Cover
Title Page
Contributors
Introduction: Do Protected Areas Safeguard Biodiversity?
1. The future of protected areas
2. References
Part I: The Global Protected Area Portfolio
1. 1 Government Commitments for Protected Areas
  1. Introduction
  2. Emergence and evolution of government commitments on protected areas
  3. Role of the CBD and its Programme of Work on Protected Areas (2004)
  4. The CBD 2020 Strategic Plan and Aichi Target 11
  5. The importance of national implementation in the context of the global target
  6. Sources of progress toward Target 11
  7. Strengthening the link between political commitment and action
  8. Overcoming funding and policy barriers to implementation of protected area commitments
  9. Scaling up ambition and achieving sustained public support
  10. References
2. 2 Protected Area Diversity and Potential for Improvement
  1. Introduction
  2. The variety of protected areas
  3. Different approaches to building national protected area systems
  4. Identifying some gaps in our knowledgeand necessary next steps
  5. References
3. 3 Sound Investments
  1. Introduction
  2. Protected areas as natural solutions to climate change
  3. Protected areas securing human welfare
  4. Protect, connect, and restore
  5. Funding protected area expansion and management
  6. Mainstreaming protected areas into development strategies
  7. References
4. 4 Optimal Protection of the World’s Threatened Birds, Mammals, and Amphibians
  1. Introduction
  2. Materials and methods
  3. How well represented are threatened birds, mammals, and amphibians in the current PA system?
  4. What is needed to optimally protect birds, amphibians, and mammals, and where are these priority landscapes?
  5. Discussion
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
5. 5 Maintaining a Global Data Set on Protected Areas
  1. The world database on protected areas
  2. WDPA quality
  3. Protected area statistics
  4. Biodiversity protection statistics
  5. Enabling the WDPA: fundamental principles
  6. Summary and conclusion
  7. References
Part II: The Fate of Species in Protected Areas
1. 6 Species Population Trends in Protected Areas
  1. Introduction
  2. Data availability: Collating abundance data for protected area evaluation
  3. Current trends: African case study
  4. Future trends: Scenario models to support protected area policy
  5. Discussion
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
2. 7 Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Conserving Large Carnivores in Europe
  1. Introduction
  2. Methods
  3. Results
  4. Discussion
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. References
3. 8 Towards Understanding Drivers of Wildlife Population Trends in Terrestrial Protected Areas
  1. Introduction
  2. Impact of protection
  3. Drivers of biodiversity outcomes
  4. Acknowledgements
  5. References
Part III: Managing Protected Areas at System Scales
1. 9 Toward Assessing the Vulnerability of US National Parks to Land Use and Climate Change
  1. Introduction
  2. Delineating PACEs
  3. Exposure to land use and climate change in the last century
  4. Forecasting change in climate and biome location: 2010–2090
  5. Cumulative effects of past and projected future climate and land use
  6. Implications for management
  7. Concluding remarks
  8. Acknowledgments
  9. References
2. 10 Integrating Community-Managed Areas into Protected Area Systems
  1. Introduction
  2. CCAs as important solutions to biodiversity conservation: The assumptions
  3. Protected areas as complex socioecological systems: The relevance of institutional theory
  4. A comparative analysis of biological outcomes in community-managed landscapes
  5. Comparisons of community-managed/used areas with SPAs
  6. Comparisons of community-managed/used areas with open-access systems
  7. Community-managed forests over time
  8. Biological outcomes in CCAs: Analysis of socioeconomic, environmental, and institutional drivers
  9. Negative biological outcomes in community-managed areas
  10. Positive biological outcomes in community-managed areas
  11. Biodiversity conservation in community-managed areas: Synergies and trade-offs
  12. Conclusions
  13. References
3. 11 The Importance of Asia's Protected Areas for Safeguarding Commercially High Value Species
  1. Introduction
  2. Methods
  3. Results
  4. Discussion
  5. Protected areas provide the best hope for the dedicated antipoaching efforts needed to conserve CHV species in Asia
  6. Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References
Part IV: Monitoring Protected Areas at System Scales
1. 12 Monitoring Protected Area Coverage and Impact on Key Biodiversity Areas, Important Bird Areas and Alliance for Zero Extinction Sites
  1. Introduction
  2. Protected area coverage of important sites for biodiversity conservation
  3. State, pressure and responses at protected areas that overlap important sites for biodiversity conservation
  4. Trends in the extinction risk of species in protected areas that overlap important sites for biodiversity conservation
  5. Conclusions and policy implications
  6. Acknowledgements
  7. References
2. 13 Camera Traps for Conservation
  1. Introduction
  2. Species level indicators
  3. Scaling biodiversity surveys to monitor Aichi progress: Field surveys and camera trapping
  4. Cost considerations for camera trap monitoring in protected areas
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
3. 14 Monitoring Protected Areas from Space
  1. Introduction
  2. Remote sensing and terrestrial protected area monitoring
  3. Remote sensing and marine protected area monitoring
  4. Limitations
  5. Conclusions
  6. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. Table 1.1 Some international milestones in the evolution of global protected area commitments
Chapter 02
1. Table 2.1 ‘The IUCN protected area matrix’: a classification system for protected areas comprising both management category and governance type
Chapter 03
1. Table 3.1 Examples of benefits afforded by protected areas through ecosystem services in addition to biodiversity conservation
Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1 The number of gap species and the number of species that met their representation target (see text) by taxonomic group
2. Table 4.2 Two different scenarios for the amount of land requiring protection in order to achieve threatened species representation and persistence targets: (1) achieving coverage by at least one protected area for each threatened mammal, bird, and amphibian species and (2) achieving minimum persistence targets for each threatened mammal, bird, and amphibian species (defined by Rodrigues et al., 2004a, b)
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1 Species life history data used to develop the population and protected area network models
Chapter 09
1. Table 9.1 Land use properties of the PACEs surrounding the US national park units included in this study.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 A summary of positive, negative, and neutral outcomes in biodiversity conservation from selected case studies
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Proportion of the seven CHV species’ range and total population within protected areas
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 CBD Aichi 2020 targets relating to protected areas and biodiversity

