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Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 RF Transmission Lines
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Voltage, Current, and Impedance Relationships on a Transmission Line
3. 1.3 Propagation Constant
4. 1.4 Lossless Transmission Lines
5. 1.5 Matched and Mismatched Transmission Lines
6. 1.6 Waves on a Transmission Line
7. 1.7 The Smith Chart
8. 1.8 Stubs
9. 1.9 Distributed Matching Circuits
10. 1.10 Manipulation of Lumped Impedances Using the Smith Chart
11. 1.11 Lumped Impedance Matching
12. 1.12 Equivalent Lumped Circuit of a Lossless Transmission Line
13. 1.13 Supplementary Problems
14. Appendix 1.A Coaxial Cable
15. Appendix 1.B Coplanar Waveguide
16. Appendix 1.C Metal Waveguide
17. Appendix 1.D Microstrip
18. Appendix 1.E Equivalent Lumped Circuit Representation of a Transmission Line
19. References
20. Notes
2 Planar Circuit Design I
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Electromagnetic Field Distribution Across a Microstrip Line
3. 2.3 Effective Relative Permittivity,
4. 2.4 Microstrip Design Graphs and CAD Software
5. 2.5 Operating Frequency Limitations
6. 2.6 Skin Depth
7. 2.7 Examples of Microstrip Components
8. 2.8 Microstrip Coupled-Line Structures
9. 2.9 Summary
10. 2.10 Supplementary Problems
11. Appendix 2.A Microstrip Design Graphs
12. References
13. Notes
3 Fabrication Processes for RF and Microwave Circuits
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Review of Essential Material Parameters
3. 3.3 Requirements for RF Circuit Materials
4. 3.4 Fabrication of Planar High-Frequency Circuits
5. 3.5 Use of Ink Jet Technology
6. 3.6 Characterization of Materials for RF and Microwave Circuits
7. 3.7 Supplementary Problems
8. References
9. Notes
4 Planar Circuit Design II
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Discontinuities in Microstrip
3. 4.3 Microstrip Enclosures
4. 4.4 Packaged Lumped-Element Passive Components
5. 4.5 Miniature Planar Components
6. Appendix 4.A Insertion Loss Due to a Microstrip Gap
7. References
8. Note
5 S-Parameters
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 S-Parameter Definitions
3. 5.3 Signal Flow Graphs
4. 5.4 Mason's Non-touching Loop Rule
5. 5.5 Reflection Coefficient of a Two-Port Network
6. 5.6 Power Gains of Two-Port Networks
7. 5.7 Stability
8. 5.8 Supplementary Problems
9. Appendix 5.A Relationships Between Network Parameters
10. References
11. Note
6 Microwave Ferrites
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Basic Properties of Ferrite Materials
3. 6.3 Ferrites in Metallic Waveguide
4. 6.4 Ferrites in Planar Circuits
5. 6.5 Self-Biased Ferrites
6. 6.6 Supplementary Problems
7. References
8. Note
7 Measurements
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 RF and Microwave Connectors
3. 7.3 Microwave Vector Network Analyzers
4. 7.4 On-Wafer Measurements
5. 7.5 Summary
6. References
7. Note
8 RF Filters
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Review of Filter Responses
3. 8.3 Filter Parameters
4. 8.4 Design Strategy for RF and Microwave Filters
5. 8.5 Multi-Element Low-Pass Filter
6. 8.6 Practical Filter Responses
7. 8.7 Butterworth (or Maximally Flat) Response
8. 8.8 Chebyshev (Equal Ripple) Response
9. 8.9 Microstrip Low-Pass Filter, Using Stepped Impedances
10. 8.10 Microstrip Low-Pass Filter, Using Stubs
11. 8.11 Microstrip Edge-Coupled Band-Pass Filters
12. 8.12 Microstrip End-Coupled Band-Pass Filters
13. 8.13 Practical Points Associated with Filter Design
14. 8.14 Summary
15. 8.15 Supplementary Problems
16. Appendix 8.A Equivalent Lumped T-Network Representation of a Transmission Line
17. References
18. Note
9 Microwave Small-Signal Amplifiers
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Conditions for Matching
3. 9.3 Distributed (Microstrip) Matching Networks
4. 9.4 DC Biasing Circuits
5. 9.5 Microwave Transistor Packages
6. 9.6 Typical Hybrid Amplifier
7. 9.7 DC Finger Breaks
8. 9.8 Constant Gain Circles
9. 9.9 Stability Circles
10. 9.10 Noise Circles
11. 9.11 Low-Noise Amplifier Design
12. 9.12 Simultaneous Conjugate Match
13. 9.13 Broadband Matching
14. 9.14 Summary
15. 9.15 Supplementary Problems
16. References
17. Notes
10 Switches and Phase Shifters
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Switches
3. 10.3 Digital Phase Shifters
4. 10.4 Supplementary Problems
5. References
6. Note
11 Oscillators
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Criteria for Oscillation in a Feedback Circuit
3. 11.3 RF (Transistor) Oscillators
4. 11.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
5. 11.5 Crystal-Controlled Oscillators
6. 11.6 Frequency Synthesizers
7. 11.7 Microwave Oscillators
8. 11.8 Oscillator Noise
9. 11.9 Measurement of Oscillator Noise
10. 11.10 Supplementary Problems
11. References
12. Notes
12 RF and Microwave Antennas
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Antenna Parameters
3. 12.3 Spherical Polar Coordinates
4. 12.4 Radiation from a Hertzian Dipole
5. 12.5 Radiation from a Half-Wave Dipole
6. 12.6 Antenna Arrays
7. 12.7 Mutual Impedance
8. 12.8 Arrays Containing Parasitic Elements
9. 12.9 Yagi–Uda Antenna
10. 12.10 Log-Periodic Array
11. 12.11 Loop Antenna
12. 12.12 Planar Antennas
13. 12.13 Horn Antennas
14. 12.14 Parabolic Reflector Antennas
15. 12.15 Slot Radiators
16. 12.16 Supplementary Problems
17. Appendix 12.A Microstrip Design Graphs for Substrates with ε_r = 2.3
18. References
19. Note
13 Power Amplifiers and Distributed Amplifiers
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Power Amplifiers
3. 13.3 Load Matching of Power Amplifiers
4. 13.4 Distributed Amplifiers
5. 13.5 Developments in Materials and Packaging for Power Amplifiers
6. References
14 Receivers and Sub-Systems
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Receiver Noise Sources
3. 14.3 Noise Measures
4. 14.4 Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks
5. 14.5 Antenna Noise Temperature
6. 14.6 System Noise Temperature
7. 14.7 Noise Figure of a Matched Attenuator at Temperature T_O
8. 14.8 Superhet Receiver
9. 14.9 Mixers
10. 14.10 Supplementary Problems
11. Appendix 14.A Appendices
12. References
13. Notes
Answers to Selected Supplementary Problems
1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 5
5. Chapter 6
6. Chapter 8
7. Chapter 9
8. Chapter 10
9. Chapter 11
10. Chapter 12
11. Chapter 14
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Designations for a rectangular waveguide.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Typical data for common ‘hard’ substrates at 10 GHz.
2. Table 3.2 Typical data for common ‘soft’ substrates at 10 GHz.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Data on common RF/microwave connectors.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Butterworth normalized parameters.
2. Table 8.2 Chebyshev normalized parameters (Ripple 0.01 dB).
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 S-parameter data for a packaged FET at X-band.
2. Table 9.2 Network gains.
3. Table 9.3 Source gain requirements.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Typical equivalent circuit data for a GaAs MESFET.
2. Table 10.2 Typical performance data for RF switches.
3. Table 10.3 Transmission phases through a three-bit phase shifter.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Data on typical antennae.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Frequency components at output of non-linear amplifier.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Typical values of noise figure and corresponding noise temperatur...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Common types of high-frequency transmission line.
