Cover: A Companion to American Agricultural History edited by R. Douglas Hurt

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A Companion to the American Revolution

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A Companion to 19th‐Century America

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A Companion to the American South

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A Companion to American Women’s History

Edited by Nancy Hewitt

A Companion to American Indian History

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Edited by Christopher R. W. Dietrich

A Companion to American Women’s History, Second Edition

Edited by Nancy A. Hewitt and Anne M. Valk

A Companion to American Religious History

Benjamin E. Park

A COMPANION TO AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL HISTORY

 

Edited by

R. Douglas Hurt

 

Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN

 

 

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Notes on Contributors

J.L. Anderson is Professor of History at Mount Royal University, in Calgary, Alberta. He holds a PhD from Iowa State University and is the author of numerous publications, including Capitalist Pigs: Pigs, Pork, and Power in America (2019), Industrializing the Corn Belt: Agriculture, Technology, and Environment, 1945–1972 (2009), as well as an edited collection The Rural Midwest since World War II (2014). He is a past president of the Agricultural History Society.

Andrew C. Baker is Associate Professor of History at Texas A&M University-Commerce. He is the author of Bulldozer Revolutions: A Rural History of the Metropolitan South (2018) and has published award-winning articles in Environmental History and Agricultural History. His work focuses on the interactions between the built environment, cultivated landscapes, and the natural environment. He is currently researching a history of arsenic as mining waste, an agricultural chemical, and a common pollutant.

Nancy K. Berlage is Associate Professor of History and Director of the Public History Program at Texas State University. She is the recipient of numerous teaching, scholarship, and service awards, as well as fellowships and grants. Berlage previously published Farmers Helping Farmers: The Rise of the Farm and Home Bureaus, 1914–1935 (2016), which received several awards. She is currently completing a book project, Modernity, Memory and the Uses of the Past in Rural America. She received her BA from the University of Chicago and MA and PhD from Johns Hopkins University.

Megan Birk is an Associate Professor of History at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, specializing in rural social welfare and the Progressive Era. She is the author of numerous articles about child welfare and nineteenth-century institutional care. Her 2015 book Fostering on the Farm: Child Placement in the Rural Midwest won the Vincent P. DeSantis Prize, and her most recent book, The Fundamental Institution: Poverty, Social Welfare, and Agriculture in American Poor Farms (2022), details the methods of localized, indoor relief common in the rural US and their connections to agriculture.

Brian Q. Cannon is the Neil L. York Professor of History and Chair of the History Department at Brigham Young University, where he directed the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies for 15 years. He has served as president of the Agricultural History Society and on the editorial board of Agricultural History. He is the author of three books and numerous articles and book chapters dealing with agricultural, rural, and western American history, including Remaking the Frontier: Homesteading in the Modern West (2009), a history of agricultural settlement on federal irrigation projects.

Peter A. Coclanis is Albert R. Newsome Distinguished Professor of History and Director of the Global Research Institute at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill. He has been at UNC-Chapel Hill since 1984, the year he received his PhD in History from Columbia University. He works mainly in economic history, agricultural history, business history, and demographic history, and has published widely in these fields. He is past president and a Fellow of the Agricultural History Society.

Jonathan Coppess is on faculty at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, director of the Gardner Agriculture Policy Program, and author of The Fault Lines of Farm Policy: A Legislative and Political History of the Farm Bill (2018). Previously, he served as Chief Counsel for the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, Administrator of the Farm Service Agency at the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and Legislative Assistant to Senator Ben Nelson. He grew up on his family’s farm in western Ohio, earned his Bachelors’ degree from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and his Juris Doctor from The George Washington University Law School in Washington, DC.

David H. DeJong earned a Bachelor’s degree in American history from Arizona State University and a Masters and doctorate in American Indian Law and Policy from the University of Arizona. His academic work focuses on Indian water rights and agricultural history, but more broadly on federal–Indian policy matters. He has published eight books, including his most recent publication by the University of Arizona Press, Diverting the Gila: The Florence-Casa Grande Project and the Pima Indians 1916–1928 (2021). He has also published more than twenty articles on federal-Indian policy. He has had the privilege of working for the Gila River Indian Community for more than 26 years, the past 16 years as Director of the Pima-Maricopa Irrigation Project, where he is implementing the largest Indian water settlement in North American history. He resides in Casa Grande, Arizona, with his wife and family.

Kathryn C. Dolan is an Associate Professor at Missouri University of Science and Technology, where she teaches and researches nineteenth-century US literature, food studies, global studies, and sustainability studies. Her book, Cattle Country: Livestock in the Cultural Imagination examines the significance of agriculture in US literature and policy through the nineteenth century. She has also published on the work of Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Henry David Thoreau, and Louisa May Alcott, and teaches courses in early US literature, food studies in literature and culture, and US Gothic literature. She has also taught courses abroad in the UK and Costa Rica.

Sara Egge is Claude D. Pottinger Professor of History at Centre College, Kentucky. She is the author of Woman Suffrage and Citizenship in the Midwest, 1870–1920 (2018), which received the Gita Chaudhuri Prize for best book on rural women’s history and the Benjamin Shambaugh Award for best book on Iowa history. She contributed a chapter to Equality at the Ballot Box: Votes for Women on the Northern Great Plains and has written numerous articles on rural women’s activism. She has received grants in support of her teaching and research from the Kentucky Oral History Commission and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Anne Effland received a PhD in Agricultural History and Rural Studies from Iowa State University and was a research historian, social scientist, and economist with the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) from 1990 to 2020. Her research has included studies of farm and rural policy; rural labor, women, and minorities; and institutional history of the USDA. In addition to government reports, her work appears in Agricultural History, in several agricultural economics and food policy journals, and in edited collections. She is a Fellow of the Agricultural History Society and received the Society’s Gladys L. Baker Award for lifetime achievement in agricultural history.

Gayle Fritz is an environmental archaeologist studying ancient plant remains, with special interests in the origins and spread of agriculture in the Americas. She taught in the Anthropology Department at Washington University in St. Louis for nearly three decades and currently holds the title of Professor Emerita. She has published in dozens of academic journals and peer-reviewed volumes. Her book, Feeding Cahokia (2019) covers early agriculture in the American heartland. She is an American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Fellow and has received awards from the Society for American Archaeology, Southeastern Archaeological Conference, and Society for Economic Botany.

Nancy Gabin received a BA from Wellesley College and a PhD from the University of Michigan. As a faculty member in the Department of History at Purdue University, she taught courses in American women’s history, labor history, and modern America. Cornell University Press published Feminism in the Labor Movement: Women and the United Auto Workers, 1935–1970 (1990). Articles on women, work, and the labor movement have appeared in Labor History, Feminist Studies, and the Indiana Magazine of History as well as in anthologies and encyclopedias including Work Engendered: Toward a New History of American Labor, Midwestern Women, and The American Midwest.

Mark D. Hersey is an Associate Professor of History at Mississippi State University where he directs the Center for the History of Agriculture, Science, and the Environment of the South (CHASES). He is the author of My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of George Washington Carver (2011), along with numerous articles and essays. He co-edited A Field on Fire: The Future of Environmental History (2019), and currently serves as the co-editor of Environmental History.

R. Douglas Hurt is a Professor of History at Purdue University. He is a former editor of Agricultural History, the Missouri Historical Review, and Ohio History. Hurt is a former president of the Agricultural History Society, and a current Fellow of the Society. Among his books are: American Agriculture: A Brief History; Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South; Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri’s Little Dixie; The Great Plains during World War II; The Big Empty: The Great Plains in the Twentieth Century; and, Food and Agriculture during the Civil War. He is a recipient of the Agricultural History Society’s Gladys L. Baker Lifetime Achievement Award.

James L. Huston, a retired Regents Distinguished Professor at Oklahoma State University, has published six books and some fifty journal articles. His investigations have centered on political economy in the nineteenth century and sectional tensions, in particular the rise of egalitarianism in northern agriculture and its growing incompatibility with southern plantation slavery, a theme he elaborated in The British Gentry, the Southern Planter, and the Northern Family Farmer: Agriculture and Sectional Antagonism in North America (2015). He continues to work on the importance of egalitarianism in agriculture for northern cultural values.

Thomas D. Isern is Professor of History and University Distinguished Professor at North Dakota State University, where he teaches both the history of agriculture and the history of the Great Plains. Among his works in the history of agriculture are two books on the history of wheat harvesting on the Great Plains, Custom Combining on the Great Plains (1981) and Bull Threshers and Bindlestiffs (1990). His most recent work in the history of the Great Plains is Pacing Dakota (2018). His weekly essays on life on the plains are featured by Prairie Public radio and NPR One. He remains a partner in a family farm in western Kansas dating from 1874.

Kelly Houston Jones is Assistant Professor of History at Arkansas Tech University. She is the author of A Weary Land: Slavery on the Ground in Arkansas (2021). Her current research concerns absentee-owned plantations in the American South, as well as a study of the lynching of enslaved people.

Cherisse Jones-Branch is the Dean of the Graduate School and the James and Wanda Lee Vaughn Endowed Professor of History at Arkansas State University. She has written numerous articles on women’s Civil Rights and rural activism and is the author of Crossing the Line: Women and Interracial Activism in South Carolina during and after World War II (2014), and co-editor of Arkansas Women: Their Lives and Times (2018). Her second monograph is Better Living By Their Own Bootstraps: Black Women’s Activism in Rural Arkansas, 1914–1965 (2021).

Connie L. Lester is an Associate Professor in History at the University of Central Florida. She has been the editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly since 2005 and the Director of the Regional Initiative for Collecting History, Experiences, and Stories (RICHES) interactive digital archiving project since 2009. In 2020, the RICHES project added a digital exhibit space to document Black community life in Florida, titled “Bending Toward Justice” which she also oversees. She is the author of Up from the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmers’ Alliance, Populism, and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870–1920 (2006) and of articles and essays about agricultural, Reconstruction/New South, and public history.

Alan I Marcus is William L. Giles Distinguished Professor and Head, Department of History, Mississippi State University, where he formerly headed the chemistry department. Author or editor of over twenty books and journals, his latest three books are Land of Milk and Money: The Creation of the Southern Dairy Industry (2021), Malignant Growth: Creating the Modern Cancer Research Establishment, 1875–1915 (2018), and (with Howard Segal) Technology in America: A Brief History, 3rd. ed. (2018). He is presently working on a book about the establishment of an American science of business.

Sara E. Morris is a Librarian at the University of Kansas. She holds a PhD in American History from Purdue University. Her research interests include collection development, access to historical sources, and rural women. She is a past Chair of the American Library Association’s History Section and is currently the Treasurer of the Agricultural History Society.

Paul Nienkamp is an Associate Professor, Director of History-Secondary Education, and Chair of the Department of History at Fort Hays State University. He received his PhD in History from Iowa State University, and an MSc in Physics from Creighton University. He has previously taught at Iowa State University and Michigan Technological University. His research focuses on engineering education in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. He has published essays on land-grant university engineering education, Robert Thurston’s academic career, and the electrical debate between Edison and Tesla.

Travis Nygard is Associate Professor of Art History at Ripon College in Wisconsin. His research focuses on the relationship of American visual culture to farming. He is especially interested in Regionalist art and the history of agribusiness, which was the focus of his doctoral dissertation (University of Pittsburgh, 2009). He is the author of “George Washington Carver” in Unforgettable: An Alternate History of American Art (2022) and essays on the history of the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota. He served on the governing board of the multidisciplinary Association for the Study of Food and Society from 2009 to 2015.

Debra A. Reid is the curator of agriculture and the environment at The Henry Ford (Dearborn, Michigan). Between 1999 and 2016 she taught in the Department of History at Eastern Illinois University. She is a a past president and a Fellow of the Agricultural History Society, inducted in 2015. Her books include Reaping a Greater Harvest: African Americans, the Extension Service, and Rural Reform in Jim Crow Texas (2007), Beyond Forty Acres and a Mule: African American Landowning Families since Reconstruction (co-edited with Evan Bennett, 2012), Interpreting Agriculture at Museums and Historic Sites (2017), and Interpreting the Environment at Museums and Historic Sites (co-written with David Vail, 2019).

Karen-Beth G. Scholthof, a Professor of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at Texas A&M University, is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Microbiology, and the American Phytopathological Society. She has pioneered the use of Brachypodium distachyon, a model grass species, and Panicum mosaic virus to study host responses to virus infection. Her historiography of the development of plant virology in the United States has focused on tobacco mosaic virus and the co-evolution of host–virus interactions. She serves on the executive committee of the Agricultural History Society and the editorial board of the Annual Review of Phytopathology.

Kendra Smith-Howard is Associate Professor of History at the State University of New York at Albany. Her research focuses on environmental history in the twentieth-century United States, particularly in its intersections with agriculture, consumer culture, and public health. She is the author of Pure and Modern Milk: An Environmental History since 1900 (2014).

Taylor Spence researches, writes, and makes art about the history and legacies of United States colonialism in North America. He holds an MFA from the School of Visual Arts and a PhD from Yale University. The University Press of Virginia published his first book, Endless Commons: Land Taking in Early America and the Origins of White Settler Nationalism (2022). He is a postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of History at the University of New Mexico.

Joseph M. Thompson is an Assistant Professor of History at Mississippi State University. He is working on a book, Cold War Country: Music Row, the Pentagon, and the Sound of American Patriotism, which analyzes the economic and symbolic connections between the country music business and the military-industrial complex since World War II. His other writing on country music, politics, and popular culture appears in the journals Southern Cultures and American Quarterly, as well as The Washington Post.

David D. Vail is Associate Professor of History at University of Nebraska at Kearney. He specializes in Environmental and Agricultural History, Science and Medicine, the Great Plains, and Public History. His research has appeared in numerous academic journals such as Kansas History, Endeavour, and Great Plains Quarterly. Vail is the author of two books: Chemical Lands: Pesticides, Aerial Spraying, and Health in North America’s Grasslands since 1945 (2018) and Interpreting Environment at Museums and Historic Sites with co-author Debra A. Reid (2019). His current research involves the study of agricultural risk and resiliency in the Great Plains during the Cold War.

David Vaught is Professor of History at Texas A&M University. He is the author of Cultivating California: Growers, Specialty Crops, and Labor, 1875–1920 (1999); After the Gold Rush: Tarnished Dreams in the Sacramento Valley (2007); and The Farmers’ Game: Baseball in Rural America (2013). His most recent book is Spitter: Baseball’s Notorious Gaylord Perry (2022). He also has published Teaching the Big Class: Advice From a History Colleague (2011). Vaught is past president of the Agricultural History Society and serves currently as an Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer.

Wilson J. Warren is Professor of History at Western Michigan University where he teaches courses in modern United States history, including food history, as well as history and social studies education. He has published three monographs dealing with meatpacking: Struggling with “Iowa’s Pride”: Labor Relations, Unionism, and Politics in the Rural Midwest since 1877 (2000), Tied to the Great Packing Machine: The Midwest and Meatpacking (2007), and Meat Makes People Powerful: A Global History of the Modern Era (2018).

Albert G. Way is an Associate Professor of History at Kennesaw State University. He has published widely on the environmental and agricultural history of the US South, including Conserving Southern Longleaf: Herbert Stoddard and the Rise of Ecological Land Management (2011), and he is the editor of Agricultural History.

Jeannie Whayne is University Professor of History at the University of Arkansas and author of Delta Empire: Lee Wilson and the Transformation of Agriculture in the New South (2011) and A New Plantation South: Land, Labor, and Federal Favor (1996). Delta Empire won the Arkansas Historical Association’s Ragsdale Award. She is the editor or a co-author of nine other books, including Shadows Over Sunnyside: An Arkansas Plantation in Transition (1993). Whayne, a Fellow of the Agricultural History Society, served as the Society’s president (20132014) and was awarded its Gladys L. Baker Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017.

Introduction
THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE

R. Douglas Hurt

The history of American agriculture is the story of its people – Native American, European immigrant, native born, African American, Latinx, and Asian, among others. It is a story of considerable achievement in many contexts, such as the formulation of land and water law, crop and livestock production, and technological and scientific change. The history of American agriculture also is reflected in art, literature, music, and film. It is the story of national expansion, political turmoil, and changing relationships among men, women, and children. It is the story of hard-earned economic gains and the indelible imprint of heartbreak, violence, racism, and despair. The history of American agriculture includes life in the small towns and cities where food processing links workers with the countryside. It is the story of agribusiness in a multiplicity of forms including domestic and international trade. It is the story of contentious government policy that provides nutritional programs for school children and the disadvantaged contending with food insecurity. It is the story of inequitable federal production and income programs and well-intentioned and often successful conservation and environmental programs that benefit urban and rural America. The history of American agriculture is complex with many parts, the synthesis of which enables us to better understand the American experience.

The contributors to this book constitute a gathering of emerging and established scholars who have written accessible and astute chapters on a multiplicity of topics to provide readers with an introduction to their subject. Each chapter offers readers a place to begin their own pursuit of American agricultural history, whether in general or regarding the subject under consideration. The following collection of thirty-one original chapters and an extensive bibliography will enable readers to gain an understanding of American agricultural history across region and time as well as focus on specific subjects, themes, and issues. In the past, many scholars who have written about the topics in this collection analyzed political, social, and economic events to give their histories substance, form, and meaning. In the twenty-first century these subjects often are understood through new interdisciplinary lenses of race, class, and gender as well as the environment that give greater breadth and depth to our understanding of America’s agricultural past.

The contents of these chapters begin in 8000 bce and range to the third decade of the twenty-first century. Specifically, they provide a narrative summary and a critical examination of the historical works upon which the authors have based their assessments. Each chapter will prove suggestive for further reading and research. By so doing, the chapters offer a comprehensive overview of critical areas in American agricultural history and, as such, will be useful for introductory students, experienced scholars, and general readers as well as teachers, journalists, public officials, and policy-makers who want a brief survey of specific topics in field-defining chapters in American agricultural history.

These chapters are informative, challenging, and interpretive. Several touch on similar subjects but provide different points of view. Others offer analysis of newly developing areas for research, such as the arts, urban and organic farming, and the environment. Still others assess the gendered nature of American agriculture, as well as matters of race, ethnicity, and power, and still others delve into the world of agribusiness from the meatpacking plants to migrant labor to the marketing of new products, including foods, at home and abroad. Others trace the origin and development of agricultural politics and policies, while others describe changes in science, technology, and government regulations.

We hope that this book will provide a succinct and solid foundation for understanding American agricultural history and offer new insights and fresh, innovative directions and ideas for further research. It is, of course, a superb reference volume for the topics discussed. Moreover, this collection provides an assessment of nearly a century of scholarship written by historians, political scientists, economists, geographers, anthropologists, sociologists, and environmentalists, among others, to constitute a book of chapters that is foundational to the study of American agricultural history.

It has been my privilege to have been invited to organize this collection of chapters and to work with these talented scholars from many disciplines to provide a usable book on the history of American agriculture. Although I would have liked to include additional subjects, any substantive omissions only prove that the field is complex, wide-ranging, and ever expansive. New topics for research and writing are limited only by the imagination, skill, and knowledge of anyone interested in America’s agricultural past. I am confident that these chapters will provide a usable, accessible, and suggestive reference for anyone desiring to learn about American agricultural history. More importantly, I hope this book will enable all readers to understand the integral importance of our agricultural past to the American experience.

Part I
REGIONAL