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 Growth in number of nationally and internationally designated protected areas (1911–2011).
2. Figure 1.2 Current and targeted percent of terrestrial area under protection for 86 countries.
3. Figure 1.3 Marine areas under protection and national MPA targets for 70 countries.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Dispersal between protected areas will vary with species, intervening environment and many other factors
2. Figure 2.2 Different options for connectivity between protected areas: (a) network of small reserves functioning as a mega-reserve and (b) network of small reserves isolated from each other and not interacting
3. Figure 2.3 Some different relationships between species and protected areas: (a) species confined entirely inside protected areas, (b) species distribution unaffected by protected areas, (c) species concentrated in but not confined to protected areas, and (d) species entirely outside protected areas
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 The relationship between protected area coverage and geographic range size for threatened bird, amphibian, and mammal species (n = 4118). The gray line represents the persistence target for each species developed by Rodrigues et al. (2004a, b), based on the scaled fraction of range size.
2. Figure 4.2 Priority additions (black) to the global protected area estate that capture underrepresented threatened species’ distributions. This analysis starts with the existing protected area system and adds new sites that contribute most to meeting persistence targets (see text for details). Gray areas represent existing protected areas.
3. Figure 4.3 Proportion of new protected areas in an efficiently designed protected area network that lies within the borders of each country and achieves (a) representation of all threatened BAM species, (where total area added is equal to 0.2% of the terrestrial area on Earth) and (b) persistence targets for all threatened BAM species (where total area added is equal to 5.5% of the terrestrial area on Earth).
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5.1 WDPA attributes. *Indicates attributes assigned or calculated by UNEP-WCMC (2015).
2. Figure 5.2 Attribute gaps in the WDPA in August 2014.
3. Figure 5.3 Percentage of all terrestrial and marine areas (0–200 nautical miles) covered by protected areas, 1990–2014 (Juffe-Bignoli et al., 2014a)
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 Location of abundance time series in protected areas. (a) Map showing coincidence of marine and land-based protected areas with population abundance data. (b) Number of time series data over time. (c) Length of time series data. (d) Time series starting and ending.
2. Figure 6.2 Trends in populations of large mammal species in African protected areas for (a) whole continent and (b) eastern, (c) western, and (d) southern Africa.
3. Figure 6.3 Biodiversity indicators track changes in protected area status under a range of different management scenarios. (a) Red List Index. (b) Living Planet Index.
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 Main steps followed in the development of population distribution models
2. Figure 7.2 Coverage percentage of protected areas for three species in Europe. BL, baseline coverage (protected habitat/overall habitat); EC, effective coverage (protected habitat reaching the target at the cluster level/overall habitat); MPS, MPS coverage (protected habitat with a minimum patch size/overall habitat); NPAs, national protected areas; SACs, Special Areas of Conservation in Natura 2000 network. Values above the EC bars indicate the number of protected site clusters able to support viable populations.
3. Figure 7.3 Potential population size within protected area system in each European country (assuming their occupation and connection within each country and considering an average density of 0.02 n/km²). Dashed lines represent the target for the species.
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9.1 Protected area centered ecosystems (PACEs) surrounding each US national park, color-coded by land use typological membership. Classification criteria were as follows: wildland protected, >65% public; wildland developable, <65% public, >60% private undeveloped, <16% private agriculture; agricultural, <65% public private, >60% undeveloped, >16% private agriculture; exurban, <65% public private, >60% undeveloped, <15% private dominated by exurban or urban; urban, <65% public private, >60% undeveloped, >15% private dominated by urban or urban.
2. Figure 9.2 Relative levels of temperature change, proportion of PACE developed, and nonnative vascular plants among PACEs. The data are expressed as the percentage of the highest value among the PACEs for each variable, and these percentages are summed to represent the relative magnitude of the combined exposure to these three components of global change
3. Figure 9.3 Projected change in mean annual temperature within protected area centered ecosystems (PACEs) surrounding US national parks under the CGCM3_A2 model and scenario.
