Cover Page

Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises approximately twenty-five and forty concise chapters written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The chapters are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers.

Ancient History

  1. A Companion to the Roman Army
  2. Edited by Paul Erdkamp
  1. A Companion to the Roman Republic
  2. Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein-Marx
  1. A Companion to the Roman Empire
  2. Edited by David S. Potter
  1. A Companion to the Classical Greek World
  2. Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl
  1. A Companion to the Ancient Near East
  2. Edited by Daniel C. Snell
  1. A Companion to the Hellenistic World
  2. Edited by Andrew Erskine
  1. A Companion to Late Antiquity
  2. Edited by Philip Rousseau
  1. A Companion to Ancient History
  2. Edited by Andrew Erskine
  1. A Companion to Archaic Greece
  2. Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees
  1. A Companion to Julius Caesar
  2. Edited by Miriam Griffin
  1. A Companion to Byzantium
  2. Edited by Liz James
  1. A Companion to Ancient Egypt
  2. Edited by Alan B. Lloyd
  1. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
  2. Edited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington
  1. A Companion to the Punic Wars
  2. Edited by Dexter Hoyos
  1. A Companion to Augustine
  2. Edited by Mark Vessey
  1. A Companion to Marcus Aurelius
  2. Edited by Marcel van Ackeren
  1. A Companion to Ancient Greek Government
  2. Edited by Hans Beck
  1. A Companion to the Neronian Age
  2. Edited by Emma Buckley and Martin T. Dinter
  1. A Companion to Greek Democracy and the Roman Republic
  2. Edited by Dean Hammer
  1. A Companion to Livy
  2. Edited by Bernard Mineo

Literature and Culture

  1. A Companion to Classical Receptions
  2. Edited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray
  1. A Companion to Greek and Roman Historiography
  2. Edited by John Marincola
  1. A Companion to Catullus
  2. Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner
  1. A Companion to Roman Religion
  2. Edited by Jörg Rüpke
  1. A Companion to Greek Religion
  2. Edited by Daniel Ogden
  1. A Companion to the Classical Tradition
  2. Edited by Craig W. Kallendorf
  1. A Companion to Roman Rhetoric
  2. Edited by William Dominik and Jon Hall
  1. A Companion to Greek Rhetoric
  2. Edited by Ian Worthington
  1. A Companion to Ancient Epic
  2. Edited by John Miles Foley
  1. A Companion to Greek Tragedy
  2. Edited by Justina Gregory
  1. A Companion to Latin Literature
  2. Edited by Stephen Harrison
  1. A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought
  2. Edited by Ryan K. Balot
  1. A Companion to Ovid
  2. Edited by Peter E. Knox
  1. A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language
  2. Edited by Egbert Bakker
  1. A Companion to Hellenistic Literature
  2. Edited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss
  1. A Companion to Vergil's Aeneid and its Tradition
  2. Edited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. Putnam
  1. A Companion to Horace
  2. Edited by Gregson Davis
  1. A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds
  2. Edited by Beryl Rawson
  1. A Companion to Greek Mythology
  2. Edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone
  1. A Companion to the Latin Language
  2. Edited by James Clackson
  1. A Companion to Tacitus
  2. Edited by Victoria Emma Pagán
  1. A Companion to Women in the Ancient World
  2. Edited by Sharon L. James and Sheila Dillon
  1. A Companion to Sophocles
  2. Edited by Kirk Ormand
  1. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
  2. Edited by Daniel Potts
  1. A Companion to Roman Love Elegy
  2. Edited by Barbara K. Gold
  1. A Companion to Greek Art
  2. Edited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris Plantzos
  1. A Companion to Persius and Juvenal
  2. Edited by Susanna Braund and Josiah Osgood
  1. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Roman Republic
  2. Edited by Jane DeRose Evans
  1. A Companion to Terence
  2. Edited by Antony Augoustakis and Ariana Traill
  1. A Companion to Roman Architecture
  2. Edited by Roger B. Ulrich and Caroline K. Quenemoen
  1. A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity
  2. Edited by Paul Christesen and Donald G. Kyle
  1. A Companion to Plutarch
  2. Edited by Mark Beck
  1. A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities
  2. Edited by Thomas K. Hubbard
  1. A Companion to the Ancient Novel
  2. Edited by Edmund P. Cueva and Shannon N. Byrne
  1. A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean
  2. Edited by Jeremy McInerney
  1. A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art
  2. Edited by Melinda Hartwig
  1. A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World
  2. Edited by Rubina Raja and Jörg Rüpke

