Cover Page

Viewpoints/Puntos de Vista:

Themes and Interpretations in Latin American History

Series editor: Jürgen Buchenau

The books in this series will introduce students to the most significant themes and topics in Latin American history. They represent a novel approach to designing supplementary texts for this growing market. Intended as supplementary textbooks, the books will also discuss the ways in which historians have interpreted these themes and topics, thus demonstrating to students that our understanding of our past is constantly changing, through the emergence of new sources, methodologies, and historical theories. Unlike monographs, the books in this series will be broad in scope and written in a style accessible to undergraduates.

Published

A History of the Cuban Revolution, Second Edition
Aviva Chomsky

Bartolomé de las Casas and the Conquest of the Americas
Lawrence A. Clayton

Beyond Borders: A History of Mexican Migration to the United States
Timothy J. Henderson

The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregón and the Mexican Revolution
Jürgen Buchenau

A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution
Jeremy Popkin

Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?
Mark A. Burkholder

Dictatorship in South America
Jerry Dávila

Mothers Making Latin America
Erin E. O’Connor

A History of the Cuban Revolution

Second Edition


Aviva Chomsky








Wiley Logo

Illustrations

Maps

Map 1 Cuba with major cities
Map 2 Cuba with respect to the Caribbean and the Americas

Figures

Figure I.1 Billboard quoting José Martí: “Either Free Forever, or Forever Fighting to be Free”
Figure 1.1 Bust of Hatuey in the main plaza of Baracoa in eastern Cuba. “Hatuey: The First Rebel of America. Burned at the Stake in Yara, Baracoa.” Oriente Workers Lodge
Figure 1.2 Print by Cuban artist Sandra Ramos, “Seremos como el Che” (We will be like Che)
Figure 2.1 Literacy Museum in Ciudad Libertad outside of Havana, 2000
Figure 3.1 Billboard near Playa Girón. “Girón: First Defeat of Yankee Imperialism in Latin America”
Figure 5.1 ICAIC headquarters, Havana, 2008
Figure 7.1 A bodega in Havana, 2009
Figure 7.2 A dollar store in Havana, 2008
Figure 7.3 A farmers’ market in Havana, 2000

Series Editor’s Preface

Each book in the “Viewpoints/Puntos de Vista” series introduces students to a significant theme or topic in Latin American history. In an age in which student and faculty interest in the Global South increasingly challenges the old focus on the history of Europe and North America, Latin American history has assumed an increasingly prominent position in undergraduate curricula.

Some of these books discuss the ways in which historians have interpreted these themes and topics, thus demonstrating that our understanding of our past is constantly changing, through the emergence of new sources, methodologies, and historical theories. Others offer an introduction to a particular theme by means of a case study or biography in a manner easily understood by the contemporary, non-specialist reader. Yet others give an overview of a major theme that might serve as the foundation of an upper-level course.

What is common to all of these books is their goal of historical synthesis. They draw on the insights of generations of scholarship on the most enduring and fascinating issues in Latin American history, while also making use of primary sources as appropriate. Each book is written by a specialist in Latin American history who is concerned with undergraduate teaching, yet who has also made his or her mark as a first-rate scholar.

The books in this series can be used in a variety of ways, recognizing the differences in teaching conditions at small liberal arts colleges, large public universities, and research-oriented institutions with doctoral programs. Faculty have particular needs depending on whether they teach large lectures with discussion sections, small lecture or discussion-oriented classes, or large lectures with no discussion sections, and whether they teach on a semester or trimester system. The format adopted for this series fits all of these different parameters.

Now in its second edition, this volume was the inaugural book in the “Viewpoints/Puntos de Vista” series. In A History of the Cuban Revolution, Avi Chomsky provides a compelling and fascinating synthesis of the Cuban Revolution. Drawing on historical literature and primary sources from Cuba, Europe, and the United States, the author takes the reader on a historical tour, from the beginning of the revolution in the Sierra Maestra up to the present day. Along the way, Professor Chomsky covers the emergence of Fidel Castro’s rule, the dramatic confrontation with the United States that included the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis, before considering the revolution’s course and its social and cultural legacies. The first edition of Professor Chomsky’s text was a great success, and we are pleased to present a second edition. This new edition not only brings the story of the Cuban Revolution up to the present and adds a timeline and glossary, but it also updates Professor Chomsky’s analysis as a result of the input from students, faculty, and new scholarship that has appeared in the last five years.

Jürgen Buchenau
University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Peter Coveney and Jürgen Buchenau, who proposed this project to me and who have helped it along at every juncture. Several anonymous readers provided welcome suggestions for both the proposal and the manuscript. Thanks also to copyeditor Gail Ferguson and to my sister-in-law Amy Apel for indexing the book. Above all, I must thank Alfredo Prieto and his family. Alfredo has been my guide to Cuba and socio in Cuba-related intellectual and political endeavors over the past decade. Hundreds of hours of conversations in Havana, Maine, Massachusetts, and even Miami, have helped me better understand the complexities of Cuba’s past and present. Alfredo also served as editor extraordinaire for this manuscript, catching errors, reminding me of what I’d missed, and pushing me towards new discoveries. ¡Muchísimas gracias!

Timeline

1493 Christopher Columbus lands in Cuba
1868 Grito de Yara sets off Ten Years’ War (beginning of struggle for independence)
1879 Guerra Chiquita (second phase of war of independence)
1886 Slavery abolished
1891 José Martí publishes “Our America”
1895 Cuban War of Independence renewed
1898 U.S. intervention/Spanish − Cuban − American War
1901 Constitution incorporates Platt Amendment
1902 U.S. withdrawal
1912 Massacre of Afro-Cubans
1920 CNOC founded; PCC founded
1923 FEU founded
1925 Gerardo Machado president
1933 Machado overthrown, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes installed, then replaced by Ramón Grau San Martín
1934 Constitution; Platt Amendment abrogated
1940 Fulgencio Batista president; 1940 Constitution
1947 Partido Ortodoxo founded
1952 Coup by Fulgencio Batista
1953 Failed attack on Moncada Barracks launches July 26th Movement
1958 Granma sails from Mexico to Cuba
1959 Cuban Revolution victorious; first Land Reform proclaimed; Casa de las Américas founded; ICAIC founded
1960 Urban Reform Law; CDRs established; FMC established; U.S. imposes economic embargo and travel ban
1961 Playa Girón (Bay of Pigs) invasion; literacy campaign; Fidel Castro declares Revolution socialist
1962 Missile Crisis
1963 First Cuban medical mission abroad, in Algeria
1965 UMAP established
1966 U.S. passes Cuban Adjustment Act
1970 Ten Million Ton harvest
1972 Cuba joins COMECON
1975 Partido Comunista de Cuba First Party Congress; U.S. Senate Committee (Church Committee) investigation of assassination plots against Fidel Castro; Cuba sends forces to Angola to help MPLA repel South African invasion; Family Code
1976 Constitution establishes Cuba as a socialist state
1977 Cuban troops support Ethiopia against Somalia
1980 Mariel Boatlift
1982 Foreign investment code
1986 Rectification campaign rolls back market openings
1989 Collapse of Soviet bloc leads to economic crisis
1991 Special Period in Time of Peace declared
1992 Constitutional Amendments allow foreign investment in joint ventures and declare Cuba a secular (rather than atheist) state; Torricelli Bill strengthens U.S. embargo
1993 Dollar legalized; UBPCs created to cooperativize state farms
1994 Farmers’ markets reinstituted; exodus of rafters
1995 Clinton implements Wet Foot, Dry Foot policy; paladares authorized
1996 Raúl Castro speech signals slowing of economic reforms; Helms-Burton Act strengthens U.S. embargo
1998 Cuba establishes Latin American Medical School; Pope John Paul II visits Cuba; Varela Project established; Hugo Chávez elected in Venezuela
2000 Exception to trade embargo allows U.S. agricultural exports to Cuba
2003 Convertible peso introduced; 75 dissidents arrested
2004 ALBA launched, beginning with petroleum-for-doctors exchange between Cuba and Venezuela
2006 Year of the Energy Revolution; Fidel Castro cedes presidency temporarily to his brother Raúl and steps down as First Secretary of the Communist Party
2008 National Assembly elects Raúl Castro President of Cuba
2009 Cuban authorities arrest USAID contractor Alan Gross
2010 Dissidents arrested in 2003 freed in accord brokered by Spain and Catholic Church; self-employment revitalized with new categories created and restrictions on size and employment of workers eased
2011 Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba elects Raúl Castro as First Secretary, approves lineamientos (guidelines) for economic and political reform; new housing law allows Cubans to buy and sell real estate
2013 New migration law allows Cubans to travel abroad without obtaining an exit visa
2014 Cubans permitted to purchase new, imported automobiles from state dealers
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Map 1 Cuba with major cities.

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Map 2 Cuba with respect to the Caribbean and the Americas.