BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of the past. Defined by theme, period and/or region, each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the field is heading. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.

Published

A Companion to International History 1900–2001

Edited by Gordon Martel

A Companion to Gender History

Edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

A Companion to Western Historical Thought

Edited by Lloyd Kramer and Sarah Maza

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY

Published

A Companion to Roman Britain

Edited by Malcolm Todd

A Companion to Tudor Britain

Edited by Robert Tittler and Norman Jones

A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain

Edited by H. T. Dickinson

A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain

Edited by Chris Wrigley

A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages

Edited by S. H. Rigby

A Companion to Stuart Britain

Edited by Barry Coward

A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain

Edited by Chris Williams

A Companion to Contemporary Britain

Edited by Paul Addison and Harriet Jones

In preparation

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland

Edited by Pauline Stafford

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO EUROPEAN HISTORY

Published

A Companion to Europe 1900–1945

Edited by Gordon Martel

A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe

Edited by Stefan Berger

A Companion to the Reformation World

Edited by R. Po-chia Hsia

A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Europe

Edited by Peter H. Wilson

A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance

Edited by Guido Ruggiero

In preparation

A Companion to Europe Since 1945

Edited by Klaus Larres

A Companion to the Medieval World

Edited by Carol Lansing and Edward D. English

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO AMERICAN HISTORY

Published:

A Companion to the American Revolution

Edited by Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole

A Companion to the American South

Edited by John B. Boles

A Companion to American Women’s History

Edited by Nancy A. Hewitt

A Companion to the Vietnam War

Edited by Marilyn B. Young and Robert Buzzanco

A Companion to 20th-Century America

Edited by Stephen J. Whitfield

A Companion to American Foreign Relations

Edited by Robert D. Schulzinger

A Companion to American Technology

Edited by Carroll Pursell

A Companion to American Immigration

Edited by Reed Ueda

A Companion to 19th-Century America

Edited by William L. Barney

A Companion to American Indian History

Edited by Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury

A Companion to Post-1945 America

Edited by Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy Rosenzweig

A Companion to Colonial America

Edited by Daniel Vickers

A Companion to the American West

Edited by William Deverell

A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction

Edited by Lacy K. Ford

A Companion to African-American History

Edited by Alton Hornsby

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO WORLD HISTORY

Published

A Companion to the History of the Middle East

Edited by Youssef M. Choueiri

A Companion to Latin American History

Edited by Thomas Holloway

A Companion to Japanese History

Edited by William M. Tsutsui

In preparation

A Companion to Russian History

Edited by Abbott Gleason

A COMPANION TO EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE

Peter H. Wilson

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Illustrations

Maps

  1. 1 Eastern Europe showing the expansion of Russia
  2. 2 The Partitions of Poland 1772–95
  3. 3 Central Europe 1745
  4. 4 Europe in 1763
  5. 5 Italian states c.1690
  6. 6 Italian states c.1790
  7. 7 European empires and colonies in the Americas c.1700
  8. 8 European conquests in Southeast Asia

Figures

  1. 1 The central England temperature annual series, 1659–2005
  2. 2 Merchant shipping frozen in the ice at Rotherhithe Stairs during the great frost of 1789
  3. 3 Verwalter und Bauer, a painting from mid-eighteenth-century Austria showing the social distance between stewards and peasants
  4. 4 “The Bubblers Medley,” a satire on the South Sea Bubble, 1720
  5. 5 Invalid soldier, etching by Joseph Franz von Goez, 1784
  6. 6 William Hogarth The Election: Canvassing For Votes, 1755
  7. 7 François Boucher, Madame de Pompadour, 1756
  8. 8 Het Hospital, Dutch engraving
  9. 9 Goya, Riña en la venta nueva, 1777
  10. 10 Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1785
  11. 11 Karlskirche, Vienna
  12. 12 Goya, El motin de Esquilache
  13. 13 The French navy in in their principal Atlantic base at Brest
  14. 14 The announcement of the Peace of Rastatt, 1714, engraving by Pieter Schenk, 1714
  15. 15 The fountain of Nevsehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, built 1719/20, early nineteenth-century engraving
  16. 16 Toussaint L’Ouverture
  17. 17 Margravine Sybilla Augusta of Baden (1675–1733), copper engraving from the Paris publisher Antoine Trouvaine, c.1700
  18. 18 French arms drill c.1755

Notes on Contributors

Ronald G. Asch  is Professor of Early Modern History at Freiburg University, having previously held positions at the German Historical Institute, London, and Münster and Osnabrück universities. His books include Der Hof Karls I. Politik, Provinz und Patronage 1625–1640 (1993), Nobilities in Transition: Courtiers and Rebels in Britain and Europe, c. 1550–1700 (2003), and Jakob I (1567–1625). König von England und Schottland (2005).

Mark Berry  is a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow (2004–7) and Fellow in History at Peterhouse, Cambridge. He has written widely on intellectual and cultural history from the late seventeenth century to the present day, with a special interest in the interaction between music, history, politics, and philosophy. His work on Wagner has been awarded the Prince Consort Prize and Seeley Medal. Treacherous Bonds and Laughing Fire: Politics and Religion in Wagner’s Ring is published by Ashgate.

