Table 3 Overview of microbial metal resistance mechanisms
Chapter 12
1. Table 1 Elemental Analysis Techniques
2. Table 2 Commercial Products Containing Various Resin Types and Their Application to Metal Separations
3. Table 3 Precious Metal Capabilities and Feed Requirements for Analig® Materials
Chapter 13
1. Table 1 Reported potentials for the reduction of f-element ions dissolved in ILs to their zero valent state
Chapter 14
1. Table 1 Green Chemistry Principles Applied to MRT Platinum Group Metal Separations
2. Table 2 Summary of Major Advantages of MRT in PGM Refining Versus Conventional Processes and Technologies
3. Table 3 Purity levels of sixteen separated rare earth element salts [17,18]
4. Table 4 Comparison of MRT and SX Capex and Opex Costs
Chapter 15
1. Table 1 Platinum Supply and Demand
2. Table 2 Palladium Supply and Demand
3. Table 3 Precious metal demand in the electronics industry
4. Table 4 Plating solutions and recovery techniques
5. Table 5 Types and characteristics of fuel cells
6. Table 6 Typical valences of precious metals and chloride ion types
7. Table 7 Precipitation separation method used during refining
Chapter 16
1. Table 1 Variation in average annual demand and price of the precious metals [5–9]
2. Table 2 Variation in annual non-investment uses and recycling demands for the precious metals [5–8]
3. Table 3 Comparison of average prices and price volatility of selected precious and base metals between 2004 and 2014. (Price data taken from [8, 13])
4. Table 4 Major international initiatives and campaigns impacting precious metals and sustainability. Adapted from [38]
Chapter 17
1. Table 1 Separation Efficiencies of APU at Amarillo Copper Refinery
Chapter 20
1. Table 1 World Reserve/Production Ratios for Selected Metals, 2014^a
2. Table 2 World Reserve/Production Ratios for Copper, 1950–2013^a
3. Table 3 Ore Grades in Australia, 1900–2009^a
Chapter 21
1. Table 1 Common wastes produced directly and indirectly as a result of mining and processing
2. Table 2 Examples of processes that reduce waste production and/or energy consumption compared with conventional processing
3. Table 3 An integrated stewardship strategy for minerals and metals