4. Figure 9.4 Percent of each protected area centered ecosystems (PACEs) projected to shift in biome type suitability under the consensus of six climate models and scenarios (above) and color-coded level of biome suitability shift by 2030 mapped across the United States.
5. Figure 9.5 PACEs positioned in the space defined by the percentage of the PACE developed in 2010 and by the percentage of the PACE projected to undergo a biome shift by 2030.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Frequency of association (number of case studies) of selected variables from Ostrom’s socioecological systems framework (Ostrom, 2007) with positive and negative biological outcomes.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Current ranges of Asian elephants (top left) (adapted from Talukdar et al., 2010), tigers (top right) (adapted from Walston et al., 2010), gaur and banteng (bottom left) (adapted from IUCN, 2010), and Asian rhinoceroses (bottom right) (adapted from Hedges et al., 2009), with Javan rhinoceros solely on the island of Java, Sumatran rhinoceros only the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, and greater one-horned rhinoceros only in India and Nepal (inset)
2. Figure 11.2 Overlap in the range of CHV species in protected areas showing how many of the seven species occur in each protected area
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Trends in (a) the extent of terrestrial protected areas and their coverage of (b) IBAs and (c) AZEs. For protected areas, the lines represent minimum and maximum estimates with 95% confidence intervals, derived from areas with delimited boundaries and those with and without delimited boundaries, respectively. For IBAs and AZEs, shading shows 95% confidence intervals based on uncertainty around date of protection (and, for a small subset of IBAs, proportion protected).
2. Figure 12.2 The proportion of total protected area extent covering important sites, 1950–2006. Lines represent minimum and maximum estimates based on uncertainty in the extent of protected areas.
3. Figure 12.3 IBA indices (mean ± 95% CI) for state, pressure and response during 1999–2005 at protected (filled circles, n = 20) and unprotected (filled squares, n = 16) Kenyan IBAs.
4. Figure 12.4 Proportion of Kenyan IBAs that are protected areas (n = 20) or unprotected (n = 16) with different categories of scores for management planning during 1999–2005; figures give the number of IBAs.
5. Figure 12.5 Proportion of Kenyan IBAs that are protected areas IBAs (n = 20) or unprotected (n = 16) with different categories of scores for conservation action during 1999–2005; figures give the number of IBAs.
6. Figure 12.6 IBA indices (mean ± 95% CI) for state, pressure and response during 1999–2005 at protected Kenyan IBAs managed by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS; n = 4), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS; n = 7), National Museums of Kenya (NMK; n = 1) or jointly by more than one of these agencies (JA; n = 8).
7. Figure 12.7 Annual percentage decline in Red List Index for sets of bird species (during 1988–2008) with ≤50% or >50% of IBAs completely protected and for bird (1988–2008), mammal (1996–2008) and amphibian species (1980–2004) restricted to single sites (AZEs) that are partially/unprotected versus completely protected (averaged across taxa, weighting species equally). Numbers within each bar refer to the number of species. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals based on uncertainty around the estimated value that is introduced by data-deficient species.
8. Figure 12.8 Observed annual percentage declines in Red List Index (RLI) are significantly different from those expected by chance based on 10,000 randomisations for (a) bird species (during 1988–2008) with >50% of IBAs completely protected (N = 1004, P < 0.001) and (b) for bird (1988–2008), mammal (1996–2008) and amphibian species (1980–2004) restricted to single sites (AZEs) that are partially/unprotected (N = 675, P = 0.025) versus completely covered by protected areas (N = 170, P = 0.032). The RLI for bird species with ≤50% of IBAs completely protected was not significantly different from random (N = 3440, P = 0.31 (a)). The observed annual percentage change in RLI is shown as black lines (with 95% confidence intervals based on uncertainty introduced by data-deficient species shown by dashed lines) and annual percentage change in RLI from randomly allocating species 10,000 times shown by grey bars, with short black lines indicating the 5% confidence interval for a one-tailed test.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Growth in research publications citing use of camera traps to collect data, falling cost of camera traps (closed circles, regression line), increasing capacity (images on film versus digital cameras: above line), and increased battery life (below line) (Reuters, 2015)
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Excess of rainfall (in millimetre), NDVI and NDWI as reported by the African Protected Areas Assessment Tool (Hartley et al., 2007) for the Serengeti National Park (Tanzania). Observations are collected for each 10-day period and contrasted against 10-year averages (grey line) and associated 95% Confidence intervals (grey areas).

