Beekeeping For Dummies®
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Table of Contents
Introduction
About This Book
How This Book Is Organised
Part I: Getting Hooked on Honey Bees
Part II: Starting Your Adventure
Part III: Looking Inside Your Hive
Part IV: Common Problems and Simple Solutions
Part V: Sweet Rewards
Part VI: The Part of Tens
Icons Used in This Book
Where to Go from Here
Part I: Getting Hooked on Honey Bees
Chapter 1: To Bee or Not to Bee?
Discovering the Benefits of Beekeeping
Harvesting liquid gold: Honey
Bees as pollinators: Their vital role in ensuring our food supply
Helping the bees; helping the environment
Passing on your knowledge
Good for your wellbeing; good for your health
Determining Your Beekeeping Potential
Environmental considerations
Being responsible and considering others
Costs and equipment
Time and commitment
Beekeeper personality traits
Overcoming Fear of Stings
Knowing what to do if you’re stung
Building up a tolerance
Watching for allergic reactions
Chapter 2: Life Inside the Honey Bee Hive
Basic Body Parts
Skeleton
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
The Amazing Language of Bees
Pheromones
Shall we dance?
Dividing Honey Bees into Three Castes
Her majesty, the queen
The industrious little worker bee
The woeful drone
The Honey Bee Life-Cycle
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Part II: Starting Your Adventure
Chapter 3: Locating Your Hive
Getting Over ‘Buzz Off!’: Consulting Family and Neighbours
Location, Location, Location: Where to Keep Your Hives
Providing for your thirsty bees
Understanding why your honey varies in colour and flavour
Knowing When to Start Your Adventure
Chapter 4: Stocking Up on Basic Beekeeping Equipment
Finding Out about the Modified National Hive
Knowing the Basic Parts of the Hive
Hive stand
Floor
Entrance block
Brood chamber
Queen excluder
Super
Frames
Foundation
Crown board
Roof
Ordering Hive Parts
Preparing for assembly
Adding on Feeders
Miller and Ashforth rapid feeders
Bucket feeder
Frame feeder
Stocking Up on Your Personal Beekeeping Equipment
Smoker
Hive tool
Covering Up with Bee-Proof Clothing
Veils
Gloves
Really Helpful Accessories
Elevated hive stand
Frame rest
Bee brush
Other necessities
Chapter 5: Obtaining and Hiving Your Bees
Determining the Kind of Bee You Want
Deciding How to Obtain Your Initial Bee Colony
Picking a reputable bee supplier
Deciding when to place your order
Buying a nucleus colony
Transferring your nucleus to a hive
Purchasing an established colony
Capturing a wild swarm of bees
Ordering package bees
Meeting and Greeting: The Day Your Bees Arrive
Bringing home your bees
Feeding your bees
Buzzing with Excitement: Putting Your Bees into the Hive
Part III: Looking Inside Your Hive
Chapter 6: Opening Your Hive
Setting an Inspection Schedule
Preparing to Visit Your Hive
Making ‘non-scents’ a part of personal hygiene
Getting dressed up and ready to go
Lighting your smoker
Opening the Hive
Removing the crown board
The Hive’s Open! Now What?
Chapter 7: What to Look for when You’re Inspecting
Exploring Basic Inspection Techniques: Examining a Full Colony
Removing the first frame
Working your way through the hive
Holding up frames for inspection
Understanding what to look for every time
Replacing frames
Closing the hive
Establishing a Colony from a Nucleus
Managing your nucleus
Starting your Colony with a Package of Bees
Checking in: A week after hiving your bees
The second and third weeks
Weeks four to eight
Chapter 8: Your Work throughout the Seasons
Lazy, Hazy Days of Summer
Your summer to-do list
Your summer time commitment
Falling Leaves Point to Autumn Tasks
Your autumn to-do list
Making one hive from two
Your autumn time commitment
Clustering in a Winter Wonderland
Your winter to-do list
Your winter time commitment
Spring Is in the Air: Starting Your Second Season
Your spring to-do list
Making two hives from one
Your spring time commitment
Administering spring medication
Reversing hive bodies
Part IV: Common Problems and Simple Solutions
Chapter 9: Heading Off Potential Problems
Avoiding Absconding
Swarming
Absconding
Where Did the Queen Go?