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1 Global rare earth oxide production trends, 1950–2000. The Mountain Pass deposit is in California, U.S.A.
2. Figure 2 Abundance (expressed as atoms of element per 10⁶ atoms of Si) of the chemical elements in Earth’s upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. Many of the elements are classified into (partially overlapping) categories: (1) rock-forming elements (major elements in green field and minor elements in light green field); (2) rare earth elements (lanthanides, La–Lu, and Y; labeled in blue); (3) major industrial metals (global production > ~3 × 10⁷ kg/year; labeled in bold); (4) precious metals (italic); and (5) the nine rarest “metals” — the six platinum group elements plus Au, Re, and Te (a metalloid).
3. Figure 3 Gross global and European demand for platinum, palladium, and rhodium for automotive catalysts from 1980 to 2015.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 1 FC Information, product and incentives flows in the voluntary UK mobile phone takeback network [57].
Chapter 03
1. Figure 1 Decision tree to determine whether used electronic equipment is a waste to be controlled under the Basel Convention or not.
2. Figure 2 Material composition of waste personal computer
3. Figure 3 Material composition of waste mobile phone.
4. Figure 4 Mean percentage composition of spent rechargeable lamps
5. Figure 5 Samples of waste rechargeable electric torches (WRETs) and waste non-rechargeable electric torches (WNETs)
6. Figure 6 Samples of waste rechargeable electric lamps (WRELs) and their batteries
7. Figure 7 E-waste flows to developing countries.
8. Figure 8 Life cycle of electronic equipment.
9. Figure 9 Flow diagram of major components of E-waste and available management methods
Chapter 04
1. Figure 1 Dynamics of metals flow in the environment
2. Figure 2 The African continent showing the major resources; on the right is an art piece made from scrap metal.
3. Figure 3 Cooking stoves or braziers in scrap metal for wood or charcoal.
4. Figure 4 Recycling rates of various metals at global level.
5. Figure 5 Companionality evaluation of selected metals.
6. Figure 6 E-waste scavenging and processing procedures for metals
7. Figure 7 Flow chart of E-waste management in informal sector in India.
Chapter 05
1. Figure 1 Potential Global E-waste Flows.
2. Figure 2 E-waste Laws and Regulations in China
3. Figure 3 Formal recycling enterprises in China as of December 2013.
4. Figure 4 Production, Import and Consumption Trends of Copper, Aluminum and Lead in China
5. Figure 5 Basic Reserves of Metals in China
6. Figure 6 Iron Ore Domestic Extraction and Import in China (100 Million Tonnes)
7. Figure 7 Recycling Processes of Waste Iron and Copper in China
8. Figure 8 Regional Recycling Centers of Waste Copper and Aluminum in China
9. Figure 9 Secondary metals recycling in China
Chapter 06
1. Figure 1 The Administrative Regulation for the Recovery and Treatment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products combines serveral e-waste-related laws and regulations. The main impact of this regulation to introduce a standardised financing mechanism
2. Figure 2 Financial and material flows under the China WEEE fund system
3. Figure 3 General flowchart of manual sorting and dismantling procedures in Fengjiang Subdistrict of Taizhou, China.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 1 Flowchart for metals recovery from discarded PCBs by physical methods (He 2006).
Chapter 08
1. Figure 1 Examples of Heavy Metal Pollution Accidents in China in 2008–2012
2. Figure 2 Chinese environmental standard system
Chapter 09
1. Figure 1 Categories of Hg supply and usage in 2007 in China [4].
2. Figure 2 Relations among THg, MeHg and its ratios in Hg mining areas in China
3. Figure 3 Spatial distribution of THg (left) and MeHg (right) in surface soil with sampling locations in the Lanmuchang Hg mining district, China [37].
4. Figure 4 Concentrations of THg in the water collected from Wanshan Hg mine Wukeng settling pond for the last 12 years [32,35,52]
5. Figure 5 Correlation between THg concentration in lichen and total gaseous Hg concentrations in ambient air.
6. Figure 6 Comparison of blood Hg in the population from Wanshan Hg mine.
7. Figure 7 Comparison of UHg in the population from different Hg mines in China. Data from [59,61,63] with permission of Elsevier
Chapter 10
1. Figure 1 Speciation of a typical cationic metal in a natural water
2. Figure 2 Interaction of a typical cationic metal at a biological surface
3. Figure 3 Relationship between the aqueous free Cd²⁺ concentration and the hepatic Cd concentration in juvenile yellow perch living in the Rouyn-Noranda lakes. Each point corresponds to fish collected from a different lake.
4. Figure 4 (a) Cadmium detoxification response in yellow perch as indicated by the increase in metallothionein-bound Cd as a function of total hepatic Cd; (b) Cd binding to putative metal-sensitive sites in yellow perch liver increases despite the detoxification response. Symbols: solid triangles = metallothionein-like peptides; solid squares = mitochondria; inverted open triangles = lysosomes + microsomes; open hexagons = heat-denatured proteins.
5. Figure 5 The gastrointestinal tract in a human adult is an astonishing 8 m long and represents the umbilical cord by which every human being is connected to its geochemical environment via the ingestion of food/drinking water and the non-essential metals therein throughout life. This picture was obtained from the exhibition “Reise in den menschlichen Körper” in the Haus der Natur, Salzburg, Austria
