Ihsan Al-Taie
R&D Center
Saudi Aramco
Dhahran
Saudi Arabia
J. Malcolm Gray
Microalloyed Steel Institute Inc.
Houston, TX
USA
Gerhard Knauf
Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH
European Pipeline Research Group e.V.
Duisburg
Germany
Minxu Lu
University of Science and Technology Beijing
Beijing
China
Alan Murray
Principia Consulting
Calgary, Alberta
Canada
John O'Brien
Chevron
Houston, TX
USA
Bill Santos
NOVA Chemicals Centre of Applied Research
Calgary, Alberta
Canada
Joe Zhou
TransCanada PipeLines Limited
Calgary, Alberta
Canada
Edited by
Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.
The objective of preparing this Handbook was to make available, in one volume, essential scientific, engineering, and technical knowledge on integrity and safety of oil and gas pipelines. The aim was to help ensure the safe operation of pipeline networks that we depend on for reliability in service, deliverability of energy, protection of the environment, and safety of the public.
This book, containing 52 chapters, is divided into the following eight parts:
Part I: | Design |
Part II: | Manufacture, Fabrication, and Construction |
Part III: | Threats to Integrity and Safety |
Part IV: | Protection |
Part V: | Inspection and Monitoring |
Part VI: | Maintenance, Repair, Replacement, and Abandonment |
Part VII: | Risk Management |
Part VIII: | Case Histories |
The breadth of coverage will help make the book useful to engineers, scientists, technicians, and students from a wide range of disciplines. The depth of coverage is intended to meet the needs of those who require a high level of detail. In addition to the case histories presented in Part VIII, there are practical examples with solutions to problems and analytical discussion throughout the book. References to other books, journals, and standards that readers can consult for further information are listed
The 86 authors who have contributed the 52 chapters come from different sectors, industry, academia, and government, and from 14 countries, bringing diverse perspectives to pipeline integrity and a balance of practice and theory.
I would like to convey my thanks to the team of authors for contributing chapters in their areas of specialty. I would also like to highlight the contributions of the reviewers who, in anonymity, reviewed the draft chapters and provided their comments, suggestions, and recommendations for the authors, so as to enhance the quality of the chapters, documenting the current state of knowledge. In addition, the International Advisory Board provided helpful advice and guidance in the preparation of the Handbook.
I would like to thank Bob Esposito, Michael Leventhal, and the staff at John Wiley & Sons, Inc. for their encouragement. The concept for this book was developed in discussion with Bob Esposito about the Banff Workshops on managing pipeline integrity, which I organized over a period of nearly 20 years, beginning with the 1993 Workshop. These Workshops continue to be held biennially.
If this Handbook helps in the quest to achieve the objective that we all share of zero incidents—no incidents, in the world of engineering and business where “zero” means “zero” and “no” means “no”—then the efforts of the entire team who worked tirelessly in preparing it will have been rewarded.
R. Winston Revie
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Gusai H. Al-Aithan, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Jon Allin, Permasense Ltd., Horsham, UK
Faisal M. Al-Mutahar, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Ted L. Anderson, Quest Integrity Group, LLC, Boulder, CO, USA
John A. Beavers, Det Norske Veritas (U.S.A.), Inc., Dublin, OH, USA
Lynsay A. Bensman, Det Norske Veritas (U.S.A.), Inc., Dublin, OH, USA
David H. Boteler, Earth Sciences Sector, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Holger Brauer, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH, Hamm, Germany
Stephan Brockhaus, ROSEN Technology & Research Center, Lingen, Germany
William A. Bruce, Det Norske Veritas (U.S.A.), Inc., Dublin, OH, USA
Dean Carnes, Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Homero Castaneda, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, National Center for Research and Education in Corrosion and Materials Performance, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
Frederic Cegla, Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, South Kensington, UK
Ljiljana Djapic-Oosterkamp, Statoil, Kårstø, Norway
David Dorling, Starco Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Ayman Eltaher, MCS Kenny, Houston, TX, USA
Merv Fingas, Spill Science, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Doug Fisher, Willowglen Systems Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Ming Gao, Blade Energy Partners, Houston, TX, USA
James Gianetto, CanmetMATERIALS, Natural Resources Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Ray Goodfellow, IRISNDT – Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
J. Malcolm Gray, Microalloyed Steel Institute Inc., Houston, TX, USA