A COMPANION TO LIVY

Edited by

Bernard Mineo

Title Page

Figures

  1. Figure 1.1 Stemma for the First Decade
  2. Figure 1.2 Stemma for the Third Decade
  3. Figure 1.3 Stemma for the Fourth Decade
  4. Figure 11.1 Livy's Cyclical Pattern

Maps

image

Map 1 Rome, third and second centuries BC

image

Map 2 The Mediterranean, third century BC

image

Map 3 Italy and islands

image

Map 4 Asia Minor

Notes on Contributors

  1. Jacques-Emmanuel Bernard is a professor of Latin literature at the University of Toulon (France). He has specialized in historiography and rhetoric in the ancient Mediterranean world. He has recently published Le portrait chez Tite-Live. Essai sur une écriture de l'histoire romaine (Bruxelles, Latomus 2000), and La sociabilité épistolaire chez Cicéron (Paris 2013).
  2. Luigi Bessone, formerly associate professor at the Facoltà di Magistero of Turin, is now full professor of Roman history at the University of Padua. He has cultivated different fields of research, which includes the Livian epitomical tradition. Among his recent publications are Le congiure di Catilina (2004) and Senectus imperii. Biologismo e storiografia romana (2008), and a variety of articles in Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis.
  3. Klaus Bringmann is emeritus professor for ancient history at the University of Frankfurt. Selected publications: Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer (Mitautor und Mitherausgeber). 3 Vols. (1995/2000); Geschichte der römischen Republik (2002, 2nd ed. 2010, English. 2007, Polish. 2010); Kaiser Julian (2004, Spanish. 2006); Geschichte der Juden im Altertum (2005); Augustus (2007, 2nd ed. 2012, Spanish. 2008); and Cicero (2010).
  4. Dominique Briquel was born in Nancy (France) in 1946, and is a specialist in Etruscology and the ancient periods of Roman history. He is interested in Indo-European comparatism in the Dumezilian tradition. He currently teaches at the University of Paris-Sorbonne and the École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris.
  5. Giovanni Brizzi is a professor of Roman history at Bologna University. He has taught at Sassari and Udine Universities. He was official professor (1993/1994 and 2005/2006) at the Sorbonne, is Officier de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques of the French Republic, and is a member of the Academy of the Sciences of the Istituto di Bologna. He is director of the Rivista Storica dell'Antichità, assistant director of the Revue des Études Militaires Anciennes, and a member of the Scientific Committee of the review Kentron. Giovanni Brizzi is the author of more than 200 publications, in different languages, and is one of the leading scholars in ancient military history.
  6. Giambattista Cairo holds a law degree and a Ph.D. in Ancient history. He has collaborated with Giovanni Brizzi, chair of Roman history and Roman military history at the University of Bologna, and has served as the editor of the journal Rivista di Studi Militari. He has published articles and monographs on different aspects of Roman history with focus on the origins of Rome. He currently works as editor for the publisher Edizioni Dehoniane Bologna.
  7. Craige B. Champion teaches ancient history at Syracuse University. He is the author of Cultural Politics in Polybius's Histories (2004); editor of Roman Imperialism: Readings and Sources (2004); general editor of The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (2013); and co-editor of The Landmark Edition of the Histories of Polybius (forthcoming).
  8. Jane D. Chaplin is James I. Armstrong Professor of Classics at Middlebury College, where she has taught since 1992. Her major publications are Livy's Exemplary History, a translation of Livy Books 41–45, and the Livian Periochae under the title Rome's Mediterranean Empire, and, with Christina S. Kraus, Livy.
  9. Timothy Cornell is a professorial research fellow at the University of Manchester. His research interests include Roman historiography and the history and archaeology of early Rome and Italy. His major publications include The Beginnings of Rome (London 1995) and The Fragments of the Roman Historians, 3 vols. (Oxford 2013).
  10. Arthur M. Eckstein is a professor of history and Distinguished Scholar–Teacher at the University of Maryland at College Park. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1978, and has since published four books, an edited book, and over 60 scholarly articles or chapters in scholarly books. His main areas of interest have been Roman imperial expansion, Greek historiography (especially Thucydides and Polybius), and the integration of modern international-systems theory (political science) into discussion of ancient empires.