Previously published

Elephants and Savanna Woodland Ecosystems: A Study from Chobe National Park, Botswana
Edited by Christina Skarpe, Johan T. du Toit and Stein R. Moe
ISBN: 978-0-470-67176-4 Hardcover; May 2014

Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation: Bridging the Gap between Global Commitment and Local Action
Edited by Ben Collen, Nathalie Pettorelli, Jonathan E.M. Baillie and Sarah M. Durant
ISBN: 978-1-4443-3291-9 Hardcover;
ISBN: 978-1-4443-3292-6 Paperback; April 2013

Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation: Exploring the Evidence for a Link
Edited by Dilys Roe, Joanna Elliott, Chris Sandbrook and Matt Walpole
ISBN: 978-0-470-67478-9 Paperback;
ISBN: 978-0-470-67479-6 Hardcover; December 2012

Applied Population and Community Ecology: The Case of Feral Pigs in Australia
Edited by Jim Hone
ISBN: 978-0-470-65864-2 Hardcover; July 2012

Tropical Forest Conservation and Industry Partnership: An Experience from the Congo Basin
Edited by Connie J. Clark and John R. Poulsen
ISBN: 978-0-4706-7373-7 Hardcover; March 2012

Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management
Edited by John G. Ewen, Doug. P. Armstrong, Kevin A. Parker and Philip J. Seddon
ISBN: 978-1-4051-8674-2 Paperback;
ISBN: 978-1-4443-6156-8 Hardcover; January 2012

Trade-offs in Conservation: Deciding What to Save
Edited by Nigel Leader-Williams, William M. Adams and Robert J. Smith
ISBN: 978-1-4051-9383-2 Paperback;
ISBN: 978-1-4051-9384-9 Hardcover; September 2010

Urban Biodiversity and Design
Edited by Norbert Müller, Peter Werner and John G. Kelcey
ISBN: 978-1-4443-3267-4 Paperback;
ISBN: 978-1-4443-3266-7 Hardcover; April 2010

Wild Rangelands: Conserving Wildlife While Maintaining Livestock in Semi-Arid Ecosystems
Edited by Johan T. du Toit, Richard Kock and James C. Deutsch
Edited by Glyn Davies and David Brown
ISBN: 978-1-4051-6779-6 Paperback; December 2007

Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators
Edited by Matt W. Hayward and Michael J. Somers
ISBN: 978-1-4051-7680-4 Paperback;
ISBN: 978-1-4051-9273-6 Hardcover; April 2009

Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Science and Practice
Edited by Barney Dickson, Jonathan Hutton and Bill Adams
ISBN: 978-1-4051-6785-7 Paperback;
ISBN: 978-1-4051-9142-5 Hardcover; March 2009

Participatory Research in Conservation and Rural Livelihoods: Doing Science Together
Edited by Louise Fortmann
ISBN: 978-1-4051-7679-8 Paperback; October 2008

Bushmeat and Livelihoods: Wildlife Management and Poverty Reduction
Edited by Glyn Davies and David Brown
ISBN: 978-1-4051-6779-6 Paperback; December 2007

Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation: Moving from Perspectives to Principles
Edited by David Lindenmayer and Richard Hobbs
ISBN: 978-1-4051-5914-2 Paperback; December 2007

Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Joppa, Lucas, editor. | Baillie, Jonathan, editor. | Robinson, John G., editor.
Title: Protected areas : are they safeguarding biodiversity? / edited by Lucas Joppa, Jonathan Baillie, and John Robinson.
Description: Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015036766| ISBN 9781118338162 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118338155 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Protected areas. | Natural resources conservation areas. | Biodiversity conservation. | Wildlife conservation.
Classification: LCC S944.5.P78 P754 2016 | DDC 333.72–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015036766

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: Getty/Kandfoto

Contributors

J. E. M. Baillie Zoological Society of London, London, UK

M. Barnes Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
School of Geography Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia

B. Bertzky United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy

L. Boitani Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

T. M. Brooks NatureServe, Arlington, VA, USA; IUCN, Gland, Switzerland

N. D. Burgess United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

S. H. M. Butchart BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

L. R. Carrasco Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore

B. Collen Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London, UK

C. Corrigan United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK

I. D. Craigie ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

C. Davis College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA

G. Dubois European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium

N. Dudley Equilibrium Research, Bristol, UK

R. A. Fuller School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia

L. Gurney European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium

J. Haas USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA

A. Hansen Ecology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA

S. Hedges Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA

M. Hockings School of Geography Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia

L. Joppa Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK

D. Juffe-Bignoli United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK

S. Kenney United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK

N. Kingston United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK

L. Krueger The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA

J. Loh WWF International, Gland, Switzerland
School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

K. MacKinnon IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) Cambridge, UK

B. MacSharry United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK

L. Maiorano Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

L. McRae Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK

A. Milam United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
EcoLogic, LLC, Birmingham, AL, USA

E. J. Milner-Gulland Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK
Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

M. A. K. Mwangi BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK

H. Nagendra School of Development, Azim Premji University, Bangalore, India

E. Nicholson School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus), Australia

T. G. O’Brien Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya

N. Pettorelli Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK

N. Piekielek University Libraries, 208L Paterno Library, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States

M. Rao Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA

J. G. Robinson Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA

C. Rondinini Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

L. Santini Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

J. P. W. Scharlemann United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

D. B. Segan Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA

G. Shahabuddin Centre for Ecology, Development and Research, Uttarakhand, India

E. J. Stokes Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA

S. Stolton Equilibrium Research, Bristol, UK

J. Walston Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA

J. E. M. Watson Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia

M. Wegmann Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
German Aerospace Centre, Cologne, Germany

S. Whitmee Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London, UKInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
International Union for Conservation of Nature, Cambridge, UK

Conservation Science and Practice Series

Protected Areas: Are They Safeguarding Biodiversity?

Contributors