2. Figure 1.2 Representation of a transmission line in terms of lumped componen...
3. Figure 1.3 Equivalent circuit of an elemental length, δz, of a transmis...
4. Figure 1.4 Standing voltage wave.
5. Figure 1.5 Normalized constant resistance circles.
6. Figure 1.6 Normalized constant reactance circles.
7. Figure 1.7 The Smith chart.
8. Figure 1.8 Examples of constant resistance lines (a) and reactance lines (b)...
9. Figure 1.9 Examples of normalized impedance points.
10. Figure 1.10 Examples of normalized admittance points.
11. Figure 1.11 Plot of VSWR circle (VSWR = 4). (Note that the radius of the cir...
12. Figure 1.12 Plot of reflection coefficient point, ρ = 0.7 ∠ 60°. (Note ...
13. Figure 1.13 Impedance, Z, at a distance d in front of a load Z_L.
14. Figure 1.14 Smith chart solution for Example 1.4.
15. Figure 1.15 Smith chart solution for Example 1.5.
16. Figure 1.16 Smith chart solution for Example 1.6.
17. Figure 1.17 Schematic view of a transmission line stub.
18. Figure 1.18 Smith chart solution for Example 1.8.
19. Figure 1.19 Matching network between source and load.
20. Figure 1.20 Single-stub tuner employing a short-circuited, shunt-connected s...
21. Figure 1.21 Smith chart solution for Example 1.9.
22. Figure 1.22 Effect of adding reactance to a normalized impedance, z₁.
23. Figure 1.23 Circuit for Example 1.10.
24. Figure 1.24 Nomenclature for solution for Example 1.10.
25. Figure 1.25 Smith chart solution for Example 1.10.
26. Figure 1.26 Lumped-element matching network.
27. Figure 1.27 First Smith chart solution to Example 1.11.
28. Figure 1.28 Second Smith chart solution to Example 1.11.
29. Figure 1.29 Matching networks for Example 1.11.
30. Figure 1.30 First solution to Example 1.12(i).
31. Figure 1.31 Second solution to Example 1.12(i).
32. Figure 1.32 Matching networks for Example 1.12.
33. Figure 1.33 Solution to Example 1.12(ii).
34. Figure 1.34 Lumped-element matching network 2.
35. Figure 1.35 First solution to Example 1.13.
36. Figure 1.36 Second solution to Example 1.13.
37. Figure 1.37 Matching networks for Example 1.13.
38. Figure 1.38 Matching complex impedances.
39. Figure 1.39 First solution to Example 1.14.
40. Figure 1.40 Second solution to Example 1.14.
41. Figure 1.41 Matching networks for Example 1.14
42. Figure 1.42 Equivalent lumped network of a transmission line: (a) length of ...
43. Figure 1.43 Circuit for Q1.13.
44. Figure 1.44 Circuit for Q1.14.
45. Figure 1.45 Circuit for Q1.15.
46. Figure 1.46 Circuit for Q1.16.
47. Figure 1.47 Circuit for Q1.17.
48. Figure 1.48 Electromagnetic field within a coaxial cable.
49. Figure 1.49 Nomenclature for a coaxial cable.
50. Figure 1.50 Coplanar waveguides.
51. Figure 1.51 E-field distribution on a coplanar line.
52. Figure 1.52 Nomenclature for a coplanar waveguide.
53. Figure 1.53 Cross-section of a rectangular waveguide.
54. Figure 1.54 Intersection of two plane waves: (a) the individual waves; (b) t...
55. Figure 1.55 Sketch of electric and magnetic field patterns for TE₁₀ mode in ...
56. Figure 1.56 Single loop of magnetic field in a rectangular waveguide.
57. Figure 1.57 Coordinate system for electromagnetic field components.
58. Figure 1.58 Variation of attenuation for rectangular waveguide modes.
59. Figure 1.59 Coordinate system for a circular waveguide.
60. Figure 1.60 Sketch of electric and magnetic field patterns for TE₀₁ mode in ...
61. Figure 1.61 Attenuation curves of typical modes in a circular waveguide.
62. Figure 1.62 Cross-section of a microstrip line.
63. Figure 1.63 π-Network of admittances.
64. Figure 1.64 π-Network representing an electrically short transmission line....
65. Figure 1.65 Length of a lossless transmission line.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Cross-section of a microstrip line showing key dimensions.
2. Figure 2.2 Sketch of electric field surrounding a microstrip line.
3. Figure 2.3 Sketch of the magnitude of the RF current distribution across a c...
4. Figure 2.4 Microstrip branch-line coupler.