6. Figure 6 Overview of possible approaches to establish human exposure to non-essential metals
7. Figure 7 Conceptual depiction of two feasible pathways by which the chronic human ingestion of comparatively small daily doses of a non-essential metal (e.g., As(III)) may eventually result in adverse health effects. Whereas mechanism 1 has been extensively studied, much less is known about mechanism 2, which is associated with the perturbation of the metabolism of essential ultratrace elements (e.g., Se). Note that even though sufficient amounts of total Se may be ingested via the diet, the decreased amount of Se that is available for metalloprotein synthesis in organs may be insufficient to maintain health and eventually result in disease.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 1 Bacterial interactions with the metals of the periodic table. Bacterial interactions with metals are dependent on both the specific metal and its oxidative state. Some are needed at comparatively high concentrations (i.e. mg L⁻¹, grey boxes), others are needed in lower concentrations (i.e. µg–mg L⁻¹, white boxes); a few are used very rarely for specific purposes in particular bacteria (dashed outline boxes). Additionally, some metal elements are especially toxic to bacteria, even at very low concentrations (≤ µg L⁻¹, white circles)
2. Figure 2 Disruptive reactions of ROS
Chapter 12
1. Figure 1 Typical chromatogram of arsenic compounds in buffer solution. Analytical Column: Inetsil AS 3 mm 4.6 x 250 mm, Buffer solution: 10 mM sodium 1-butane sulfonate, 4 mM tetramethylammonium hydroxide, 4 mM malonic acid and 0.05% methanol in Milli-Q water with pH adjusted to 3.0 by HNO₃. (Analytical compounds: 1. Arsenate, 2. Arsenite, 3. Methylarsonic acid, 4. Dimethylarsinic acid, 5. Arsenobetaine, 6. Trimethylarsine oxide, 7. Tetramethylarsonium salt, 8. Arsenocholine.)
2. Figure 2 Typical chromatogram of arsenic compounds in marine alga “Japanese food: Hijiki”. Anaytical Column: Inertsil AS 3 mm 2.1 x 150 mm. (Analytical Compounds: 1. Arsenate, 2. Arsenite, 3. Dimethylarsinic acid, 4. Unknown peak, 5. Arseno Suger.)
3. Figure 3 Procedure for Pb separation using MRT-SPE products (AnaLig® Pb-01, AnaLig® Pb-02).
4. Figure 4 Effect of co-existing ions on the performance of SPE-MRT cartridges. Sample solution: 100 µg L^–1 (Pb and other elements), volume: 4 mL, loading flow rate: 1 mL min^–1, eluent: 0.03 M EDTA, and elution flow rate: 2 mL at 0.5 mL min^–1 and 6 mL at 2 mL min^–1. Values reported are averages of three determinations in each case.
5. Figure 5 MRT-SPE Method for Extraction of PGMs from High Matrix Solutions
6. Figure 6 Typical SPE procedure for precious metals.
7. Figure 7 Typical SPE vacuum manifold for precious metal separation.
8. Figure 8 MRT-SPE column and MRT Empore RadDisk. SPE cartridge: AnaLig® Sr-01 500 mg/3 mL (IBC and GL Sciences); SPE Disk: Empore Sr Rad Disk 47 mm (3M).
9. Figure 9 Conditioning, sample loading, and elution steps for SPE columns and SPE disks
10. Figure 10 Comparison of column and Rad disk for recovery of strontium-88 in the presence of rubidium-85 interferent.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 1 Examples of coordinating ions used to make ILs
2. Figure 2 Proposed dimeric structure of the precursor (left) and the monomeric IL based on [DEHP]^- (right). Sun (2010b).
3. Figure 3 Examples of reactive dissolution in functionalized ILs
4. Figure 4 Structures of some ions used to make ILs for f-element electrodeposition
Chapter 14
1. Figure 1 Flow sheet for selective separation of iridium from rhodium and base metals. ORP = oxidation-reduction potential. Izatt, 2014 [16].
2. Figure 2 Flow sheet for selective separation of Rh from Pd, Pt, Ru, Ir, Ag, Au, and base metals. ORP = oxidation-reduction potential. Izatt, 2014 [16].
3. Figure 3 Individual, sequential, selective separations of Pd, Pt, and Rh from a feed solution containing these metals and base metals in an HCl solution. ORP = oxidation-reduction potential. Izatt, 2014 [16].
4. Figure 4 Individual, sequential, selective separations of Pd, Pt, Ir, and Rh from a base metal matrix. ORP = oxidation-reduction potential. Izatt, 2014 [16].
5. Figure 5 Scheme for separation of sixteen rare earth elements from Bokan-Dotson Ridge pregnant leach solution and from each other [17]
Chapter 15
1. Figure 1 Platinum Use by Region
2. Figure 2 Palladium Use by Region
3. Figure 3 Rhodium Use Worldwide
4. Figure 4 Recycling System for Autocatalysts
5. Figure 5 Separation and Recovery of PGMs Using ROSE Process
6. Figure 6 Precious metal recycling flowchart for cell phones
7. Figure 7 Plating line configuration
8. Figure 8 Schematic diagram and operating principle of a solid oxide fuel cell (single cell)
9. Figure 9 TEM image of highly dispersed platinum particles on carbon.
10. Figure 10 Oxygen reduction reaction activity of platinum/transition metal alloy catalysts [4]. Stamenkovic, 2006 [4].
11. Figure 11 TEM image of highly dissolving-resistant platinum catalyst.
12. Figure 12 Activity comparison before and after durability testing [5]: 50% Pt: Before stabilization treatment; 50% Pt-HT: After stabilization treatment. Matsutani K, 2010 [5]. http://www.technology.matthey.com/article/54/4/223-232/ CC0-4.0 public domain http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
13. Figure 13 Fuel cell voltage drop against carbon monoxide concentration.
14. Figure 14 TEM image of platinum/ruthenium alloy catalyst.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 1 Schematic structure of the precious metals industry. (a) Gold and silver refining, fabrication, and recycling occur largely separately from their mining and extraction activities, while (b) PGM refineries are typically more integrated with the upstream operations and often include recycling operations
2. Figure 2 Main categories of demand and use for gold, silver, platinum, and palladium in 2014 [5–9]
3. Figure 3 Long-term trends in price volatility of gold, silver, and platinum from 2004 to 2014 (measured by the ratio of the moving 12-month standard deviation to the preceding 12-month average)
4. Figure 4 Global trend of declining ore grades of gold mines from 1830 to 2010
5. Figure 5 High-level schematic of PGM refining from ore, showing the mass reduction at each main step of the process and the respective 4E (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh) grade
6. Figure 6 Schematic showing the evolution of the extent of interaction between governments and mining companies over the past century
7. Figure 7 The three main activities of a precious metals refiner
8. Figure 8 Two basic processing schemes for the refining of gold, silver, and PGM
9. Figure 9 Precious metal recycling as a proportion of supply
10. Figure 10 Average cellular phone handset mass and gold content between 1992 and 2006.
11. Figure 11 Non-renewable resources spiral
Chapter 17
1. Figure 1 GV Asarco’s Amarillo Copper Refinery (ACR) Tankhouse in Amarillo, Texas
2. Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of the Copper Electrorefining Process
3. Figure 3 Bismuth Behavior in Electrolyte vs the As/(Sb+Bi) Mass Ratio
4. Figure 4 Schematic Flow Diagram of the EEP for Bismuth Removal using MRT [11] (TH = Tankhouse)
5. Figure 5 Bi Loading Capacity (% accumulation) vs BV; Concentrations of Bismuth are <450 mg/L in Lower Three Curves and >550 mg/L in Remaining Curves [11]
6. Figure 6 Typical Bismuth Elution Profile using 9M H₂SO₄ [11]
7. Figure 7 Schematic Flow Diagram of the Acid Purification Unit Operating Cycle [12]
8. Figure 8 Precipitation Curves for Arsenic Using Sodium Carbonate [12]
9. Figure 9 Precipitation Curves for Copper Using Sodium Carbonate [12]
10. Figure 10 Precipitation Curves Using Sodium Carbonate after Acid Neutralization with Sodium Hydroxide
11. Figure 11 Nickel Carbonate Precipitate
12. Figure 12 Schematic Drawing of the Conventional Atmospheric Oxidizing Leaching Process [13].
13. Figure 13 Schematic Drawing of the Pressure Slimes Leaching Process [13].
14. Figure 14 Schematic Drawing of the Tellurium Removal Process [13].
15. Figure 15 Tellurium Concentration vs Time when Excess Copper is added at the Beginning of the Batch [13].
16. Figure 16 Tellurium Concentration vs Time when Copper is added Every Two Hours [13].
17. Figure 17 3D Models of Tanks, Storage and Containment Areas of an Oil Separator System
Chapter 18
1. Figure 1 Tracked and tired lightweight drill in operation.
2. Figure 2 Closeup of rubber-tired, self- propelled combination diamond, reverse circulation and auger drill (Scout).
3. Figure 3 Elevated bridge crossing.
4. Figure 4 21 November 2009 Quickbird image of the study site showing the three biosolids plots, unamended tailings and undisturbed desert soil east of the tailings.
5. Figure 5 Reclamation of copper tailings with livestock (ASARCOws).
6. Figure 6 Cactus salvage nursery.
7. Figure 7 TSF before reclamation.
8. Figure 8 Benches and side slopes before reclamation.
9. Figure 9 Revegetation success: top of TSF in year 3.
10. Figure 10 Revegetation success: side slopes of TSF in year 3.
11. Figure 11 Avalon Solar Project.
Chapter 19
1. Figure 1 Distribution of elements in the metal, slag, and gas phases during copper smelting under the simulated atmosphere of the copper converter [5].
2. Figure 2 Flow of elements associated with the copper production process [5].
3. Figure 3 Distribution of elements in the metal, slag, and gas phases during lead smelting under the simulated atmosphere of the lead blast furnace [4]
4. Figure 4 Flow of elements associated with aluminum refining and remelting [3].
5. Figure 5 Distribution of elements in the metal, slag, and gas phases during the aluminum remelting process under a simulated atmosphere [6].
6. Figure 6 Element radar chart for the recycling of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, Ti, Mg and superalloys into the metal phase [4,6,7,28]. BOF, basic oxygen furnace; EAF, electric arc furnace; VAR, Vacuum arc remelting; ESR, Electro-slag remelting
Chapter 21
1. Figure 1 The materials cycle
2. Figure 2 Quantities of solid wastes produced annually in the primary production of some common mineral and metal commodities (after Rankin, 2011).
3. Figure 3 The changing nature of industry’s response to the environmental impact of wastes from mining and processing (after Rankin, 2011).
4. Figure 4 Schematic representation of (a) open and (b) closed material flow systems (after Frosch, 1995).
5. Figure 5 The interrelationship of the resource stock, material stock and product stock.
6. Figure 6 Conceptual flowsheet of a charcoal plant for producing 100,000 tonnes per year
7. Figure 7 Breakdown of estimated capital cost of the charcoal plant (total AU$111 million)
8. Figure 8 Breakdown of the cost and revenue for the production of charcoal from biomass (per tonne charcoal basis)
9. Figure 9 Estimated value-added per unit of oven-dry biomass for various products
10. Figure 10 Stage contributions to Global Warming Potential (GWP), or greenhouse gas footprint, of charcoal production (no by-product credits)

Pages

iii
iv
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
xxi
xxii
xxiii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527

Adebola A. Adeyi, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Gilbert U. Adie, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Paula Berton, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, U.S.A; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

Sean C. Booth, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Ronald L. Bruening, IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Fork, UT, U.S.A.

Peter G.C. Campbell, Institut national de la Recherche scientifique, INRS‐ETE, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, Canada

Xinwen Chi, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Nicholas Dinham, Platinum Group Metals Consultant, Johannesburg, South Africa

Roderick G. Eggert, Division of Economics and Business, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, U.S.A.

Xinbin Feng, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China

Mathew L. Frankel, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Yoshiaki Furusho, GL Sciences Inc., Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

Jürgen Gailer, University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Xueyi Guo, Research Institute for Resource Recycling, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC

Christian Hagelüken, Umicore AG & Co, KG, Hanau, Germany

Taiwo B. Hammed, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Nawshad Haque, CSIRO Mineral Resources, Clayton, Australia

Hiroshi Hasegawa, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan

Satoshi Ichiishi, Chemical & Refining Company, Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, Nagatoro, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan

Neil E. Izatt, IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Fork, UT, U.S.A.

Reed M. Izatt, IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Fork, UT, U.S.A.; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, U.S.A.

Steven R. Izatt, IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Fork, UT, U.S.A.

Xiaoyun Jiang, Changsha Hasky Environmental Science and Technology Limited Co., Xinsheng Road, Changsha, Hunan, China

Steven P. Kelley, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, U.S.A; Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

Krzysztof E. Krakowiak, IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Fork, UT, U.S.A.

Jinhui Li, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Ping Li, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China

Kenichi Nakajima, Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan

Kazuyo Matsubae, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

Koichi Matsutani, Shonan Plant, Chemical & Refining Products Division, Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K., Nagatoro, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan

James S. McKenzie, Ucore Rare Metals, Inc., Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada

Takahiro Miki, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

Michael B. Mooiman, Franklin Pierce University, Manchester, NH, U.S.A.

Tracy Morris, ASARCO LLC, Amarillo, TX, U.S.A.

Tetsuya Nagasaka, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

Luis G. Navarro, IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Fork, UT, U.S.A.

Innocent C. Nnorom, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria

Mary B. Ogundiran, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Akihiko Okuda, Shonan Plant, Chemical & Refining Products Division, Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K., Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan

Oladele Osibanjo, Basel Convention Coordinating Centre For Training & Technology Transfer for the African Region, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria & Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Krishna Parameswaran, tfgMM Strategic Consulting, Scottsdale, AZ, U.S.A.

Guangle Qiu, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China

Ismail M.M. Rahman, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima City, Fukushima, Japan

William J. Rankin, CSIRO Mineral Resources, Clayton, Australia

Weldon Read, ASARCO LLC, Amarillo, TX, U.S.A.

Robin D. Rogers, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, U.S.A.

Kathryn C. Sole, Consulting Hydrometallurgist, Johannesburg, South Africa

Jianfei Song, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China

Qingbin Song, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Mynepalli K. C. Sridhar, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Martin Streicher‐Porte, FHNW, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute for Biomass and Resource Efficiency, Windisch, Switzerland

Shengpei Su, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China

Osamu Takeda, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

Raymond J. Turner, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Tetsuya Ueda, Shonan Plant,Tanaka Kikinzoku K.K., Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan

Ian D. Williams, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, U.K.

Kaihua Xu, GEM CO., Ltd, Marina Bay Center, South of Xinghua Rd., Bao’an Center Area, Shenzhen, PRC

Jianxin Yang, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Yongzhu Zhang, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PRC

Global Challenges, Consequences, and Prospects