Michael Bregnsbo  is an Associate Professor of History at the University of Southern Denmark at Odense. His research interests include early modern Danish and European history, especially state building, political history, church history, and the history of historical ideas, on which he has published several books and articles.

Clarissa Campbell Orr  is Senior Lecturer in History at Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Campus. She has edited and contributed to Queenship in Britain 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Dynastic Politics and Court (2002), and Queenship in Europe 1650–1815 (2004), and written other articles on court studies, gender, and enlightenment in the eighteenth century, including the chapter “Dynastic Perspectives” in T. Riotte and B. Simms (eds.), The Hanoverian Dimension to British History (2007).

Markus Cerman  is Associate Professor of Economic and Social History at the University of Vienna. He has published on European economic and social history from the late Middle Ages until the twentieth century including, together with J. Ehmer, T. Hareven, and R. Wall, Family History Revisited (2001), together with H. Zeitlhofer, Soziale Strukturen in Böhmen (2002), and, together with R. Luft, Untertanen, Herrschaft und Staat in Böhmen und im Alten Reich (2005).

Alan Forrest  is Professor of History at the University of York, where he currently co-directs the Centre for Eighteenth-Century Studies. His recent publications include Napoleon’s Men: The Soldiers of the Revolution and Empire (2002), Paris, the Provinces and the French Revolution (2004), and together with J. P. Bertaud and A. Jourdan, Napoléon, le monde et les Anglais (2004).

Philippe Girard  is Assistant Professor of World History at McNeese State University in Lake Charles, Louisiana. His works include Clinton in Haiti: The 1994 U.S. Invasion of Haiti (2004) and Paradise Lost: Haiti’s Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hot Spot (2005). He is currently working on a history of the Haitian revolution.

Jan Glete  is Professor of History at Stockholm University, Sweden. He has published several studies of Swedish economic history. His more recent books include Navies and Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1860 (1993), Warfare at Sea, 1500–1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (2000), and War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States, 1500–1660 (2002).

Molly Greene  is Professor of History at Princeton University with a joint appointment in the Program in Hellenic Studies. Her interests include Ottoman history and the history of the Mediterranean basin, with a particular interest in the Hellenic world. Her publications include A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean (2000) and, as editor, Minorities in the Ottoman Empire (2005).

Gregory Hanlon  is University Research Professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His books include L’Univers des gens de bien: Culture et comportements des élites urbaines en Aquitaine au XVIIe siècle (1989), Confessions and Community in Seventeenth-Century France: Catholic and Protestant Co-existence in Aquitaine (1993), The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts 1560–1800 (1998), Early Modern Italy 1550–1800 (2000), and Human Nature in Rural Tuscany: An Early Modern History (2007).

Lindsey Hughes  was Professor of Russian History and Director for Russia Studies at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, until her death in 2007. Her major publications include Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (1998) and Peter the Great: A Biography (2002). She also edited the Slavonic and East European Review.

Beat Kümin  is Associate Professor in Early Modern European History at the University of Warwick. His research interests focus on social centers in local communities. Publications include The Shaping of a Community: The Rise and Reformation of the English Parish 1400–1560 (1996), the co-edited collection The World of the Tavern: Public Houses in Early Modern Europe (2002), and Drinking Matters: Public Houses and Social Exchange in Early Modern Central Europe (2007).

Beverly Lemire  is a Professor and Henry Marshall Tory Chair at the University of Alberta, Canada. Co-editor of the journal Textile History since 2002, her publications include Fashion’s Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain 1660–1800 (1991), Dress, Culture and Commerce: The English Clothing Trade before the Factory (1997), and The Business of Everyday Life: Gender, Practice and Social Politics in England 1600–1900 (2005). She also co-edited the interdisciplinary collection Women and Credit: Researching the Past, Refiguring the Future (2002).

Mary Lindemann  is Professor of History at the University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. She is the author of four books: Patriots and Paupers: Hamburg, 1712–1830 (1990), Health and Healing in Eighteenth-Century Germany (1996), Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe (1999), and Liaisons dangereuses: Sex, Law, and Diplomacy in the Age of Frederick the Great (2006). She is currently writing a volume on political culture in three early modern cities: Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Hamburg.

David M. Luebke  is Associate Professor of History at the University of Oregon. He is author of His Majesty’s Rebels: Communities, Factions and Rural Revolt in the Black Forest (1997) and many articles on seventeenth-century political culture, including “‘Naïve Monarchism’ and Marian Veneration in Early Modern Germany” (Past & Present, 1997) and “How to Become a Loyalist: Petitions, Self-Fashioning, and the Repression of Unrest” (Central European History, 2005).

Jerzy (George) Lukowski  is Reader in Polish History at the University of Birmingham and is currently serving as Head of Department of Modern History. From 2003 to 2005 he was the beneficiary of a Research Readership from the British Academy. His books include Liberty’s Folly: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century (1991), The Partitions of Poland: 1772, 1793, 1795 (1999), The Eighteenth-Century European Nobility (2003), and, with W. H. Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland (2nd edn., 2006).

Thomas Munck  is Reader in History at the University of Glasgow. His books include The Peasantry and the Early Absolute Monarchy in Denmark, 1660–1708 (1979), Seventeenth-Century Europe 1598–1700 (2nd edn., 2005), Computing for Historians: An Introductory Guide (1993), and The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History 1721–1794 (2000).

Ciro Paoletti  is a librarian, a former infantry officer of the Italian army, and Director of the Association for Military and Historical Studies. His books on eighteenth-century warfare include Tra i Borboni e gli Asburgo: le armate terrestri e navali italiane nelle guerre del primo Settecento (1701–1732) (with V. Ilari and G. Boeri, 1996), La corona di Lombardia, guerra ed eserciti nell’Italia del medio Settecento: 1733–1763 (with V. Ilari and G. Boeri, 1997), Gli Italiani in armi: cinque secoli di storia militare nazionale 1495–2000 (2001), and Il principe Eugenio di Savoia (2002).

J. L. Price  is Reader in History at the University of Hull. His publications include Culture and Society in the Dutch Republic during the Seventeenth Century (1974), Holland and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century (1994), The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century (1998), and Dutch Society 1588–1713 (2000).

Michael Rapport  is Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Stirling and author of Nationality and Citizenship in Revolutionary France: the Treatment of Foreigners, 1789–1799 (2000) and Nineteenth Century Europe, 1789–1914 (2005). He is currently working on a history of the 1848 revolutions in Europe.

Torsten Riotte  is a research fellow at the German Historical Institute, London. His Ph.D. thesis has been published in German translation as Hannover in der britischen Politik (1792–1815) (2005). He has co-edited, with Brendan Simms, The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837 (2007) and is currently working on a study of George III and the Old Reich. His latest project is a study of the Hanoverian royal family and their experiences during the Austrian exile after 1866.

Michael Schaich  is a research fellow at the German Historical Institute, London. He is the author of Staat und Öffentlichkeit im Kurfürstentum Bayern in der Sprätaufklärung (2001), co-editor, with Jörg Neuheiser, of Political Rituals in Great Britain, 1700–2000 (2006), and has edited Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe (2007).

Marc Schalenberg  is Assistant Professor at the University of Zurich, having worked previously at Humboldt University, Berlin. His publications include Humboldt auf Reisen? Die Rezeption des “deutschen Universitätsmodells” in den französischen und britischen Reformdiskursen, 1810–1870 (2002), and a co-edited collection, … immer im Forschen bleiben (2004). He is currently working on a comparative history of German residence towns in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Hamish Scott  is Professor of International History at the University of St Andrews. A Fellow of the British Academy, he is the author of The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815 (with D. McKay, 1983), British Foreign Policy in the Age of the American Revolution (1990), The Emergence of the Eastern Powers 1756–1775 (2001), and The Birth of a Great Power System 1740–1815 (2006). His edited books include Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Eighteenth-Century Europe (1990), The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (2nd edn., 2 vols., 2007).

Deborah Simonton  is Associate Professor of British History at the University of Southern Denmark having worked previously at the University of Aberdeen. She is the author of, among other books, The Routledge History of Women in Modern Europe (2006), editor of A History of European Women’s Work, 1700 to the Present (1998), and has co-edited Women and Higher Education, Past Present and Future (1996), Gendering Scottish History, an International Approach (1999), and Gender in Scottish History (2006). She is currently writing Women in European Culture and Society for Routledge.

Christopher Storrs  is Reader in Early Modern European History at the University of Dundee. His books include War, Diplomacy and the Rise of Savoy, 1690–1720 (1999) and The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665–1700 (2006).

Andrew C. Thompson  is a College Lecturer and Official Fellow in History at Queens’ College, Cambridge. He is the author of Britain, Hanover and the Protestant Interest, 1688–1756 (2006) and is currently working on a biography of George II.

Joachim Whaley  is a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College and Senior Lecturer in German at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of Religious Toleration and Social Change in Hamburg 1529–1819 (1985; new edn. 2002) and of numerous articles on eighteenth-century German cultural and intellectual history.

Dennis Wheeler  is Reader in Geography at the University of Sunderland. His principal research area is historical climatology, in which he uses naval and other documents from the past three centuries to reconstruct the climate of the time. He has also studied the influence of weather on naval battles in the age of sail and has published over a hundred papers. His books include Regional Climates of the British Isles (1997) and Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis (2004).

Peter H. Wilson  is G. F. Grant Professor of History at the University of Hull, having worked previously at Sunderland and Newcastle universities. His books include War, State and Society in Württemberg, 1677–1793 (1995), German Armies: War and German Politics 1648–1806 (1998), The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 (1999), Absolutism in Central Europe (2000), and From Reich to Revolution: German History 1558–1806 (2004).

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Map 1 Eastern Europe showing the expansion of Russia

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Map 2 The Partitions of Poland 1772–95

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Map 3 Central Europe 1745

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Map 4 Europe in 1763

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Map 5 Italian states c.1690

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Map 6 Italian states c.1790

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Map 7 European empires and colonies in the Americas c.1700

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Map 8 European conquests in Southeast Asia