5. Figure 2.5 Completed design for Example 2.3.
6. Figure 2.6 Quarter-wave transformer.
7. Figure 2.7 Completed design for Example 2.4.
8. Figure 2.8 Microstrip three-step λ/4 transformer.
9. Figure 2.9 Sketch of the reflection coefficient magnitude of a multi-step λ...
10. Figure 2.10 Completed design for Example 2.5.
11. Figure 2.11 Wilkinson power divider.
12. Figure 2.12 Completed design for Example 2.7.
13. Figure 2.13 Coupled microstrip lines.
14. Figure 2.14 Sketch of electric field distributions for even and odd modes: (...
15. Figure 2.15 Nomenclature for microstrip coupled lines.
16. Figure 2.16 Layout of a microstrip directional coupler.
17. Figure 2.17 Completed design for Example 2.11.
18. Figure 2.18 Cross-section of microstrip coupled lines with dielectric overla...
19. Figure 2.19 Coupled microstrip lines, showing the structure of a zig-zag cou...
20. Figure 2.20 Microstrip DC break.
21. Figure 2.21 Edge-coupled microstrip band-pass filter.
22. Figure 2.22 Lange coupler, showing the port designations.
23. Figure 2.23 Hybrid ring for use with Q2.8.
24. Figure 2.24 Impedance design graph for a microstrip transmission line.
25. Figure 2.25 Effective permittivity design graph for a microstrip transmissio...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Parallel-plate capacitor (a), with its equivalent circuit (b) and...
2. Figure 3.2 Variation of skin depth with frequency for gold (Au), copper (Cu)...
3. Figure 3.3 Basic steps in etching a microstrip circuit.
4. Figure 3.4 Magnified view of an etched 30 μm gap in a 10 GHz microstrip DC b...
5. Figure 3.5 Example of a thick-film screen: (a) thick-film wire mesh screen a...
6. Figure 3.6 Multilayer microstrip line: (a) microstrip and (b) microstrip wit...
7. Figure 3.7 Layout of a multilayer DC break: (a) single-layer DC break and (b...
8. Figure 3.8 Details of coupling in a multilayer DC break [9].
9. Figure 3.9 Multilayer package.
10. Figure 3.10 Basic photoimageable thick-film fabrication process.
11. Figure 3.11 Structure of surface integrated waveguide (SIW): (a) cross-secti...
12. Figure 3.12 Schematic view of VIA arrays in a four-cavity SIW filter.
13. Figure 3.13 Four-cavity filter using a surface mount waveguide (SMW)
14. Figure 3.14 LTCC production process.
15. Figure 3.15 Features of a typical LTCC (SiP) module.
16. Figure 3.16 CPW line fabricated using inkjet technology.
17. Figure 3.17 Dimensions of a rectangular waveguide cavity.
18. Figure 3.18 Waveguide cavity resonator and its equivalent circuit.
19. Figure 3.19 Manual tuning of resonant cavities: (a) use of tuning screw and ...
20. Figure 3.20 Typical structure of a helical waveguide.
21. Figure 3.21 Sample mounted in a rectangular waveguide cavity: (a) side view ...
22. Figure 3.22 Non-radiating slits in waveguide cavities: (a) rectangular waveg...
23. Figure 3.23 Two-layer thick-film test samples: (a) substrate partially coate...
24. Figure 3.24 Split post dielectric resonator.
25. Figure 3.25 Planar view of sample in SPDR.
26. Figure 3.26 Hemispherical open resonator.
27. Figure 3.27 Free-space millimetre-wave measurement system.
28. Figure 3.28 Sample-under-test with a conductor backing plate.
29. Figure 3.29 Microstrip resonant ring.
30. Figure 3.30 Simple model of a resonant ring coupling gap.
31. Figure 3.31 Alternative ring resonator formats: (a) Slotline, (b) CPW, and (...
32. Figure 3.32 Non-resonant test circuit.
33. Figure 3.33 Mounting of planar test circuits: (a) microstrip test circuit mo...
34. Figure 3.34 Cross-section of a symmetrical FGCPW line.
35. Figure 3.35 Microstrip line loss.
36. Figure 3.36 Constituent components of line loss.
37. Figure 3.37 Influence of various sources of line loss.
38. Figure 3.38 Profiles of gold thick-film lines on alumina: (a) profile of a 6...
39. Figure 3.39 AFM scans of surface of gold conductor: (a) untreated gold surfa...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Electric field surrounding a microstrip open-end discontinuity.
2. Figure 4.2 Transmission line representation of open-end effect.
3. Figure 4.3 Symmetrical step in microstrip.
4. Figure 4.4 T-network representing a microstrip step discontinuity.
5. Figure 4.5 Design taken from Example 2.5.
6. Figure 4.6 Final design for Example 4.3.
7. Figure 4.7 Right-angled bends in microstrip: (a) 90° corner and (b) compensa...
8. Figure 4.8 Final design for Example 4.4.
9. Figure 4.9 Microstrip gap and its equivalent circuit: (a) microstrip gap and...
10. Figure 4.10 Variation of the insertion loss of a gap in a 50 Ω microstrip li...
11. Figure 4.11 Symmetrical microstrip T-junction and its equivalent circuit: (a...
12. Figure 4.12 Compensated microstrip T-junctions: (a) Dydyk technique and (b) ...
13. Figure 4.13 Cross-section of microstrip line surrounded by a metallic enclos...
14. Figure 4.14 Typical packages for high-frequency passive components: (a) wire...
15. Figure 4.15 Equivalent circuit representing a packaged high-frequency resist...
16. Figure 4.16 Equivalent circuits representing capacitors.
17. Figure 4.17 Equivalent circuit representing an inductor.
18. Figure 4.18 Spiral inductor.
19. Figure 4.19 Loop inductor.
20. Figure 4.20 Interdigitated capacitor.
21. Figure 4.21 MIM capacitor: (a) plan view and (b) side view.
22. Figure 4.22 π-Network of admittances.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Power wave voltage nomenclature for a two-port network.
2. Figure 5.2 Signal flow graph for a linear two-port network.
3. Figure 5.3 A linear two-port network.
4. Figure 5.4 Flow graph for a two-port network terminated with a load having a...
5. Figure 5.5 Identification of paths and first-order loop for the flow graph o...
6. Figure 5.6 Two FETs in cascade terminated in load Z_L, with reflection coeffi...
7. Figure 5.7 Flow diagram for two FETs in cascade, terminated in Γ_L.
8. Figure 5.8 Identification of paths and first-order loops for the flow diagra...
9. Figure 5.9 A simplified flow diagram for two FETs in cascade, using modified...
10. Figure 5.10 A linear active two-port device connected between source, Z_S, an...
11. Figure 5.11 Unilateral device with matching networks.
12. Figure 5.12 Voltage and current directions for a two-port network.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 (a) Spinning electron and (b) equivalent magnetic dipole.
2. Figure 6.2 Non-linear B-H characteristic of ferrites.
3. Figure 6.3 Precessional motion of an electron.
4. Figure 6.4 Forced precession in ferrites: (a) orthogonal AC magnetic field a...
5. Figure 6.5 Linearly polarized wave decomposed into the sum of two circularly...
6. Figure 6.6 Linearly polarized wave applied to ferrite.
7. Figure 6.7 Magnetic field vector rotation in x−y plane: (a) coordinate syste...
8. Figure 6.8 Variation of effective permeabilities of CP waves in ferrite as a...
9. Figure 6.9 Two-port isolator: (a) two-port isolator, (b) ideal S-matrix, and...
10. Figure 6.10 Waveguide isolator.
11. Figure 6.11 Magnetic field of TE₁₀ mode in a rectangular waveguide.
12. Figure 6.12 Circular polarization of an RF magnetic field at point P as a fu...
13. Figure 6.13 View of cross-section of a field displacement isolator in a rect...
14. Figure 6.14 Three-port circulator: (a) three-port circulator, (b) ideal S-ma...
15. Figure 6.15 Y-junction waveguide circulator.
16. Figure 6.16 Standing wave patterns in a ferrite disc: (a) unmagnetized and (...
17. Figure 6.17 Triangular ferrite in a Y-junction circulator.
18. Figure 6.18 Y-junction circulator in a microstrip.
19. Figure 6.19 LTCC ferrite circulator with integrated winding.
20. Figure 6.20 E-field distribution on a wide microstrip line on a ferrite subs...
21. Figure 6.21 Edge-guided-mode microstrip isolator.
22. Figure 6.22 Non-reciprocal edge-mode phase shifter.
23. Figure 6.23 Non-reciprocal phase shifter using meander lines on ferrite.
24. Figure 6.24 Circuit for supplementary problem Q6.6.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Common RF/microwave connectors: (a) type-N, (b) APC-7, (c) SMA, a...