Lorna Harron, Enbridge Pipelines Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Shokrollah Hassani, BP America Inc., Houston, TX, USA
Holger Hennerkes, ROSEN Headquarters, Stans, Switzerland
Douglas Hornbach, Lambda Technologies, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Nobuyuki Ishikawa, JFE Steel Corporation, Hiroshima, Japan
John J. Jonas, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Katherine Jonsson, IRISNDT – Engineering, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Paul Jukes, Wood Group, Houston, TX, USA
Lynne C. Kaley, Trinity Bridge, LLC, Houston, TX, USA
Christoph Kalwa, EUROPIPE GmbH, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
Russell D. Kane, iCorrosion LLC, Houston, TX, USA
Shawn Kenny, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada; Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Leo A.I. Kestens, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
John Kiefner, Kiefner and Associates, Inc., Worthington, OH, USA
Gerhard Knauf, Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
Franz Martin Knoop, Salzgitter Mannesmann Großrohr GmbH, Salzgitter, Germany
Angel R. Kowalski, Det Norske Veritas (U.S.A.), Inc., Dublin, OH, USA
Klaus Kraemer, Vallourec & Mannesmann Deutschland GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
Ravi Krishnamurthy, Blade Energy Partners, Houston, TX, USA
Axel Kulgemeyer, Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH, Duisburg, Germany
Rolf Kümmerling, Vallourec & Mannesmann Deutschland GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
Jason S. Lee, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, USA
John Leeds, DC Voltage Gradient Technology & Supply Ltd., Wigan, UK
Sarah Leeds, DC Voltage Gradient Technology & Supply Ltd., Wigan, UK
Keith G. Leewis, Dynamic Risk Assessment Systems, Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Brian N. Leis, B N Leis Consultant, Inc., Worthington, OH, USA
Arnold L. Lewis II, Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia
Hubert Lindner, ROSEN Technology & Research Center, Lingen, Germany
Brenda J. Little, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, USA
Hendrik Löbbe, Salzgitter Mannesmann Line Pipe GmbH, Hamm, Germany
Jim Mason, Mason Materials Development, LLC, Birdsboro, PA, USA
Brenton S. McLaury, Erosion/Corrosion Research Center, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
Robert E. Melchers, Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Rumi Mohammad, Willowglen Systems Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Lars Vendelbo Nielsen, MetriCorr ApS, Glostrup, Denmark
Mavis Sika Okyere, Bluecrest College, Kumasi, Ghana
Robert O'Grady, Wood Group Kenny, Galway, Ireland
Alan Pentney, National Energy Board of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Roumen H. Petrov, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
Ben Poblete, ATKINS, Houston, TX, USA
Daniel E. Powell, Williams, Tulsa, OK, USA
Buddy Powers, Clock Spring Company L.P., Houston, TX, USA
Kathleen O. Powers, Trinity Bridge, LLC, Houston, TX, USA
Gail Powley, Willowglen Systems Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Paul Prevéy, Lambda Technologies, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Konrad Reber, Innospection Germany GmbH, Stutensee, Germany
R. Winston Revie, Consultant, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Hernan E. Rincon, ConocoPhillips Company, Houston, TX, USA
Kenneth P. Roberts, Erosion/Corrosion Research Center, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
Randy L. Roberts, N-SPEC Pipeline Services, Business Unit of Coastal Chemical Co., L.L.C./A Brenntag Company, Broussard, LA, USA
Omar Rosas, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, National Center for Research and Education in Corrosion and Materials Performance, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
Edmund F. Rybicki, Erosion/Corrosion Research Center, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
John R. Shadley, Erosion/Corrosion Research Center, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
Abdelmounam M. Sherik, Research and Development Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Siamack A. Shirazi, Erosion/Corrosion Research Center, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
Binder Singh, Genesis-Technip USA Inc., Houston, TX, USA
Robert Smyth, Petroline Construction Group, Nisku, Alberta, Canada
Tom Steinvoorte, ROSEN Europe, Oldenzaal, The Netherlands
Larisa Trichtchenko, Earth Sciences Sector, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
William Tyson, CanmetMATERIALS, Natural Resources Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Neb I. Uzelac, Neb Uzelac Consulting Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Michael VanderZee, Willowglen Systems Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Doug Waslen, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada
Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, C-FER Technologies, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Greg Zinter, Applus RTD, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada