This edition first published 2014
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Elnashar, Ayman.
Design, deployment and performance of 4G-LTE networks : A Practical Approach / Dr Ayman Elnashar,
Mr Mohamed A. El-saidny, Dr Mahmoud Sherif.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-68321-7 (hardback)
1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Mobile communication systems. I. Title.
TK5103.2.E48 2014
621.3845′6–dc23
2013037384
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-1-118-68321-7
1 2014
To my beloved kids Noursin, Amira, and Yousef. You're the inspiration!
This book is dedicated to the memory of my father (God bless his soul) and also my mother, who's been a rock of stability throughout my life. This book is also dedicated to my beloved wife whose consistent support and patience sustain me still.
My sincerest appreciations for a lifetime career that has surpassed anything my imagination could have conceived.
Ayman Elnashar
To my Family for all their continuous support. To my elder brother for his guidance and motivation throughout the years. To my inspirational, intelligent, and beautiful daughter, Hana.
Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. – Steve Jobs
Mohamed A. El-saidny
This work would not have been possible without the consistent and full support of my beloved family. To my beloved wife, Meram, to my intelligent, motivating, and beautiful kids, Moustafa, Tasneem, and Omar. You are my inspiration.
To my Dad, my Mom (God bless her soul), my brother, and my entire family. Thank you for all your support and encouragement.
There is no elevator to success. You have to take the stairs. – Unknown Author
Those who think they have found this elevator will end up falling down the elevator shaft
Mahmoud R. Sherif
Ayman Elnashar was born in Egypt in 1972. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, in 1995 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical communications engineering from Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, in 1999 and 2005, respectively. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees while working fulltime. He has more than 17 years of experience in telecoms industry including GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA+/LTE, WiMax, WiFi, and transport/backhauling technologies. He was part of three major start-up telecom operators in MENA region (Mobinil/Egypt, Mobily/KSA, and du/UAE) and held key leadership positions. Currently, he is Sr. Director of Wireless Broadband, Terminals, and Performance with the Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Co. “du”, UAE. He is in charge of mobile and fixed wireless broadband networks. He is responsible for strategy and innovation, design and planning, performance and optimization, and rollout/implementation of mobile and wireless broadband networks. He is the founder of the Terminals department and also the terminals lab for end-to-end testing, validation, and benchmarking of mobile terminals. He managed and directed the evolution, evaluation, and introduction of du mobile broadband HSPA+/LTE networks. Prior to this, he was with Mobily, Saudi Arabia, from June 2005 to Jan 2008 and with Mobinil (orange), Egypt, from March 2000 to June 2005. He played key role in contributing to the success of the mobile broadband network of Mobily/KSA.
He managed several large-scale networks, and mega projects with more than 1.5 billion USD budgets including start-ups (LTE 1800 MHz, UMTS, HSPA+, and WiMAX16e), networks expansions (GSM, UMTS/HSPA+, WiFi, and transport/backhauling) and swap projects (GSM, UMTS, MW, and transport network) from major infrastructure vendors. He obtained his PhD degree in multiuser interference cancellation and smart antennas for cellular systems. He published 20+ papers in wireless communications arena in highly ranked journals such as IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, IEEE Transactions Vehicular technology, and IEEE Transactions Circuits and Systems I, IEEE Vehicular technology Magazine, IET Signal Processing, and international conferences. His research interests include practical performance analysis of cellular systems (CDMA-based & OFDM-based), 3G/4G mobile networks planning, design, and Optimization, digital signal processing for wireless communications, multiuser detection, smart antennas, MIMO, and robust adaptive detection and beamforming. He is currently working on LTE-Advanced and beyond including eICIC, HetNet, UL/DL CoMP, 3D Beamforming, Combined LTE/HSPA+, Combined LTE/WiFi: simultaneous reception, etc…
Mohamed A. El-saidny is a technical expert with 10+ years of international technical and leadership experience in wireless communication systems for mobile phones, modem chipsets, and networks operators. He received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA in 2002 and 2004, respectively. From 2004 to 2008, he worked in Qualcomm CDMA Technology, Inc. (QCT), San Diego, California, USA. He was responsible for performance evaluation and analysis of the Qualcomm UMTS system and software solutions used in user equipment. As part of his assignments, he developed and implemented system studies to optimize the performance of various UMTS algorithms. The enhancements utilize Cell re-selection, Handover, Cell Search and Paging. He worked on several IOT and field trials to evaluate and improve the performance of 3G systems. Since 2008, he has been working in Qualcomm Corporate Engineering Services division in Dubai, UAE. He has been working on expanding the 3G/4G technologies footprints with operators, with an additional focus on user equipment and network performance as well as technical roadmaps related to the industry. Mohamed is currently supporting operators in Middle East and North Africa in addition to worldwide network operators and groups in LTE commercial efforts. His responsibilities are to ensure the device and network performance are within expectations. He led a key role in different first time features evaluations such as CSFB, C-DRX, IRAT, and load balance techniques in LTE. As part of this role, he is focused on aligning network operators to the device and chipset roadmaps and products in both 3G and 4G. Mohamed is the author of several international IEEE journal papers and contributions to 3GPP, and an inventor of numerous patents.
Mahmoud R. Sherif is a leading technical expert with more than 18 years of international experience in the design, development and implementation of fourth generation mobile broadband technologies and networks. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the City University of New York, USA in February 2000. His Ph.D. degree was preceded by the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Ain Shams in Cairo, Egypt in 1992, and 1996, respectively. From 1997 to 2008, he was working in the Wireless Business Unit at Lucent Technologies (which became Alcatel-Lucent in 2007), in Whippany, New Jersey, USA. He led the Voice and Data Quality and Performance Analysis team responsible for the end-to-end performance analysis of the different wireless/mobile technologies. In November 2008, he moved to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates to join the Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Co. “du” where he is now the Head of the Mobile Access Planning within du (Senior Director Mobile Access Planning) managing the Radio Planning, Site Acquisition and Capacity and Feature Management Departments. He is responsible for managing the planning of the mobile access network nationwide, Mobile Sites' Acquisition, Strategic Planning on Mobile Access Network Capacity Management, all Feature testing and rollout across 2G, 3G and LTE, defining and managing the financial resources efficiently and with alignment with company's financial targets (CAPEX & OPEX). He is also responsible for the mobile access network technology strategy in coordination with the commercial and marketing teams. He is considered a company expert resource in the various mobile broadband technologies, including HSPA+, LTE, VoLTE and LTE-A. He has published several related papers in various technical journals as well as multiple international conferences. He has multiple contributions to the 3GPP and other telecommunications standards. He also has multiple granted patents in the USA.
Cellular mobile networks have been evolving for many years. Several cellular systems and networks have been developed and deployed worldwide to provide the end user with quality and reliable communication over the air. Mobile technologies from the first to third generation have been quickly evolving to meet the need of services for voice, video, and data.
Today, the transition to smartphones has steered the user's interest toward a more mobile-based range of applications and services, increasing the demand for more network capacity and bandwidth. Meanwhile, this transition presents a significant revenue opportunity for network operators and service providers, as there is substantially higher average revenue per user (ARPU) from smartphone sales and relevant services. While the rollout of more advanced radio networks is proceeding rapidly, smartphone penetration is also increasing exponentially. Therefore, network operators need to ensure that the subscribers' experience stays the same as, or is even better than, with the older existing systems.
With the growing demand for data services, it is becoming increasingly challenging to meet the required data capacity and cell-edge spectrum efficiency. This adds more demand on the network operators, vendors and device providers to apply methods and features that stabilize the system's capacity and consequently improves the end-user experience. 4G systems and relevant advanced features have the capabilities to keep up with today's widespread use of mobile-communication devices, providing a range of mobile services and quality communications.
This book describes the long term evolution (LTE) technology for mobile systems; a transition from third to fourth generation. LTE has been developed in the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project), starting from the first version in Release 8 and through to the continuing evolution to Release 10, the latest version of LTE, also known as LTE-Advanced. The analysis in this book is based on the LTE of 3GPP Release 8 together with Release 9 and Release 10 roadmaps, with a focus on the LTE-FDD (frequency division duplex) mode . Unlike other books, the authors have bridged the gap between theory and practice, thanks to hands on experience in the design, deployment, and performance of commercial 4G-LTE networks and terminals.
The book is a practical guide for 4G networks designers, planners, and optimizers, as well as other readers with different levels of expertise. The book brings extensive and broad practical hands-on experience to the readers. Practical scenarios and case studies are provided, including performance aspects, link budgets, end-to-end architecture, end-to-end QoS (quality of service) topology, dimensioning exercises, field measurement results, applicable business case studies, and roadmaps.
Chapters 1 and 2 describe the LTE system architecture, interfaces, and protocols. They also introduce the LTE air interface and layers, in addition to downlink and uplink channels and procedures.
Chapters 3 to 8 constitute the main part of the book. They provide a deeper insight into the LTE system features, performance, design aspects, deployment scenarios, planning exercises, VoLTE (voice over long term evolution) implementation, and the evolution and roadmap to LTE-Advanced. Further material supporting this book can be found in www.ltehetnet.com.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to our colleagues in Qualcomm and du for assisting in reviewing and providing excellent feedback on this work. We are indebted to Huawei team in the UAE for their great support and review of Chapters 5 and 6, and also for providing the necessary supporting materials. Special thanks go to the wireless broadband and terminals team at du for their valuable support. We acknowledge the support of Harri Holma from NSN, for reviewing and providing valuable comments on Chapters 5 and 6. We wish to express our appreciation to every reviewer who reviewed the book proposal and provided very positive feedback and insightful comments. Thanks for their valuable comments and suggestions. Our thanks go to our families for their patience, understanding, and constant encouragement, which provided the necessary enthusiasm to accomplish this book. Also, our deep and sincere appreciations go to our professors who supervised and guided us through our academic career. Finally, we would like to thank the publishing team at John Wiley & Sons for their competence, extensive support and encouragement throughout the project to bring this work to completion.
16-QAM | 16-Quadrature amplitude modulation |
64-QAM | 64-Quadrature amplitude modulation |
1G, 2G, 3G or 4G | 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation |
3GPP | Third generation partnership project |
3GPP2 | Third generation partnership project 2 |
AAA | Authentication, authorization and accounting |
ACK | Acknowledgment |
AES | Advanced encryption standard |
AF | Application Function |
AIPN | All-IP network |
AMBR | Aggregate maximum bit rate |
AMC | Adaptive modulation and coding |
AMD | Acknowledged mode data |
AN | Access network |
APN | Access point name |
ARP | Allocation and retention priority |
ARQ | Automatic repeat request |
AS | Access stratum |
BC | Business Case |
BCCH | Broadcast control channel |
BCH | Broadcast channel |
BI | Backoff indicator |
BLER | Block error rate |
BP | Bandwidth part |
BSR | Buffer status report |
BW | Bandwidth |
CAPEX | Capital Expenditure |
CCCH | Common control channel |
CCE | Control channel elements |
CDD | Cyclic delay diversity |
CDM | Code Division Multiplexed |
CDMA | Code division multiple access |
CDS | Channel dependent scheduling |
CFI | Control format indicator |
CN | Core network |
COGS | Cost of Goods Sold |
CP | Control plane |
Cyclic prefix | |
CQI | Channel quality indicator |
CRC | Cyclic redundancy check |
CRF | Charging Rules Function |
C-RNTI | Cell radio network temporary identifier |
CS | Circuit switched |
CSG | Closed subscriber group |
CSI | Channel signal information |
CW | Code word |
DAS | Distributed Antenna System |
DCCH | Dedicated control channel |
DCI | Downlink control information |
DFT | Discrete Fourier transform |
DFTS-OFDM | Discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing |
DL | Downlink |
DL-SCH | Downlink shared channel |
DM | Demodulation |
DM-RS | Demodulation reference signal |
DNS | Domain Name System |
DRX | Discontinuous transmission |
DS | Data services |
DTCH | Dedicated traffic channel |
E-AGCH | Enhanced absolute granting channel |
EBITDA | Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization |
E-DCH | Enhanced dedicated channel |
E-DPCCH | Enhanced dedicated physical control channel |
E-DPDCH | Enhanced dedicated physical data channel |
E-HICH | Enhanced hybrid indicator channel |
EEA | EPS encryption algorithm |
EIA | EPS integrity algorithm |
EIR | Equipment Identity register |
EMM | EPS mobility management |
eNB | Evolved node B |
EPC | Evolved packet core |
EPLMN | Equivalent PLMN |
EPRE | Energy per resource element |
EPS | Evolved packet system |
E-RGCH | Enhanced relative granting channel |
ESM | EPS session management |
ESP | Encapsulated security protocol |
ETWS | Earthquake and tsunami warning system |
E-UTRA | Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access; PHY aspects |
E-UTRAN | Evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network; MAC/L2/L3 aspects |
FD | Full-duplex |
FDD | Frequency division duplex |
FDM | Frequency division multiplexing |
FDMA | Frequency division multiple access |
FFT | Fast Fourier transform |
FH | Frequency hopping |
FI | Framing information |
FL | Forward link |
FMS | First missing sequence |
FS | Frame structure |
FSTD | Frequency shift time diversity |
GBR | Guaranteed bit rate |
GERAN | GSM/EDGE radio access network |
GGSN | GPRS gateway support node |
GPRS | General packet radio service |
GSM | Global system for mobiles (European standard) |
GTP-U | GPRS tunneling protocol – user |
GUMMEI | Globally unique MME identity |
GUTI | Globally unique temporary identifier |
GW | Gateway |
HA | Home agent |
HAP ID | HARQ process ID |
HARQ | Hybrid ARQ |
HD | Half-duplex |
HFN | Hyper frame number |
HI | Hybrid ARQ indicator |
HLD | High Level Design |
HLR | Home location register |
HNBID | Home evolved node B identifier |
HO | Handover |
HPLMN | Home public land mobile network |
HRPD | High rate packet data |
HS | High speed |
HSDPA | High speed downlink packet access |
HS-DPCCH | High speed dedicated control channel |
HSPA | High speed packet access |
HSPA+ | High speed packet access evolved or enhanced |
HSS | Home subscriber service |
HSUPA | High speed uplink packet access |
IDFT | Inverse discrete Fourier transform |
IETF | Internet Engineering Task Force |
IFFT | Inverse fast Fourier transform |
IMS | IP Multimedia subsystem |
IMSI | International Mobile Subscriber Identity |
IP | Internet protocol |
IP-CAN | IP connectivity access network |
ISI | Inter-symbol interference |
ISR | Idle signaling load reduction |
IRR | Internal Rate of Return |
L1, L2, L3 | Layer 1, 2, 3 |
LA | Location area |
LAC | Location area code |
LAI | Location area identifier |
LAU | Location area updating |
LCG | Logical channel group |
LDAP | Lightweight Directory Access |
LFDM | Localized frequency division multiplexing |
LI | Lawful Interception |
LI | Length indicators |
LTE | Long term evolution |
LTI | Linear time invariant |
MAC | Medium access control |
MAC-I | Message authentication code for integrity |
MBMS | Multimedia broadcast multicast service |
MBR | Maximum bit rate |
MBSFN | Multimedia broadcast over a single frequency network |
MCCH | Multicast control channel |
MCH | Multicast channel |
MCS | Modulation and coding schemes |
MCW | Multiple code word |
ME | Mobile equipment |
MIB | Master information block |
MIMO | Multiple-input–multiple-output |
MME | Mobility management entity |
MMEC | MME code |
MMEGI | MME group ID |
MSISDN | Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network-Number |
MOS | Mean Opinion Score |
MTCH | Multicast traffic channel |
MU-MIMO | Multi-user multiple-input–multiple-output |
NAK | Negative acknowledgment |
NAS | Non-access stratum |
NDI | New data indicator |
NID | Network ID |
NPV | Net Present Value |
OCS | Online Charging System |
OFCS | Offline Charging System |
OFDM | Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing |
OFDMA | Orthogonal frequency division multiple access |
OS | Operating system |
PAPR | Peak-to-average power ratio |
PAR | Peak to average ratio |
PBCH | Physical broadcast channel |
PCC | Policy charging and control |
PCCH | Paging control channel |
PCFICH | Physical control format indicator channel |
PCH | Paging channel |
PCRF | Policy and charging rules function |
PDCCH | Physical downlink control channel |
PDCP | Packet data convergence protocol |
PDG | Packet data gateway |
PDN | Packet data network |
PDSCH | Physical downlink shared channel |
PDSN | Packet data serving node |
PDU | Protocol data unit |
PELR | Packet error loss rate |
P-GW | Packet data network gateway |
PHICH | Physical hybrid automatic repeat request indicator channel |
PHR | Power headroom report |
PHY | Physical layer |
PIM | Passive Intermodulation |
PLMN | Public land mobile network |
PMCH | Physical multicast channel |
PMI | Precoding matrix indicator |
PMIP | Proxy mobile IP |
PoC | Push-to-talk over cellular |
PRACH | Physical random access channel |
PRB | Physical resource block |
PS | Packet switched |
PSC | Primary synchronization code |
P-SCH | Primary synchronization channel |
PSS | Primary synchronization signal |
PSTN | Packet switched telephone network |
PSVT | Packet switched video telephony |
PTT | Push-to-talk |
PUCCH | Physical uplink control channel |
PUSCH | Physical uplink shared channel |
QAM | Quadrature amplitude modulation |
QCI | QoS class identifier |
QoS | Quality of service |
QPSK | Quadrature phase shift keying |
RA | Routing area |
RAC | Routing area code |
RACH | Random access channel |
RAN | Radio access network |
RAPID | Random access preamble identifier |
RAR | Random access response |
RAU | Routing area updating |
RB | Resource block |
RBG | Resource block group |
RDS | RMS delay spread |
RE | Resource element |
REG | Resource element group |
RI | Rank indicator |
RIV | Resource indication value |
RL | Reverse link |
RLC | Radio link control |
RLF | Radio link failure |
RMS | Root-mean-square |
RN | Relay Node |
RNC | Radio network controller |
RNL | Radio network layer |
RNTI | Radio network temporary identifier |
ROHC | Robust header compression |
ROI | Return On Investment |
RPLMN | Registered PLMN |
RRC | Radio resource control |
RRM | Radio resource management |
RS | Reference signal |
RV | Redundancy version |
SAE | System architecture evolution |
SAW | Stop-and-wait |
SC-FDM | Single-carrier frequency division multiplexing |
SC-FDMA | Single-carrier frequency division multiple access |
SCH | Supplemental channel (CDMA2000) |
Synchronization channel (WCDMA) | |
SCTP | Stream control transmission protocol |
SCW | Single code word |
SDF | Service data low |
SDM | Spatial division multiplexing |
SDMA | Spatial division multiple access |
SDU | Service data unit |
SFBC | Space frequency block code |
SFN | System frame number |
SGSN | Serving GPRS support node |
S-GW | Serving gateway |
SI | System information message |
SIB | System information block |
SINR | Signal to interference noise ratio |
SM | Session management |
Spatial multiplexing | |
SNR | Signal to noise ratio |
SOAP | Simple Object Access Protocol |
SPOF | Single Point of Failure |
SPS | Semi-persistent scheduling |
SR | Scheduling request |
SRS | Sounding reference signals |
SSC | Secondary synchronization code |
S-SCH | Secondary synchronization channel |
SSS | Secondary synchronization signal |
SU-MIMO | Single-user multiple-input–multiple-output |
TA | Tracking area |
Timing advance/alignment | |
TAC | Tracking area code |
TAI (_List) | Tracking area identifier (_List) |
TAU | Tracking area update |
TDD | Time division duplex |
TDM | Time division multiplexing |
TDMA | Time division multiple access |
TFT | Traffic flow template |
TPC | Transmit power control |
TTI | Transmission time interval |
Tx | Transmit |
UCI | Uplink control information |
UE | User equipment |
UL | Uplink |
UL-SCH | Uplink shared channel |
UMTS | Universal mobile telecommunications system |
UP | User plane |
UTRA | UMTS terrestrial radio access |
UTRAN | UMTS terrestrial radio access network |
VAF | Voice Activity Factor |
VoIP | Voice over Internet protocol |
VoLTE | Voice over LTE |
VRB | Virtual resource block |
VT | Video telephony |
WACC | Weighted Average Cost of Capital |
WCDMA | Wideband code division multiple access |
WiMAX | Worldwide interoperability for microwave access |
X2 | The interface between eNodeBs |
ZC | Zadoff–Chu |