2. Figure 7.2 Two-port universal test fixture.
3. Figure 7.3 100 GSG coplanar probe.
4. Figure 7.4 Typical 110 GHz probe station.
5. Figure 7.5 Modern vector network analyzers © Keysight Technologies, Inc.
6. Figure 7.6 Functional diagram of a typical VNA.
7. Figure 7.7 Structure of a typical test set.
8. Figure 7.8 Basic reflectometer circuit of a VNA.
9. Figure 7.9 Multiple reflections in a VNA test set.
10. Figure 7.10 Additional power splitter imperfections.
11. Figure 7.11 Directional coupler losses.
12. Figure 7.12 Twelve-term error model for a VNA: (a) forward direction and (b)...
13. Figure 7.13 Footprints of on-wafer calibration standards: (a) short circuit,...
14. Figure 7.14 Device embedded within a coplanar line.
15. Figure 7.15 Embedded device with a mismatched input probe.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Idealized filter responses.
2. Figure 8.2 Filter as a two-port network.
3. Figure 8.3 Basic low-pass circuit configuration.
4. Figure 8.4 Basic low-pass circuit configuration using a π-network.
5. Figure 8.5 Lumped-element low-pass filter.
6. Figure 8.6 Sketch of a Butterworth low-pass frequency response.
7. Figure 8.7 Normalized low-pass filter (C₁ ≡ g₁, L₂ ≡ g₂, …).
8. Figure 8.8 Summary of solution to Example 8.3.
9. Figure 8.9 Basic high-pass circuit configuration.
10. Figure 8.10 Configuration of a five-element high-pass filter.
11. Figure 8.11 Summary of solution to Example 8.4.
12. Figure 8.12 Sketch of Butterworth response of a band-pass filter.
13. Figure 8.13 Lumped-element, band-pass filter.
14. Figure 8.14 Summary of solution to Example 8.5.
15. Figure 8.15 Sketch of Chebyshev low-pass filter response.
16. Figure 8.16 Summary of solution to Example 8.7.
17. Figure 8.17 Low-pass filter in microstrip.
18. Figure 8.18 π-Network representing a narrow transmission line.
19. Figure 8.19 T-network representing a wide transmission line.
20. Figure 8.20 Summary of solution to Example 8.8.
21. Figure 8.21 Richards' transformations.
22. Figure 8.22 T-network low-pass filter and its stub equivalent.
23. Figure 8.23 Kuroda identity for transforming a series-connected short-circui...
24. Figure 8.24 Low-pass filter using shunt-connected, open-circuited stubs.
25. Figure 8.25 Final microstrip design for Example 8.9.
26. Figure 8.26 General structure of a microstrip edge-coupled band-pass filter....
27. Figure 8.27 Final (dimensioned) design for Example 8.10.
28. Figure 8.28 Layout of an end-coupled microstrip band-pass filter.
29. Figure 8.29 End-coupling microstrip gap in single and multilayer formats.
30. Figure 8.30 End-coupling between two overlapping conductors (applies to 50 Ω...
31. Figure 8.31 Measured response of a multilayer end-coupled band-pass filter....
32. Figure 8.32 T-network of impedances.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Small-signal matching of amplifiers.
2. Figure 9.2 Load matching network.
3. Figure 9.3 Smith chart for source matching (maximum gain).
4. Figure 9.4 Source matching network for maximum gain (not to scale).
5. Figure 9.5 Smith chart for load matching (maximum gain).
6. Figure 9.6 Load matching network for maximum gain (not to scale).
7. Figure 9.7 Smith chart for source matching (minimum noise).
8. Figure 9.8 Source matching network for minimum noise (not to scale).
9. Figure 9.9 Source matching network for maximum gain (not to scale).
10. Figure 9.10 Source network data at 9 GHz.
11. Figure 9.11 Load network data at 9 GHz.
12. Figure 9.12 DC bias connection.
13. Figure 9.13 Enhanced DC bias connection.
14. Figure 9.14 DC bias connection using inductive choke.
15. Figure 9.15 Completed design for Example 9.4 (not to scale).
16. Figure 9.16 Mounting of a microwave FET in a microstrip circuit. (a) Package...
17. Figure 9.17 Typical layout of a hybrid microstrip amplifier.
18. Figure 9.18 Microstrip DC finger break.
19. Figure 9.19 Plotting a constant gain circle in the input plane.
20. Figure 9.20 Constant gain circles for Example 9.5.
21. Figure 9.21 Examples of output stability circles, showing stable regions (sh...
22. Figure 9.22 Constant noise circles for Example 9.6.
23. Figure 9.23 Smith chart solution for Example 9.7.
24. Figure 9.24 Source constant gain circles required for broadband matching.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Microstrip SPST switches: (a) SPST switch and (b) its microstrip...
2. Figure 10.2 Microstrip SPDT switches: (a) SPDT switch and (b) its microstrip...
3. Figure 10.3 Structure of a PIN diode.
4. Figure 10.4 Idealized doping profiles of PIN diode types: (a) p-π-n and...
5. Figure 10.5 Equivalent circuit of PIN diode in ON state.
6. Figure 10.6 Equivalent circuit of PIN diode in OFF state.
7. Figure 10.7 Mounting of beam-lead PIN diodes: (a) beam-lead PIN diode and (b...
8. Figure 10.8 Equivalent circuits of series-mounted PIN diodes: (a) without ga...
9. Figure 10.9 Typical I–V characteristics for a PIN diode.
10. Figure 10.10 Construction of a GaAs MESFET.
11. Figure 10.11 Comparison of I–V characteristics of Schottky and PN junctions....
12. Figure 10.12 MESFET depletion layer at pinch-off.
13. Figure 10.13 Recessed-gate MESFET.
14. Figure 10.14 Mounting of passive MESFET switches: (a) series and (b) Paralle...
15. Figure 10.15 Small-signal equivalent circuit of a MESFET.
16. Figure 10.16 Location of components of a MESFET equivalent circuit.
17. Figure 10.17 Equivalent circuit for MESFET in ON state.
18. Figure 10.18 Equivalent circuits for MESFET in OFF state: (a) equivalent cir...
19. Figure 10.19 Cantilever MEMS switch.
20. Figure 10.20 Stages in the production of a cantilever MEMS switch.
21. Figure 10.21 Capacitive MEMS switch.
22. Figure 10.22 Capacitive MEMS switch mounted across a CPW line.
23. Figure 10.23 Basic switched-line phase shifter.
24. Figure 10.24 Switched-line phase shifter in microstrip.
25. Figure 10.25 Switched-line phase shifter with terminated OFF line.
26. Figure 10.26 Switched-line phase shifter with terminated OFF line, and throu...
27. Figure 10.27 Microstrip three-bit phase shifter.
28. Figure 10.28 Switched loaded-line phase shifter.
29. Figure 10.29 Microstrip loaded-line phase shifter.
30. Figure 10.30 Completed design for Example 10.5.
31. Figure 10.31 Schematic of switched reflection phase shifter.
32. Figure 10.32 Reflection phase shifter using a 3 dB backward-wave coupler.
33. Figure 10.33 Reflective phase shifter using a circulator.
34. Figure 10.34 Microstrip coupled-line phase shifter.
35. Figure 10.35 Switched microstrip Schiffman phase shifter.
36. Figure 10.36 Theoretical phase responses for a Schiffman phase shifter (ρ...
37. Figure 10.37 Theoretical phase responses for a Schiffman phase shifter (ρ...
38. Figure 10.38 Single-bit switched phase shifter.
39. Figure 10.39 Single-bit switched phase shifter in OFF state.
40. Figure 10.40 Single-bit switched phase shifter in ON state.
41. Figure 10.41 Loaded-line microstrip phase shifter for Example Q10.7.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Model of an amplifier with feedback.
