Advances in Bioenergy

The Sustainability Challenge

Edited by

PETER D. LUND

Aalto University School of Science, Finland

JOHN BYRNE

University of Delaware, USA

GÖRAN BERNDES

Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

IACOVOS A. VASALOS

Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Greece

This edition first published 2016
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ISBN: 9781118957875

Cover image: pandacube, Soft_Light, fotofjodor, jeancliclac/iStockphoto

CONTENTS

About the Editors

Preface

PART I PROMISING INNOVATION IN BIOMASS CONVERSION

1 Metabolic Engineering: Enabling Technology for Biofuels Production
1. ENGINEERING THE FUTURE OF BIOFUELS
2. TOOLS OF METABOLIC ENGINEERING
3. METABOLIC ENGINEERING ENABLES BIOFUELS DEVELOPMENT
4. CONCLUSION
5. REFERENCES
2 Hydrolysis and Fermentation for Cellulosic Ethanol Production
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HYDROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY
3. ENZYMATIC BREAKDOWN OF CELLULOSE
4. BIOCONVERSION PROCESSES
5. BIODIVERSITY IN ETHANOL FERMENTATION
6. ETHANOL FERMENTATION OF CELLULOSE-DERIVED SUGARS BY YEASTS
7. CONCLUSION
8. NOTE
9. REFERENCES
10. FURTHER READING
3 Lipid-Based Liquid Biofuels from Autotrophic Microalgae: Energetic and Environmental Performance
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AUTOTROPHIC MICROALGAE AND THEIR BIOMASS AND LIPID YIELDS
3. AN ENERGETIC CRITERION FOR ENERGY SOURCES
4. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
5. RESULTS OF LCAs RELEVANT TO THE EROI OF AUTOTROPHIC MICROALGAL LIPID-BASED BIOFUELS
6. LCAs OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS LINKED TO AUTOTROPHIC MICROALGAL LIPID-BASED BIOFUELS
7. LIFE CYCLE POLLUTION LINKED TO AUTOTROPHIC MICROALGAL LIPID-BASED BIOFUELS
8. CONCLUSIONS
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
10. NOTES
11. REFERENCES
4 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass for Transportation Fuels
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW ON CATALYSTS FOR BIOMASS CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS
3. REVIEW ON CATALYTIC BIOMASS PYROLYSIS PROCESSES
4. CONCLUSIONS
5. NOTES
6. REFERENCES
5 Integrated Biomass Hydropyrolysis and Hydrotreating: A Brief Review
1. PYROLYSIS
2. INTEGRATED BIOMASS HYDROPYROLYSIS AND HYDROTREATING
3. CONCLUSIONS
4. NOTES
5. REFERENCES
6 Transportation Fuels from Biomass via Fast Pyrolysis and Hydroprocessing
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BIOMASS FAST PYROLYSIS
3. BIO-OIL HYDROPROCESSING
4. BIO-OIL DERIVED FUELS
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. NOTES
7. REFERENCES
8. FURTHER READING
7 Biomass Gasification for Synthesis Gas Production and Applications of the Syngas
1. SPIRIT AND PURPOSE OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION FOR SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION
2. TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHESIS GAS FROM BIOMASS
3. APPLICATIONS FOR SYNTHESIS GAS FROM BIOMASS
4. EXAMPLES OF SYNTHESIS GAS UTILIZATION
5. CONCLUSION
6. NOTES
7. REFERENCES
8 Hydrogen Generation from Biomass Materials: Challenges and Opportunities
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LIGNO(HEMI)CELLULOSIC BIOMASS CHEMISTRY
3. LIGNO(HEMI)CELLULOSIC BIOMASS CONVERSION
4. PYROLYSIS OF BIOMASS TO PRODUCE BIO-OILS AND HYDROGEN
5. GASIFICATION OF BIOMASS FOR H₂ PRODUCTION
6. CATALYTIC STEAM AND OXIDATIVE STEAM REFORMING OF BIOMASS DERIVED OXYGENATES
7. AQUEOUS-PHASE REFORMING (APR)
8. AUTOTHERMAL REFORMING (ATR)
9. SEQUENTIAL CRACKING METHOD
10. BIOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
11. CONCLUSION
12. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
13. NOTES
14. REFERENCES
9 Production of Renewable Hydrogen by Reformation of Biofuels
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRODUCTION OF REFORMABLE BIOFUELS
3. REFORMATION OF BIOETHANOL
4. REFORMATION OF BIOGAS
5. SR OF BIO-OIL AND GLYCEROL
6. CONCLUSIONS
7. NOTES
8. REFERENCES
10 Fischer–Tropsch Conversion of Biomass-Derived Synthesis Gas to Liquid Fuels
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND MOTIVATION FOR RESEARCH ON FT-BTL
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE FISCHER–TROPSCH PROCESS
4. CATALYSTS
5. IMPURITIES IN BIO-DERIVED SYNTHESIS GAS
6. BTL PLANT LAYOUT
7. ECONOMY OF FT-BTL PLANTS
8. CONCLUSIONS
9. NOTES
10. REFERENCES
11 Critical Factors for High Temperature Processing of Biomass from Agriculture and Energy Crops to Biofuels and Bioenergy
1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
2. CRITICAL FACTORS FOR THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENERGY CROP BIOMASS
3. CONCLUSIONS
4. NOTES
5. REFERENCES
12 Second-Generation Biofuels: Why They are Taking so Long
1. BACKGROUND
2. HYDROLYSIS TECHNOLOGIES
3. FERMENTATION OF LIBERATED SUGARS
4. THERMOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES
5. PYROLYSIS
6. OTHER WAYS TO ALLOW FOR ECONOMICAL BIOFUELS
7. CONCLUSION
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
9. NOTES
10. REFERENCES
13 Separation Technologies for Current and Future Biorefineries—Status and Potential of Membrane-Based Separation
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND
3. STATUS AND POTENTIAL OF APPLYING MEMBRANE-BASED SEPARATION IN BIOREFINERY
4. CONCLUSION
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
6. NOTES
7. REFERENCES
14 Catalysis at Room Temperature: Perspectives for Future Green Chemical Processes
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HOMOGENEOUS/HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
3. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSIONS
4. NOTES
5. REFERENCES
15 Co-Firing of Biomass with Coal in Thermal Power Plants: Technology Schemes, Impacts, and Future Perspectives
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CO-FIRING TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
3. BIOMASS HANDLING, STORAGE, AND PRETREATMENT
4. FUEL CONVERSION
5. DEPOSITS AND CORROSION
6. EMISSIONS
7. ASH UTILIZATION FROM CO-FIRING APPLICATIONS
8. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF CO-FIRING
9. CONCLUSION
10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
11. NOTES
12. REFERENCES

PART II CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR BIOMASS SUPPLY

16 Bioenergy and Land Use Change—State of the Art
1. LAND USE, LUC, AND GHG EMISSIONS
2. NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND COMPLEMENTARY PERSPECTIVES
3. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY
4. NOTES
5. REFERENCES
6. FURTHER READING
17 Forest Energy Procurement: State of The Art In Finland And Sweden
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RAW MATERIALS USED IN FOREST ENERGY PRODUCTION IN FINLAND AND SWEDEN
3. FOREST ENERGY SUPPLY CHAINS IN FINLAND AND SWEDEN
4. THE NEXT DECADE AND BEYOND
5. CONCLUSION: LESSONS LEARNED IN FINLAND AND SWEDEN
6. NOTES
7. REFERENCES
18 Options for Increasing Biomass Output from Long-Rotation Forestry
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OPTIONS IN PRIMARY PRODUCTION
3. STAND ESTABLISHMENT
4. FERTILIZATION AND IRRIGATION
5. OTHER OPTIONS
6. OPTIONS IN SECONDARY PRODUCTION
7. INCREASED OUTPUT OF BIOMASS FROM REGENERATION FELLING
8. INCREASED OUTPUT OF BIOMASS FROM THINNING
9. OPTIONS IN TERTIARY PRODUCTION
10. CONCLUSIONS
11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
12. NOTES
13. REFERENCES
19 Recovery Rate of Harvest Residues for Bioenergy in Boreal and Temperate Forests: A Review
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4. CONCLUSION
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
6. NOTES
7. REFERENCES
20 Forest Bioenergy Feedstock Harvesting Effects on Water Supply
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WATER SUPPLY FROM FORESTS
3. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
4. MEASURED WATER QUANTITY CHANGES
5. MEASURED WATER QUALITY CHANGES
6. CONCLUSION
7. NOTES
8. REFERENCES
9. FURTHER READING
21 Best Management Practices for Forest Bioenergy Programs
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FOREST BIOENERGY LIFE CYCLE
3. BMP HISTORY
4. BMP DEVELOPMENT
5. LIFE CYCLE COMPONENTS REQUIRING BMPs
6. EXAMPLES OF BMPs
7. Canada
8. NEW ZEALAND
9. IRELAND
10. CONCLUSION
11. NOTES
12. REFERENCES
22 Principles of Nutrient Management for Sustainable Forest Bioenergy Production
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PRINCIPLES
3. CONCLUSION
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
5. NOTES
6. REFERENCES
23 Crop Coefficients of Jatropha (Jatropha Curcas) and Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) Using Water Balance Approach
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4. CONCLUSIONS
5. NOTES
6. REFERENCES
24 Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol: Developments so far and Challenges for the Future
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL
3. AGRICULTURAL ISSUES
4. INDUSTRIAL ISSUES
5. SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS
6. CONCLUSIONS
7. NOTES
8. REFERENCES
25 The Climate Benefit of Swedish Ethanol: Present and Prospective Performance
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CROP-BASED ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN SWEDEN
3. LIGNOCELLULOSIC-BASED ETHANOL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
4. LAND USE AND LAND USE CHANGES IN SWEDEN
5. INDIRECT LAND USE CHANGE
6. A SCENARIO FOR ETHANOL EXPANSION IN SWEDEN
7. CONCLUSIONS
8. NOTE
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
10. NOTES
11. REFERENCES
26 Performance of Small-Scale Straw-to-Heat Supply Chains in Norway
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STRAW SUPPLY
3. NORWEGIAN FARMERS USING STRAW FOR HEATING
4. DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
7. NOTES
8. REFERENCES
27 Transport Sector in Ireland: Can 2020 National Policy Targets Drive Indigenous Biofuel Production to Success?
1. INTRODUCTION
2. POLICY
3. BIOFUELS
4. ALTERNATIVES
5. GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
8. NOTES
9. REFERENCES
28 Prospects for Domestic Biofuels for Transport in Sweden 2030 Based on Current Production and Future Plans
1. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE SWEDISH TRANSPORT SECTOR
2. BIOFUEL OPTIONS
3. MAPPING THE PROSPECTS FOR DOMESTIC PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORT
4. BIODIESEL: FAME
5. SCENARIOS FOR BIOFUELS PRODUCTION IN SWEDEN UNTIL 2030
6. DISCUSSION
7. CONCLUSION
8. NOTES
9. REFERENCES
29 Land and the Food–Fuel Competition: Insights from Modeling
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BIOFUEL CONSUMPTION—CURRENT STATUS, TRENDS, AND OUTLOOK
3. MODELING FRAMEWORK AND SCENARIO APPROACH
4. BIOFUELS AND CURRENT CROPLAND USE
5. REFERENCE PROJECTION UNTIL 2035 WITHOUT BIOFUEL EXPANSION
6. IMPACTS OF EXPANDING BIOFUEL PRODUCTION
7. GRASSLAND AVAILABILITY FOR BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK PRODUCTION
8. CONCLUSIONS
9. NOTES
10. REFERENCES
11. FURTHER READING/RESOURCES
30 The Impact of Biofuel Demand on Agricultural Commodity Prices: A Systematic Review
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS AND METHOD
3. RESULTS—BIOFUEL MULTIPLIERS
4. EXPLORING AND EXPLAINING DIFFERENCES IN RESULTS BETWEEN STUDIES
5. WHAT CAN CURRENT STUDIES SAY ABOUT THE PRICE IMPACTS OF A LARGE-SCALE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF BIOFUEL DEMAND?
6. DISCUSSION AND MAIN FINDINGS
7. CONCLUSION
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
9. NOTES
10. REFERENCES
11. FURTHER READING
31 How do Sustainability Standards Consider Biodiversity?
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND
3. ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY CONSIDERATIONS IN SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS
4. ASSESSMENT OUTCOME
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF ASSESSMENT OUTCOME
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7. ENDNOTES
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
9. NOTES
10. REFERENCES
32 A Global Survey of Stakeholder Views and Experiences for Systems Needed to Effectively and Efficiently Govern Sustainability of Bioenergy
1. DEVELOPMENTS IN GOVERNANCE OF BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY SUSTAINABILITY
2. METHODOLOGY
3. SURVEY RESPONSES
4. DISCUSSION OF SURVEY RESPONSES
5. CONCLUSION
6. NOTES
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
8. NOTES
9. REFERENCES

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3

Chapter 3

Table 3.1
Table 3.2

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Chapter 7

Table 7.1
Table 7.2

Chapter 8

Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5
Table 8.6
Table 8.7

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Chapter 10

Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Table 10.3
Table 10.4

Chapter 11

Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 11.4

Chapter 12

Table 12.1
Table 12.2

Chapter 13

Table 13.1
Table 13.2

Chapter 14

Table 14.1
Table 14.2
Table 14.3
Table 14.4
Table 14.5
Table 14.6
Table 14.7
Table 14.8
Table 14.9
Table 14.10
Table 14.11
Table 14.12
Table 14.13

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Chapter 19

Table 19.1
Table 19.2
Table 19.3

Chapter 20

Table 20.1

Chapter 21

Table 21.1
Table 21.2
Table 21.3
Table 21.4
Table 21.5
Table 21.6
Table 21.7
Table 21.8

Chapter 23

Table 23.1
Table 23.2

Chapter 24

Table 24.1
Table 24.2
Table 24.3

Chapter 25

Table 25.1
Table 25.2
Table 25.3
Table 25.4

Chapter 26

Table 26.1
Table 26.2

Chapter 27

Table 27.1
Table 27.2

Chapter 28

Table 28.1
Table 28.2
Table 28.3
Table 28.4
Table 28.5
Table 28.6
Table 28.7

Chapter 29

Table 29.1
Table 29.2
Table 29.3
Table 29.4
Table 29.5
Table 29.6
Table 29.7

Chapter 30

Table 30.1
Table 30.2
Table 30.3
Table 30.4

Chapter 31

Table 31.1
Table 31.2
Table 31.3
Table 31.4
Table 31.5
Table 31.6
Table 31.7
Table 31.8
Table 31.9
Table 31.10
Table 31.11
Table 31.12

Chapter 32

Table 32.1
Table 32.2
Table 32.3
Table 32.4
Table 32.5
Table 32.6
Table 32.7
Table 32.8
Table 32.9
Table 32.10
Table 32.11
Table 32.12
Table 32.13
Table 32.14
Table 32.15
Table 32.16
Table 32.17
Table 32.18
Table 32.19
Table 32.20
Table 32.21