Letting nature take its course
Ordering a replacement queen
Introducing a new queen to the hive
Avoiding Chilled Brood
Dealing with the Dreaded Robbing Frenzies
Knowing the difference between normal and abnormal (robbing) behaviour
Putting a stop to a robbing attack
Preventing robbing in the first place
Ridding Your Hive of the Laying Worker Phenomenon
How to know if you have laying workers
Getting rid of laying workers
Preventing Pesticide Poisoning
Chapter 10: Treating Diseases and Considering Colony Collapse Disorder
Medicating when Necessary
Knowing the Big Six Bee Diseases
American foulbrood (AFB)
European foulbrood (EFB)
Nosema
Chalkbrood
Sacbrood
Stonebrood
A handy chart
Shedding Some Light on Colony Collapse Disorder and Vanishing Hives
Unlocking the mystery of the Mary Celeste hives
Discovering more about CCD
Exploring Potential Causes of CCD
The mobile phone theory
Pollinating insect research
A Final Word
Chapter 11: Buzz Off! Dealing with Honey Bee Pests
Preventing Parasitic Mites
Varroa mites
Controlling Varroa the natural way
Acarine (Tracheal mites)
Wax Moths
Ants, Ants and More Ants
Keeping Out Mice
Dealing with Birds that Have a Taste for Bees
Pest Control in a Nutshell
Chapter 12: Raising Your Own Queens
Why Raising Queens Makes You Proud
Accentuating the Positive: Choosing Good Traits
What Makes a Queen a Queen
Buzzing with love: Queen mating
Creating Demand: Making a Queenless Nuc
Queen Rearing: The Miller Method
Using an Artificial Swarm to Raise Queens
The Doolittle Method: Grafting
Tools and equipment
How it’s done
Trying Out the Jenter System
How it’s done
Providing nuptial housing
Finding a Home for Your Queens
Part V: Sweet Rewards
Chapter 13: Getting Ready for the Golden Harvest
Choosing Extracted, Comb, Chunk or Soft-Set Honey
Using the Right Equipment for the Job
Honey extractors
Uncapping knife
Honey strainers
Other handy gadgets for extracting honey
Comb honey equipment
Honey containers
Planning Your Honey Harvest Set-Up
Labelling and Selling Your Honey
Creating an attractive label
Finding places to market your honey
Chapter 14: Honey, I’m Home: Harvest Time
Knowing When to Harvest
Getting the Bees Out of the Honey Supers
Shakin’ ’em out
Using a bee escape
Fume board and bee repellent
Food of the Gods: Honey Extraction
Cleaning Up after Extracting
Controlling wax moths
Harvesting wax
Part VI: The Part of Tens
Chapter 15: Ten Fun Things to Do with Bees
Starting an Observation Hive
Planting Flowers for Your Bees
Brewing Mead: The Nectar of the Gods
Getting Creative with Propolis
Propolis tincture
Propolis ointment
Making Candles and Polish from Beeswax
Beeswax candles
Beeswax furniture polish
Beauty and the Bees
Beeswax lip balm
Beeswax and olive oil salve
Getting up Close with a Microscope
Chapter 16: Ten Frequently Asked Questions about Bee Behaviour
Chapter 17: Ten Delicious Honey Recipes
Appendix A: Helpful Resources
Apiservices
Bee Master Forum
BeeHoo
British Beekeepers Association
Bush Farm
Cornwall Honey
David A. Cushman
The Beespace
Vita (Europe)
Apimondia: International Federation of Beekeepers’ Associations
The BBKA Spring Convention
Bee Diseases Insurance Ltd (BDI)
Bee Improvement and Bee Breeders Association (BIBBA)
International Bee Research Association
The National Bee Unit of the Central Science Laboratory
The National Honey Show
The National Farmers Union
American Bee Journal
BBKA News
Bee Craft
Bee Culture
The Beekeepers Quarterly
Bee World
The Bee Shop
B. J. Sherriff
Brunel Microscopes Ltd
Compak
Giordan
Maisemore Apiaries Ltd
Modern Beekeeping
National Bee Supplies
Swienty Beekeeping Equipment
E. H. Thorne
Appendix B: Glossary
Cheat Sheet
End User License Agreement
Beekeeping For Dummies®
by David Wiscombe and Howland Blackiston
Beekeeping For Dummies®
Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex
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About the Authors
David Wiscombe began a career in education in 1954, and as a rural science teacher soon became involved in beekeeping. He has kept his own bees continuously since 1960.
He joined the East Devon Branch of Devon Beekeepers Association in the early 1960s and has been their Apiary Manager for periods totalling 13 years, Chairman for 13 years and is currently President. During this time he has given many lectures and demonstrations and helped run beginners courses.
His expertise eventually came to the attention of River Cottage and he became their beekeeper and set up their apiary. He now runs courses for River Cottage and Monkton Wyld Court.
He has appeared on television in both River Cottage and Autumn Watch programmes.
David has lived with his wife Mandy at Monkton Wyld in rural West Dorset for over 30 years.
Howland Blackiston has been a backyard beekeeper since 1984. He’s written many articles on beekeeping and appeared on dozens of television and radio programmes. He has been a keynote speaker at conferences in more than
40 countries.