2. Figure 11.2 Basic transistor oscillator.
3. Figure 11.3 Basic Colpitts oscillator.
4. Figure 11.4 Practical Colpitts oscillator.
5. Figure 11.5 Feedback configurations for a Hartley oscillator: (a) using two ...
6. Figure 11.6 Clapp–Gouriet oscillator.
7. Figure 11.7 Depletion region in a reverse-biased PN junction.
8. Figure 11.8 Capacitance–voltage variation of a typical hyper-abrupt varactor...
9. Figure 11.9 Capacitance change in a hyper-abrupt varactor diode, showing lim...
10. Figure 11.10 Varactor diodes used to tune resonant circuits: (a) using a sin...
11. Figure 11.11 Circuit for Example 11.5.
12. Figure 11.12 Circuit for Example 11.6.
13. Figure 11.13 Equivalent circuits representing a reverse-biased varactor diod...
14. Figure 11.14 Electronic crystals: (a) basic structure and (b) circuit symbol...
15. Figure 11.15 AT-cut in quartz crystal.
16. Figure 11.16 Typical variation of TC with temperature for an AT-cut quartz c...
17. Figure 11.17 Equivalent circuit of a crystal.
18. Figure 11.18 Variation of crystal reactance in the vicinity of the fundament...
19. Figure 11.19 Crystal-controlled oscillator.
20. Figure 11.20 Comparison between Pierce (a) and Colpitts oscillators (b).
21. Figure 11.21 Basic PLL circuit.
22. Figure 11.22 Analogue phase comparator.
23. Figure 11.23 Response of analogue phase comparator.
24. Figure 11.24 Idealized voltage–frequency transfer characteristic for a VCO....
25. Figure 11.25 Typical low-pass loop filter.
26. Figure 11.26 Phase-locked loop, showing gain blocks.
27. Figure 11.27 PLL in the Laplace domain.
28. Figure 11.28 Normalized step responses of a second-order PLL system.
29. Figure 11.29 Basic indirect frequency synthesizer.
30. Figure 11.30 Indirect frequency synthesizer, including a pre-scalar.
31. Figure 11.31 Indirect frequency synthesizer using an offset oscillator.
32. Figure 11.32 Multi-loop synthesizer.
33. Figure 11.33 Fractional-N synthesizer.
34. Figure 11.34 Dielectric resonator.
35. Figure 11.35 Coupling between a DR and a microstrip line.
36. Figure 11.36 Equivalent circuit of a dielectric resonator.
37. Figure 11.37 DR located λ_s/4 from the end of an open-circuited microstr...
38. Figure 11.38 Basic DRO configurations: (a) series feedback and (b) parallel ...
39. Figure 11.39 Dielectric resonator oscillator.
40. Figure 11.40 Position of DR in load network.
41. Figure 11.41 Stability circle in Γ_L plane.
42. Figure 11.42 Schematic view of termination network.
43. Figure 11.43 Smith chart solution for termination network.
44. Figure 11.44 Termination network, showing designed dimensions.
45. Figure 11.45 Load network, showing designed dimensions.
46. Figure 11.46 Diagram of a complete oscillator designed in Example 11.12.
47. Figure 11.47 Delay-line oscillator.
48. Figure 11.48 Basic SAW delay-line structure.
49. Figure 11.49 Structure of an interdigitated transducer (IDT).
50. Figure 11.50 Typical IDT finger widths as a function of frequency.
51. Figure 11.51 Energy band diagram for GaAs.
52. Figure 11.52 Voltage distribution across a Gunn diode with E < E_TH.
53. Figure 11.53 Current density (J) as a function of electric field strength (E
54. Figure 11.54 Voltage distribution across Gunn diode domain.
55. Figure 11.55 Current pulses in Gunn diode circuit.
56. Figure 11.56 Gunn diode mounted in a waveguide cavity.
57. Figure 11.57 Equivalent circuit of LSA mode oscillator.
58. Figure 11.58 I–V characteristic showing LSA mode of oscillation.
59. Figure 11.59 IMPATT diode structure and typical E-field distribution.
60. Figure 11.60 I–V characteristic for a P–N junction.
61. Figure 11.61 The three stages of operation of an IMPATT diode.
62. Figure 11.62 Noise power spectral density at the output of an oscillator.
63. Figure 11.63 Carrier modulated by a single noise sinusoid.
64. Figure 11.64 Linearized representation of oscillator output noise power.
65. Figure 11.65 Delay-line discriminator technique for measuring oscillator pha...
66. Figure 11.66 Measurement system for oscillator noise using a high-Q resonant...
67. Figure 11.67 Q-curve of a resonant circuit.
68. Figure 11.68 Typical LF network analyzer responses. (Trace A) With resonant ...
69. Figure 11.69 SA readings 5 kHz off carrier.
70. Figure 11.70 Circuit for Q11.7.
71. Figure 11.71 Circuit for Q11.8.
72. Figure 11.72 Circuit for Q11.9.
73. Figure 11.73 Circuit for Q11.11.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Sketch of typical antenna power radiation pattern.
2. Figure 12.2 Antenna beamwidth definitions.
3. Figure 12.3 Spherical polar coordinates.
4. Figure 12.4 Hertzian dipole.
5. Figure 12.5 E-field polar diagrams due to a Hertzian dipole.
6. Figure 12.6 Elemental annular ring on sphere surrounding Hertzian dipole.
7. Figure 12.7 Current distribution on a half-wave dipole.
8. Figure 12.8 Electric field radiation from a half-wave dipole.
9. Figure 12.9 Electric field radiation patterns of a λ/2 dipole.
10. Figure 12.10 Variation of the input impedance of a 100 MHz half-wave dipole,...
11. Figure 12.11 Linear array of three isotropic sources.
12. Figure 12.12 Addition of three electric field vectors from three equally sep...
13. Figure 12.13 Linear array of four isotropic sources.
14. Figure 12.14 Two parallel dipoles.
15. Figure 12.15 Graph showing the real (R_m) and imaginary (X_m) parts of the mut...
16. Figure 12.16 Collinear array of two dipoles.
17. Figure 12.17 Dipole array with a single parasitic element.
18. Figure 12.18 Antenna array for Example 12.7.
19. Figure 12.19 Reflectors and directors.
20. Figure 12.20 Antenna array for Example 12.8.
21. Figure 12.21 A six-element Yagi–Uda array.
22. Figure 12.22 Folded dipole.
23. Figure 12.23 Three-element Yagi–Uda array for Example 12.9.
24. Figure 12.24 Log-periodic array.
25. Figure 12.25 Log-periodic array with phase reversal between feeds to adjacen...
26. Figure 12.26 A rectangular loop antenna located in an E-field.
27. Figure 12.27 Receiving loop antenna with tuning capacitor. (a) Loop with tun...
28. Figure 12.28 Microstrip patch antenna.
29. Figure 12.29 Planar view of a microstrip patch showing positions of radiatin...
30. Figure 12.30 Transmission line model of a microstrip patch antenna.
31. Figure 12.31 Design dimensions for a simple microstrip patch antenna.
32. Figure 12.32 Complete design for Example 12.14.
33. Figure 12.33 Patch antenna with inset feed point.
34. Figure 12.34 Complete design for Example 12.15.
35. Figure 12.35 Probe-fed microstrip patch.
36. Figure 12.36 Patch excitation through coupling aperture.
37. Figure 12.37 Modified multilayer feed structure.
38. Figure 12.38 Microstrip patch array.
39. Figure 12.39 A 77 GHz patch array on a multilayer polymer: (a) details of st...
40. Figure 12.40 Circular polarization from a single microstrip patch.
41. Figure 12.41 Circular polarization from probe-fed rectangular patches: (a) l...
42. Figure 12.42 Circular polarization from front-fed microstrip patches: (a) le...
43. Figure 12.43 Circular polarization using an array of linearly polarized patc...
44. Figure 12.44 Travelling-wave-fed patch array producing circular polarization...
45. Figure 12.45 Photograph of a 5 GHz CP antenna with a travelling-wave feed: (...
46. Figure 12.46 15 GHz travelling-wave-fed antenna fabricated using LTCC.
47. Figure 12.47 Slot line fed microstrip patch: (a) schematic view of construct...
48. Figure 12.48 Waveguide horns: (a) H-plane sectorial, (b) E-plane sectorial, ...
49. Figure 12.49 Photograph of a 13–18 GHz pyramidal horn.
50. Figure 12.50 Axial length, L, of a pyramidal horn.
51. Figure 12.51 Curved wavefront across aperture of pyramidal horn.
52. Figure 12.52 Ray paths in a convex dielectric lens.
53. Figure 12.53 Horn dimensions for Example 12.17.
54. Figure 12.54 Examples of stepped dielectric lenses.
55. Figure 12.55 Reflection of waves at a parabolic surface.
56. Figure 12.56 Typical feed arrangements for parabolic reflector antennas: (a)...
57. Figure 12.57 Offset feed parabolic reflector.
58. Figure 12.58 Illustration of Babinet's principle.
59. Figure 12.59 Sketch of current distribution in walls of a rectangular wavegu...
60. Figure 12.60 Slot antennas in X-band waveguide: (a) array of eight slots in ...
61. Figure 12.61 SIW antenna concept.
62. Figure 12.62 77 GHz SIW antennas.
63. Figure 12.63 160 GHz air-filled waveguide antenna fabricated in LTCC: (a) cr...
64. Figure 12.64 Antenna array for Q12.11.
65. Figure 12.65 Antenna array for Q12.14.
66. Figure 12.66 Microstrip design graph showing Z_O as a function of w/h for ε...
67. Figure 12.67 Microstrip design graph showing as a function of w/h for ε...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Power transfer characteristic of a non-linear amplifier showing ...
2. Figure 13.2 Intercept diagram showing the two-tone third-order intercept poi...
3. Figure 13.3 Typical non-linearity in power amplifiers.
4. Figure 13.4 Pre-distortion circuit.
5. Figure 13.5 Linearizer using envelope feedback technique.
6. Figure 13.6 Basic feed-forward linearization.
7. Figure 13.7 Corporate power combiner.
8. Figure 13.8 Quadrature power combiner.
9. Figure 13.9 Travelling-wave power combiner.
10. Figure 13.10 Doherty amplifier.
11. Figure 13.11 Equivalent circuit of a Doherty amplifier.
12. Figure 13.12 Illustration of the general principle of the Doherty amplifier....
13. Figure 13.13 Load-pull measurement system.
14. Figure 13.14 Typical load-pull contours at 12 GHz for an FET.
15. Figure 13.15 Basic configuration of a distributed amplifier.
16. Figure 13.16 Simple equivalent circuit of an FET.
17. Figure 13.17 Equivalent circuits representing distributed amplifier: (a) Equ...
18. Figure 13.18 Equivalent circuit of drain line.
19. Figure 13.19 Plot of the function (sinNφ/sin φ)², for N = 7....
20. Figure 13.20 Simple equivalent circuit of FET including resistors to represe...
21. Figure 13.21 Equivalent circuits representing distributed amplifier, includi...
22. Figure 13.22 Use of pyrolytic heat spreader: (a) Conventional heat-sinking. ...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance, R_O, term...
2. Figure 14.2 Series equivalent circuit of a noisy resistor R, at temperature
3. Figure 14.3 Shunt equivalent circuit of a noisy conductance at temperature T
4. Figure 14.4 Gaussian probability distribution.
5. Figure 14.5 (a) Simple digital voltage waveform, and (b) Digital waveform wi...
6. Figure 14.6 Current pulse due to shot noise: (a) PN junction connected to lo...
7. Figure 14.7 Noise components at the output of a noisy network.
8. Figure 14.8 Equivalent networks using noise figure and noise temperature: (a...
9. Figure 14.9 Networks in cascade.
10. Figure 14.10 Typical variation of sky noise temperature with frequency, for ...
11. Figure 14.11 Matched attenuator.
12. Figure 14.12 Receiving system for Example 14.9.
13. Figure 14.13 Single-conversion superhet receiver.
14. Figure 14.14 Front-end of superhet receiver modified to include pre-selector...
15. Figure 14.15 Position of the image frequency.
16. Figure 14.16 Typical response of pre-selector circuit, showing image suppres...
17. Figure 14.17 Band-pass filter used as pre-selector circuit.
18. Figure 14.18 Double-conversion superhet receiver.
19. Figure 14.19 Noise temperature reference points in a superhet front-end.
20. Figure 14.20 Signal-to-noise ratio budget graph for Example 14.12.
21. Figure 14.21 Modified receiver configuration for Example 14.13.
22. Figure 14.22 Comparison of signal-to-noise ratio budget graphs showing the i...
23. Figure 14.23 Circuit symbol for a mixer.
24. Figure 14.24 Single-ended diode mixer.
25. Figure 14.25 Effective LO waveform for high drive levels.
26. Figure 14.26 Single-balanced mixer.
27. Figure 14.27 Double-balanced switching mixer.
28. Figure 14.28 Equivalent circuit of double-balanced mixer (LO positive).
29. Figure 14.29 Equivalent circuit of double-balanced mixer (LO negative).
30. Figure 14.30 Transconductance mixer.
31. Figure 14.31 Simplified equivalent circuit of an FET.
32. Figure 14.32 Dual-Gate FET Mixer.
33. Figure 14.33 Receiver for problem Q14.12.
34. Figure 14.34 Receiver for problem Q14.13.
35. Figure 14.35 Measurement of Noise Figure: Y-factor method.
36. Figure 14.36 Measurement of Noise Figure: Noise diode method.
37. Figure 14.37 Measurement of Noise Figure: Discharge tube method.

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