  11. Gary Forsythe is a professor of ancient Greek and Roman history in the Department of History at Texas Tech University (Lubbock, Texas). He is the author of The Historian L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi and the Roman Annalistic Tradition (Lanham-London 1994) and also of A Critical History of Early Rome (Berkeley-London 2005).
  12. Matthew Fox, MA (Oxon.), D.Phil, has been a professor of Classics at the University of Glasgow since 2007. He has written two books: Roman Historical Myths (Oxford 1996) and Cicero's Philosophy of History (Oxford 2007). In addition to historiography, his publications deal with poetry, gender, and classical reception.
  13. Marielle de Franchis is a senior lecturer in Latin language and literature at the University of Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV). Her main interest is Roman historiography, and its transmission and reception in Western culture. Her latest publications aim at characterizing Livy's first readers. She is at present completing the edition of Livy's Book 30 for the Collection des Universités de France (CUF).
  14. Mary Jaeger is a professor of Classics at the University of Oregon, where she has taught since 1990. She is the author of Livy's Written Rome (University of Michigan Press 1997), Archimedes and the Roman Imagination (University of Michigan Press 2008), and A Livy Reader (Bolchazy-Carducci 2011).
  15. Frances Hickson Hahn studied at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill with Jerzy Linderski. Since 1987, she has been at the University of California at Santa Barbara, where she is now Professor Emerita of Classics.
  16. Dexter Hoyos is an honorary associate professor at Sydney University, where he lectured from 1972 to 2007. His works on ancient Rome and Carthage include Unplanned Wars (1998), Hannibal's Dynasty (2003, 2005), The Carthaginians (2010), A Companion to the Punic Wars (2011), and papers in scholarly journals since 1973.
  17. Michel Humm is a professor of Roman history at the University of Strasbourg. His research focuses on the history of the Roman republic, particularly in the mid-republican period (fourth–third centuries BC). His book Appius Claudius Caecus: La République accomplie was published in 2005. This study is further developed in a series of articles on the presence of Pythagoreanism in the Roman political milieu (1996 and 1997), the links between the architectural form of the Comitium of the Roman forum and its institutional and ideological functions (1999), the role played by the figures of Servius Tullius and Numa in the political ideology of the Roman Republic (2001 and 2004), etc. The value system and the forms of social and ideological representation of the Roman ruling class have been the subject of several studies, notably, Forma virtutei parisuma fuit: les valeurs helléniques de l'aristocratie romaine à l'époque (médio-) républicaine (IVeIIIe siècles) (2007), and Exhibition et “monumentalisation” du butin dans la Rome médio-républicaine (2009). He is also the editor (with M. Coudry) of Praeda: Butin de guerre et société dans la Rome républicaine / Kriegsbeute und Gesellschaft im republikanischen Rom (2009), and is preparing for the publication of a collaborative work on Caton et l'hellénisme as well as a monograph on Rome ‘polis Hellenis’: Identité culturelle et réception de l'hellénisme à Rome (fin VIe–IIIe siècle).
  18. Yann Le Bohec is professor emeritus at the Sorbonne (Paris IV). Specialized in Roman military history, he is the author of some 190 articles and 22 books, some of which have been translated into English. To be published: Naissance, vie et mort de l'empire romain; Alésia (52 BC); La bataille de Lyon (197 AD).
  19. David S. Levene is a professor of Classics at New York University. His publications include Religion in Livy (1993) and Livy on the Hannibalic War (Oxford 2010); he is currently preparing an edition with commentary of Livy's fragments and Periochae.
  20. Barbara Levick is Emeritus Fellow and tutor in ancient history, St. Hilda's College, Oxford. She is the author of works on Roman Imperial history, most recently Augustus, Image and Substance (2010), and on studies of Roman Asia Minor, having co-edited, with Michel Cottier and others, The Customs Law of Asia (2008).
  21. Dr Kathryn Lomas is an honorary senior research associate at University College London, and researches on the history and archaeology of Italy and the Western Mediterranean, ethnic and cultural identities, and early literacy. Her publications include Rome and the Western Greeks and Roman Italy, 338 BC–AD 200, several volumes of collected papers, and numerous articles.
  22. Pierre Maréchaux is a professor of Latin and neo-Latin literature at the University of Nantes, and a fellow of the Nantes Institute for Advanced Study. At the instigation of Marc Fumaroli, in the wake of the Warburg school, he wrote research papers on mythography at an early stage in his career. He was awarded scholarships by the Warburg Institute in London and the Université Laval in Quebec, where he was Frances Yates Fellow and research fellow. As a lecturer at the Centre d'Etudes Supérieures de la Renaissance in Tours, he has worked in partnership on ancient and neo-Latin literature, publishing annotated translations of Aristotle, Plutarch, Jean Chrysostome, Lucian of Samosata, Horace, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, and Petrarch, and essays on Ovid, Boccaccio, and Greek myths. As a junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France and then a university professor in Nantes, he has directed his studies toward the hermeneutics of music and narrative dialectics. He is currently working on an original translation of Speeches by Procopius of Gaza for the Collection des Universités de France.
  23. Paul-Marius Martin is professor emeritus at Montpellier III University, and honorary president of the revue Vita Latina, which he has headed for a long time, as well as the “Classical Studies Library,” Peeters, Louvain-Paris. He is a specialist in the monarchical concept in Rome, from the origins to the Augustan princedom.
  24. Attilio Mastrocinque is a professor of Roman history at the University of Verona. He researches in Roman history, Hellenism, and religions of the Roman Empire, and his publications include Lucio Giunio Bruto (Trento 1988); From Jewish Magic to Gnosticism (Tübingen 2005); Des mystères de Mithra aux mystères de Jésus (Stuttgart 2009); and Kronos, Shiva, and Asklepios (Philadelphia 2011).
  25. Bernard Mineo is a professor of Latin literature at the Université de Nantes in Brittany, France. He is the author of a monograph on Livy entitled Tite-Live et l'histoire de Rome. He has also edited Book 32 of Livy's Roman History for the Collection des Universités de France. He is currently working on an edition of Pompeius Trogus' Philippic Histories in the abridgement by Justin for the same publishers.
  26. Stephen P. Oakley, Kennedy Professor of Latin in the University of Cambridge and Fellow of the British Academy, has published The Hill-Forts of the Samnites (London, British School at Rome 1994) and A Commentary on Livy, Books vi–x (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1997–2005, 4 vols), as well as articles and reviews on Livy and other topics.
  27. James H. Richardson is a lecturer in Classics at Massey University. He is the author of The Fabii and the Gauls: Studies in Historical Thought and Historiography in Republican Rome (2012) and various articles on Roman history and historiography, and the editor (with F. Santangelo) of Priests and State in the Roman World (2011) and The Roman Historical Tradition: Regal and Republican Rome. Oxford Readings in Classical Studies (2014).
  28. Marianna Scapini, presented her Ph.D. Thesis at the University of Verona, which concerned certain aspects of initiation rites for Roman women. In 2011, she published Temi greci e citazioni da Erodoto nelle storie di Roma arcaica in Germany on Herodotean influences on the Roman annalistic tradition. She is part of the ongoing excavation campaigns at Grumento Nova (Potenza), directed by Attilio Mastrocinque.
  29. John Scheid is a professor at the Collège de France, in Paris, and chair for Religion, institutions et société de la Rome antique, whose main works are on Roman religion and institutions (end of the Republic, first centuries of the Empire). Among his topics are the arval brethren, the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, and the Roman Questions of Plutarch.
  30. Ghislaine Stouder is a lecturer of Roman history at the University of Poitiers, and a former member of the École française de Rome. She wrote her Ph.D. on La diplomatie romaine: histoire et représentations (IVe–IIIe siècles av. n. è.), and is still working on the diplomatic argument during the Republican period and the correlative historiographical problems.
  31. Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg is professor emeritus for ancient history at the University of Basel. His main fields of research include the Roman republic (public law, historiography); Archaic and Classical Greece; and the history of science (especially the relationships between French and German scholars). He has published Römische Studien (Leipzig 2006); Griechische Studien (Berlin 2009); and, together with Ève Gran-Aymerich, L'Antiquité partagée (Paris 2012).
  32. Ann Vasaly is an associate professor of Classics at Boston University. Her research focuses on Ciceronian rhetoric and Latin historiography. Author of Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory, as well as shorter works on Cicero and Livy, she is currently completing a book on Livy's first pentad.

Abbreviations

Acc.Accius
Acta Tr.Fasti Triumphales
Aug.Augustine
    De civ. D.                              De civitate Dei
AHBAncient History Bulletin
AJAAmerican Journal of Archeology
AJPAmerican Journal of Philology
Ampel.L. Ampelius, Liber Memorialis
Anc. Hist. Bull.see AHB
Anc. Soc.Ancient Society
Ann.Annales
Ant. AfrAntiquités Africaines
ANRWAufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt
Apollod.Apollodorus
    Bibl.    Bibliotheca
     App.    Appian
    BC    Bella ciuilia
    Hann.    Hannibalica
    Iber.    Iberica
    Ill.    Illyrica
    Lib.    Libyca
    Mac.    Macedonica
    Mith.    Mithridatica
    Sam.    Samnitica
    Sic.    Sicelica
    Syr.    Syriaca
Arist.Aristotle
    Pol.    Politics
     Ath. Pol.    'Αθηναίων Πολιτεία
Aristox.Aristoxenus
Arr.Arrian
    Anab.    Anabasis
ASDAmsterdam edition. Desiderii Erasmi omnia opera
BAfr.Bellum Africum
BAlex.Bellum Alexandrinum
BIDRBulletino dell'Istituto di Diritto Romano
BkBook
Brit. Libr.British Library
c.circa
Caesar, Bciv.Bellum ciuile
    Bgall.    Bellum Gallicum
CAHCambridge Ancient History (first edition)
CAH2Cambridge Ancient History (second edition)
Calp.PisoCalpurnius Piso
Cass.HemCassius Hemina
CatoCato
    Orig.    Origines
Catull.Catullus
cf.(=confer) compare
Cic.M. Tullius Cicero
    Ad Brut.    Epistulae ad Brutum
    Amic.    De amicitia
    Arch.    Pro Archia
    Att.    Epistulae ad Atticum
    Balb.    Pro Balbo
    Brut.    Brutus
    Caecin.    Pro Caecina
    Cael.    Pro Caelio
    Cato Maior    =De senectute
    Cat.    In Catilinam
    De or.    De oratore
    Div.    De divinatione
    Dom.    De domo sua
    Fam.    Ad familiares
    Fin.    De finibus
    Flac.    Pro Flacco
    Font.    Pro Fonteio
    Har. resp.    De haruspicum responsis
    Leg.    De legibus
    Leg. agr.    De lege agraria
     Leg. Man.    Pro lege Manilia (=de Imperio Cn. Pompei)
    Mur.    Pro Murena
    Nat. D.    De natura deorum
    Off.    De officiis
    Phil.    In M. Antonium orationes Philippicae XIV
    Pis.    In Calpurnium Pisonem
    Q. Fr.    Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem
    Quinct.    Pro P. Quinctio
    Rep.    De republica
    Sest.    Pro P. Sestio
    Senect.    De senectute
    Sull.    Pro Sulla
    Tusc.    Tusculanae disputationes
    Verr.    In C. Verrem actio secunda, orationes I-V
    2 Verr.    Second Verrines
CIGCorpus Inscriptionum Graecarum
CILCorpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
CISAContributi dell'Istituto di storia antica
Class. Philol.Classical Philology
cos.consul (with year of office)
CPClassical Philology
CQClassical Quarterly
CRClassical Review
CUFCollection des Universités de France
DCPPDictionnaire des Civilisations Phénicienne et Punique
De vir. Ill.De viris illustribus (auctor ignotus)
Dio Cass.Dio Cassius
Diod.Diodorus
Dion. Hal.Dionysius of Halicarnassus
    Ant. Rom.    Antiquitates Romanae
ed.editor, edited (by)
edn.edition
eds.editors
EFRÉcole Française de Rome
Ennius V3Ennius, ed. Vahlen (third edition)
Enn. Ann.Ennius, Annales (ed. Skutsch)
Epist.Epistulae
Epit.Epitome
esp.especially
Eus.-Jer.Eusebius-Jerome
    Chron.    Chronica
Eutr.Eutropius
F. Cap.Fasti Capitolini
Fest.Festus
FgrHFragmente de Griechischen Historiker
FRHistFragments of the Roman Historians
Flor.Florus
Fr., frg., frgs.fragment(s)
FRHDie Frühen Römischen Historiker (ed. Beck & Walter)
Frontin.Frontinus
    aq.    De aquae ductu urbis Romae
    Strat.    Strategemata
FtrFasti Triumphales
Gell. NAA. Gellius Noctes Atticae
Gell. Hist.Cn. Gellius
GRBSGreek, Roman & Byzantine Studies
HAANsee Gsell (Bibliography)
Hdt.Herodotus
HNsee Pliny
Hor.Q. Horatius Flaccus, Horace
    Carm.    Odes
    Carm. Saec.    Carmen Saeculare
    Ep.    Epistles
    Epod.    Epodes
    Sat.    Satires
Isid. Etym.Isidorus, Isidore, Etymologiae
Hom.Homer
    Il.    Iliad
    Od.    Odyssey
HRRPeter, Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae
HSCPHarvard Studies in Classical Philology
HZHistorische Zeitschrift
I Congr. di StudiI Congresso di Studi Fenici e Punici
    Fen. e Pun.    
IGInscriptiones Graecae
IGRRInscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas pertinentes
ILLRPInscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae
ILSDessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
Inscr. It.Degrassi, Inscriptiones Italicae
Jer. Chron.Jerome, Chronica
Just. Epit.M. Junianus Justinus, Justin, Epitome
JRSJournal of Roman Studies
Juv.D. Junius Juvenalis, Juvenal
Lact.Lactantius
    Inst.    Divinae institutiones
LMCLiverpool Classical Monthly
Liv.Titus Livius, Livy
    AUC    Ab Urbe Condita
    per.    Periochae
LTURLexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae
Luc.M. Annaeus Lucanus, Lucan
Macrob.Macrobius
    Sat.    Saturnalia
Mart.M. Valerius Martialis, Martial
MDAI (R)Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Römische Abteilung)
MEFRAMélanges de l'École française de Rome (Antiquité)
Mél.Mélanges
Mon. Anc.Monumentum Ancyranum
MRRBroughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic
Mus. Afr.Museum Africum
NCNumismatic Chronicle
Nep.Cornelius Nepos
    Att.    Atticus
    Hamil.    Hamilcar
    Hann.    Hannibal
Obs.Julius Obsequens, Prodigiorum liber
OCTOxford Classical Texts
ORFMalcovati, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta
Orig.Origines
Oros.Orosius
ORFH. Malcovati, Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta (second edition 1955, fourth edition 1967)
Ov.P. Ovidius Naso, Ovid
    Am.    Amores
    Met.    Metamorphoses
    Tr.    Tristia
PacPacuvius
Paul. Dig.Iulius Paulus, Digesta Iustiniani
P, P2 (citations ofHRR ed. Peter
    Roman historians)
Paul. Diac., Hist. Lang.Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum
Paus.Pausanias
PCPSProceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
Per.see Livy, Per.
Phamb.Hamburg Papyri
Pl.Plato
    Resp.    Respublica
Plaut.
    Bacch.    Bacchides
    Ep.    Epidicus
    Men.    Menaechmi
    Mil.    Miles gloriosus
    Per.    Persa
    Rud.    Rudens
    Trin.    Trinummus
Pryl.Rylands Papyri