Howland is cofounder and president of bee-commerce.com, an internet-based store offering beekeeping supplies and equipment for the back yard beekeeper. Howland is the past president of Connecticut’s Back Yard Beekeepers Association, one of America’s largest regional clubs for the hobbyist beekeeper. Howland and his wife Joy live in Weston, Connecticut.
Dedication
This book is lovingly dedicated to my wife Joy, who is the queen bee of my universe. She has always been supportive of my unconventional whims and hobbies (and there are a lot of them) and never once did she make me feel like a dummy for asking her to share our lives with honey bees. I also thank our wonderful daughter Brooke (now grown and married), who, like her mother, cheerfully put up with sticky kitchen floors and millions of buzzing ‘siblings’ while growing up in our bee-friendly household.
HB
Authors’ Acknowledgments
My thanks to all the beekeepers I’ve learned from over the years; my family for their forbearance during the adaptation; Rachael Chilvers and Claire Ruston for shepherding me through the process; and Ian for his very thorough technical review.
DW
I was very fortunate, when I started beekeeping, that I met a masterful beekeeper who took me under his wing and taught me all that is wonderful about honey bees. Ed Weiss became a valued mentor, a great friend, and ultimately a partner in business. I am deeply appreciative of his friendship and beewisdom. Ed served as the first technical review editor for this book, and I am most appreciative of the many hours he spent checking my facts to ensure that I had been an attentive student. Thank you, Ed.
My good friends Anne Mount and David Mayer played a key role in the creation of this book. Both of them are authors, and both encouraged me to contact the Dummies team at Wiley. Thank you, Anne and David. I owe you a whacking big jar of honey!
A good how-to book needs great how-to images. Special thanks to John Clayton for some of the close-ups used in the book. Thanks also to Steve McDonald and Dr Edward Ross who provided most of the stunning macrophotography used in this book. I extend my gratitude for images (and technical suggestions) provided by Kim Flottum at Bee Culture magazine. Image credits also go to The National Honey Board, the US Department of Agriculture, Marco Lazzari, Peter Duncan, Eric Erickson, Reg Wilbanks, Mario Espinola, David Eyre, Swienty Beekeeping Equipment, E. H. Thorne Ltd., Wellmark International, Barry Birkey and Kate Solomon.
And thanks to fellow beekeeper and friend Stephan Grozinger, who patiently served as my model for some of the how-to photographs.
Thanks also to Leslie Huston for her help with the chapter on raising queen bees, to Ellen Zampino for her section on planting flowers for your bees, and to Patty Pulliam for her wonderful beeswax recipes.
Writing this book was a labour of love, thanks to the wonderful folks at Wiley. What a great team!
HB
Publisher’s Acknowledgements
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our Dummies online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Commissioning, Editorial, and Media Development
Project Editor: Rachael Chilvers
Commissioning Editor: Claire Ruston
Assistant Editor: Ben Kemble
Proofreader: Kelly Cattermole
Production Manager: Daniel Mersey
Publisher: David Palmer
Cover Photos: ©Shaiith/Shutterstock
Cartoons: Ed McLachlan
Composition Services
Project Coordinator: Kristie Rees
Layout and Graphics: Cheryl Grubbs, Joyce Haughey, Corrie Socolovitch
Indexer: Cheryl Duksta
Introduction
Keeping bees is a unique and immensely rewarding hobby. If you have an interest in nature, you’ll deeply appreciate the wonderful world that beekeeping opens up to you. If you’re a gardener, you’ll treasure the extra bounty that pollinating bees bring to your fruit, flowers and vegetables. In short, you’ll be captivated by these remarkable little creatures in the same way others have been captivated for thousands of years.
Becoming a beekeeper is easy and safe – it’s a great hobby for the entire family. All you need is a little bit of guidance to get started. And that’s exactly what this book is for. We provide you with a step-by-step approach for successful hobby beekeeping. Follow it closely and you can have a lifetime of enjoyment with your bees.
I (David) was first shown the inner workings of a hive of bees by the County Beekeeping Instructor. He was trying to persuade me to take over the hives in a secondary school so that the youngsters could continue to be introduced to the craft of beekeeping. Well, he succeeded, so under his guidance, the lads and I learned together for the first season. It was a case of bluffing that I wasn’t scared or losing face in front of a bunch of 14-year-olds who were all dead keen. But I found beekeeping so interesting that I soon decided to have bees of my own and that decision started me on a hobby that has continued for over fifty years.
About This Book
If you’ve never kept bees, this book has all the information you need to get started in beekeeping. We assume that you have no prior knowledge of beekeeping equipment, tools and techniques. We explain everything in simple language, with a dash of humour and fun. That’s the Dummies way!
However, if you’ve been a beekeeper for a while, this book is a terrific resource for you, too. You can find new ideas on how to keep your bees healthier and more productive. We include the latest information on honey bee health and medications, plus a whole lot of tricks of the trade. In short, this book is for just about anyone who’s interested in bees.
How This Book Is Organised
We include photographs and illustrations and lots of practical advice and suggestions in this book. Here’s how the book is structured:
Part I: Getting Hooked on Honey Bees
Before becoming a beekeeper, take a moment to get to know the bee.
Chapter 1 explains the vital role bees play in our everyday lives, the great benefits of beekeeping, and also helps you decide if beekeeping is the hobby for you.
Chapter 2 covers basic bee anatomy and how bees communicate with each other. It also introduces you to the various kinds of honey bees and other stinging insects as well as giving you some insight into a day in the life of the honey bee. You find out about the queen, the workers and the drones, and the roles each plays in the colony.
Part II: Starting Your Adventure
This is where the fun begins! Here’s where you find out how to get started with your first colony of bees.
Chapter 3 tells you where to best locate your hive and how you can get started.
Chapter 4 shows the basic equipment you need and how to assemble it. You find out about gadgets and different types of hive.
Chapter 5 helps you decide which kind of bee to keep, and when and how to order your bees. Find out what to do the day your bees arrive and how to successfully transfer them to their new home.
Part III: Looking Inside Your Hive
Here’s where you get up-close and personal with your bees. This section is the heart of the book because it shares useful tips and techniques that help you develop good habits right from the start. You find out the best and safest way to inspect and enjoy your bees.
Chapter 6 clearly explains how to go about approaching and opening up a hive of bees.
Chapter 7 helps you understand exactly what you’re looking for every time you inspect a colony. We include the specific tasks that are unique to the weeks immediately following the arrival of your bees, as well as throughout the season.
Chapter 8 discusses the tasks a beekeeper must perform year-round to maintain a healthy colony. Use it as a checklist of seasonal activities that you can refer back to. Use this chapter to identify the tasks you should do, and when.
Part IV: Common Problems and Simple Solutions
Beekeeping is an easy and gentle hobby. But sometimes things can go wrong. This section tells you what to do when things don’t go as planned.
Chapter 9 shows you how to anticipate a number of the most common problems. Find out what to do if your hive swarms or simply packs up and leaves. Discover how to recognise problems with brood production and your precious queen.
Chapter 10 takes a detailed look at bee illnesses. Learn what medications you can use to keep your bees healthy and productive, year after year. Also read about Colony Collapse Disorder, which is a major problem in America (but thankfully not here).
Chapter 11 shows you how to deal with some common pests of the honey bee, such as mites, birds and insects.
Chapter 12 teaches you the basics of raising your own queen bees for fun and profit. Raising your own queens is a proven way to ensure strong, healthy honey bees by breeding queens from your colonies exhibiting the most desirable qualities (healthy, productive and gentle).
Part V: Sweet Rewards
This is what beekeeping is all about for most people – the honey harvest!
Chapter 13 gets you ready for your honey harvest. Decide what kind of honey you’d like to produce. Find out about the equipment you need and how to plan for the big harvest.
Chapter 14 gives you a step-by-step approach for harvesting and bottling your honey.
Part VI: The Part of Tens
No For Dummies book is complete without the Part of Tens, so we offer a collection of fun and helpful lists.
Chapter 15 lists ten fun bee-related activities, including information about starting an observation hive, brewing mead (honey wine) and making products from beeswax and propolis.
Chapter 16 answers the most common questions about bee behaviour that we get asked.
Chapter 17 includes ten of our all-time favourite honey recipes. After all, honey has a lot more uses than just spreading it on toast!
We also include some back-of-book materials, including a lot of really helpful bee-related resources and a glossary of bee and beekeeping terms that you can use as a handy quick reference.
Icons Used in This Book
Peppered throughout this book are helpful icons to draw your attention to different information:
From time to time, we explain some new terminology that is basic beekeeping parlance. Learn some new words and some insights into the world of the hive.
Here we share with you some personal beekeeping anecdotes and facts about these winged wonders!
We use this icon to point out things to ingrain in your beekeeping consciousness. Keep these points at the forefront of your mind when caring for your bees.
Think of these tips as words of wisdom that, when applied, can make your beekeeping experience more pleasant and fulfilling.
These warnings alert you to potential beekeeping mistakes to avoid.
Where to Go from Here
This book is a reference, not a lecture. You certainly don’t have to read it from beginning to end unless you want to. We’ve organised the chapters in a logical fashion, with sensitivity to the beekeeper’s calendar of events. But you can read it in any order you like, using the detailed table of contents and index to help you find exactly what you need. We really hope your beekeeping endeavours are a success and that you enjoy every moment.
Part I
Getting Hooked on Honey Bees
In this part . . .
This is where you get to know the honey bees’ role in the environment and how they organise their society. You also discover what’s involved in keeping bees so that you can decide whether beekeeping is for you.