Plin. Ep.C. Plinius Secundus, Pliny (the Younger), Epistulae
Plin. HN & NHC. Plinius Secundus, Pliny (the Elder) Historia Naturalis
Plut.
    Caes.    Caesar
    Cam.    Camillus
    Cic.    Plutarch
    Comp. Phil. and Flam.    Comparatio Philopoemenis et Flaminini
    Coriol.    Coriolanus
    Fab.    Fabius
    Flam.    Flaminius
    Lys.    Lysander
    Marc.    Marcellus
    Mor.    Moralia
    Mul. Virt.    De mulierum uirtute
    Num.    Numa
    Phil.    Philopoemen
    Pomp.    Pompeius
    Pyrrh.    Pyrrhus
    Quaest. Rom.    Quaestiones Romanae
    Rom.    Romulus
    Ti. Gr.    Tiberius Gracchus
Pol.Polybius
PolyaenusPolyaneus
    Strat.    Strategemata
Pomp. MelaPomponius Mela
Prop.Propertius
Praef.praefatio
PUFPresses Universitaires de France
Q. Cic. Comment. pet.Quintus Cicero, Commentariolum petitionis
Quint. Inst.M. Fabius Quintilianus, Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory
Rhet. Her.Rhetorica ad Herennium
Roman PraenominaA. (Aulus), Ap. (Appius), C.( Gaius), Cn. (Gnaeus), D. (Decimus), L. (Lucius), M. (Marcus), M'.(Manius), N. (Numerius), P. (Publius), Q. (Quintus), Ser. (Servius), T. (Titus), Ti. (Tiberius)
REPauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft
RÉARevue des Études Anciennes
Rev. Hist.Revue Historique
RELRevue des Études Latines
RFCRivista di Filologia Classica′
RGRes Gestae
RhMRheinisches Museum für Philologie
RIDARevue internationale des Droits de l'Antiquité
RINRivista italiana di numismatica e scienze affini
Rol.Warmington, Remains of Old Latin
RSARivista Storica dell'Antichità
Sall.C. Sallustius Crispus, Sallust
    BJ    Bellum Iugurthinum
    Cat.    De conjuratione Catilinae
    Hist.    Historiae
Schol. Bob.Scholia Bobiensia
Sen. Controv.Seneca (the Elder) Controversiae
Sen.Seneca (the Younger)
    Ep.    Epistulae
    Q Nat.    Quaestiones Naturales
Serv.Servius
    Ad Georg.    On Georgics
    ad Aen.    On Aeneid
Sil., Pun.Silius Italicus, Italica
SNGSylloge Nummorum Graecorum, numerous vols
Solin.Solinus
Stob. Flor.Stobaeus, Florilegium
Str.Strabo
s.v.sub uerbo, under the word
SudaGreek Lexicon formerly known as Suidas
Suet.Suetonius
    Gramm.    De grammaticis
    Aug.    Augustus
    Calig.    Caligula
    Div. Iul.    Divus Iulius
    Dom.    Domitianus
    Ner.    Nero
    Tib.    Tiberius
Syll.Sylloge
Tac.Tacitus
    Agr.    Agricola
    Ann.    Annales
    Dial.    Dialogus de oratoribus
    Hist.    Historiae
TAPATransactions of the American Philological Association
Tert.Tertullianus
    Ad nat.    Ad nationes
Thuc.Thucydides
TLE(Pallotino) Testimonia Lingua Etruscae
TLLThesaurus Linguae Latinae (1900-)
tr.translator, translated by
Val. Max.Valerius Maximus
Varr.M. Terentius Varro
    Ling.    De Lingua Latina
    Vita pop. Rom.    Vita populi Romani
    LL    De Lingua Latina
Vell. Pat.Velleius Paterculus
Verg.P. Vergilius Maro, Vergil
    Aen.    Aeneis, Aeneid
    Ecl.    Eclogae, Eclogues
    G.    Georgicae, Georgics
Zon.Zonaras
Zos.Zosimus
ZPEZeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik