Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Dedication

List of Contributors

1 Introduction

2 Ultraflexible Electrotextile Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Radio-Frequency Coils

2.1 Introduction to MRI and the Basic Antenna Considerations
2.2 Motivations, Challenges, and Strategies for MRI RF Coil Design
2.3 Selection, Fabrication, and Characterization of Electrotextiles for RF Coils
2.4 Design of Single-Element Flexible RF Coil
2.5 Design of Flexible RF Coil Array and System Integration with MRI Scanner
2.6 Characterization of RF Coil Array
2.7 Conclusion
References

3 Wearable Sensors for Motion Capture

3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Promise of Motion Capture
3.3 Motion Capture in Contrived Settings
3.4 Wearable Motion Capture (Noncontrived Settings)
3.5 Conclusion
References

4 Antennas and Wireless Power Transfer for Brain-Implantable Sensors

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Implantable Antennas for Wireless Biomedical Devices
4.3 Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Devices
4.4 Human Body Models for Implantable Antenna Development
4.5 Wirelessly Powered Intracranial Pressure Sensing System Integrating Near- and Far-Field Antennas
4.6 Far-Field RFID Antennas for Intracranial Wireless Communication
4.7 Conclusion
References

5 In Vitro and In Vivo Testing of Implantable Antennas

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antenna Materials
5.3 Bench Top Testing
5.4 In Vivo Testing
5.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

6 Wireless Localization for a Capsule Endoscopy: Techniques and Solutions

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Static Magnetic Localization
6.3 Modulated Magnetic Localization
6.4 Conclusion
References

7 Study on Channel Characteristics and Performance of Liver-Implanted Wireless Communications

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Study of In-Body Communications at Liver Area Using Simplified Multilayer Phantoms
7.3 Numerical Study of Liver-Implanted Channel Characteristics Using Digital Human Models
7.4 The Influence of Antenna Misalignment
7.5 Channel Characteristics for the In- to Off-Body Scenario
7.6 System Performance Evaluation
7.7 Electromagnetic Compatibility Evaluations
7.8 Conclusions
References

8 High-Efficiency Multicoil Wireless Power and Data Transfer for Biomedical Implants and Neuroprosthetics

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Multicoil System to Achieve Efficient Power Transfer
8.3 Justifying the Advantages of Using Multicoil WPT Systems for Data Transfer
8.4 Conclusion
References

9 Wireless Drug Delivery Devices

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Active and Passive Drug Delivery Devices
9.3 Capsule-Mediated Active Drug Delivery Process
9.4 Transdermal and Implantable Devices
9.5 Micro- and Nanoscale Devices
9.6 Packaging and Integration of Components
9.7 Materials for Drug Delivery Devices
9.8 Organ-Specific Drug Delivery Devices
9.9 Wireless Communication for Drug Delivery Devices
9.10 Carrier Types for Drug Delivery
References

10 Minimally Invasive Microwave Ablation Antennas

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Toward Length Reduction for Ablation Antennas: Demonstration of Higher Frequency Microwave Ablation
10.3 Reduced-Diameter, Balun-Equipped Microwave Ablation Antenna Designs
10.4 Balun-Free Microwave Ablation Antenna Designs
10.5 Toward More Flexibility and Customization in Microwave Ablation Treatment
10.6 Conclusions
References

11 Inkjet-/3D-/4D-Printed Nanotechnology-Enabled Radar, Sensing, and RFID Modules for Internet of Things, “Smart Skin,” and “Zero Power” Medical Applications

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Batteryless “Green” Powering Schemes for Perpetual Wearables
11.3 Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Low-Cost, Compact, and Wearable System
11.4 Energy-Autonomous Communications for On-Body Sensing Networks
11.5 Low-Power Sensors for Wearable Wireless Sensing Systems
11.6 Conclusion
References

12 High-Density Electronic Integration for Wearable Sensing

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Brief Comparison of Flexible Conductor Technologies
12.3 Review and History of E-Fiber-Based RF Technology
12.4 Fabrication of Conductive Flexile E-Fiber Surfaces and Loss Performance
12.5 Antennas Using Embroidery-Based Conductive Surfaces
12.6 Circuits and Systems Using Embroidery-Based Conductive Surfaces
12.7 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator for Wound-Sensing Applications
12.8 High-Density Integration
References

13 Coupling-Independent Sensing Systems with Fully Passive Sensors

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Forced vs. Self-Oscillating Near-Field Readout
13.3 Readout Techniques
13.4 Comparison of the State of the Art
13.5 Conclusion
References

14 Wireless and Wearable Biomarker Analysis

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sweat-Based Biomarkers
14.3 Wearable Chemical Sensing Interfaces
14.4 Biofluid Accessibility
14.5 Microfluidic Interfaces
14.6 Electronic and Wireless Integration
References

Appendix A Antennas and Sensors for Medical Applications: A Representative Literature Review

A.1. Purpose and Scope of the Chapter
A.2. Antennas for Wireless Diagnosis and Treatment
A.3 Sensors for Wearable Medical Applications
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Figures

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 A pictorial demonstration of various chapters and their bo...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 3T MRI scanner. After patients lie on top of the MRI bench, the t...
Figure 2.2 (a) Carotid arteries are two major arteries near the neck. Pieces...
Figure 2.3 An illustrative figure of the RF coil array by electrotextiles th...
Figure 2.4 (a) Illustrative micro- and macroscale images of electrotextile f...
Figure 2.5 The steps to obtain the effective conductivities of the electrote...
Figure 2.6 (a) Fabricated neck RF coil with a resonant frequency at 127.7 MH...
Figure 2.7 (a) H ₁ distribution of 30 ×35 mm cut 10 mm away from the coi...
Figure 2.8 The quality factor measurement setup. (a) Q_unloaded measurement s...
Figure 2.9 Electrotextile cloth RF coil. (a) the illustrative figure and the...
Figure 2.10 Tunable circuitry. (a) Components and the design of the coil ele...
Figure 2.11 Coil array structure. (a) Front view of the fabricated coil arra...
Figure 2.12 Ultraflexible electrotextile RF coil array. (a) The four-channel...
Figure 2.13 The UCLA electrotextile RF coil array is taped to the phantom wi...
Figure 2.15 The electrotextile coil performance for cadaver neck MRI in comp...
Figure 2.14 The electrotextile RF coil performance on a water phantom. (a) I...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Examples of anatomical classification of different types of human...
Figure 3.2 The promise of motion capture technology.
Figure 3.3 (a) Motion capture lab with cameras installed around and subject ...
Figure 3.4 Markerless motion capture with subjects and its corresponding out...
Figure 3.5 “A complete end-to-end radar sensing system specifically designed...
Figure 3.6 (a) Simplified operating principle of Wi-Fi-based human motion-de...
Figure 3.7 RFID-based human movement detection: (a) setup using amplitude in...
Figure 3.8 Two different versions of the magnetic motion capture technology ...
Figure 3.9 (a) Setup of the dual fluoroscopy imaging method used to capture ...
Figure 3.10 (a) A simple manual goniometer. (b) and (c) Measurements of elbo...
Figure 3.11 (a) Force plate. (b) Force plate integrated in treadmill to aid ...
Figure 3.12 (a) IMUs produced by Noitom. (b) XSENS IMUs used to measure rowe...
Figure 3.13 (a) Human hand motion capture using CNT-based strain sensor and ...
Figure 3.14 (a) Polarization-based fiber optic wearable joint sensor [87]. (...
Figure 3.15 (a) Architecture of acoustic-based time-of-flight sensor with bo...
Figure 3.16 (a) Experimental setup to capture elbow flexion/extension and (b...
Figure 3.17 (a) Setup used to classify different activities involving arm an...
Figure 3.18 (a) Generic configuration of a magnetoinductive system [98]. (b)...
Figure 3.19 (a) Transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) coils wrapped around (or in t...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Structure of an inductive power transfer system.
Figure 4.2 Structure of a capacitive power transfer system. ()
Figure 4.3 Two-port model of a WPT system.
Figure 4.4 Anatomical model with the implant antenna and the external antenn...
Figure 4.5 Comparison of the exact and approximated optimum antenna terminat...
Figure 4.6 Power transfer efficiency and the time-averaged load power of the...
Figure 4.7 Amplitudes of the load voltage and current.
Figure 4.8 Relative permittivity and conductivity of the major tissue types ...
Figure 4.9 Implantable antenna with its geometrical dimensions. ()
Figure 4.10 Comparison of the evaluated four head models.
Figure 4.11 Comparison of the solved elements and time consumption of the fo...
Figure 4.12_1 Comparison of the simulated τ and e_r of the four head models.
Figure 4.12_2 Comparison of the simulated D and d_tag of the four head models.
Figure 4.13 System-level description of the pressure sensing system for wire...
Figure 4.14 (a) Top view of the design antenna. (b) Cross-sectional view of ...
Figure 4.15 (a) Simulated reflection coefficient (dB). (b) Antenna 3D gain p...
Figure 4.16 (a) E-field (V m⁻¹) distribution at the antenna surface. (...
Figure 4.17 (a) Reflection coefficient measurement setup and fabricated ante...
Figure 4.18 (a) Anatomical head model in the simulation for wireless link an...
Figure 4.19 (a) Link power efficiency (G_p,max). (b) Maximum SAR-compliant tr...
Figure 4.20 (a) Local SAR (W kg⁻¹) distribution on the skin when the m...
Figure 4.21 Measured S-parameters and power transfer of wireless power trans...
Figure 4.22 Anatomical head model and antenna system with its geometrical di...
Figure 4.23 Anatomical human head model with the layered ellipsoid. ()
Figure 4.24 Structure and dimensional parameters of the antenna-implantable ...
Figure 4.25 (a) Antenna impedance and RFID IC impedance. (b) Simulated power...
Figure 4.26 (a) Antenna radiation efficiency. (b) Simulated antenna 3D radia...
Figure 4.27 Measurement setup: (1) reader antenna, (2) prototyped antenna sy...
Figure 4.28 Comparison of the simulated and measured attainable read ranges ...
Figure 4.29 Structure of the proposed antenna with the anatomical head model...
Figure 4.30 Equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna. ()
Figure 4.31 Simulated range of the attainable antenna input impedance.
Figure 4.32 (a) Comparison of the simulated antenna impedance and the IC imp...
Figure 4.33 (a) Antenna radiation pattern in E-plane. (b) Antenna radiation ...
Figure 4.34 (a) Prototyped antenna. (b) Prototyped antenna with the tissue-m...
Figure 4.35 (a) Implementation of the proposed antenna in rat head. (b) Meas...
Figure 4.36 The measured and simulated read ranges of the prototyped antenna...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Simulation of resonance shifts due to silicone coating. (a...
Figure 5.2 Different path lengthening schemes for miniaturization. (a...
Figure 5.3 Thin-film geometry including the length, the width that va...
Figure 5.4 Simulation of resonance shifts due to silicone coating. (a...
Figure 5.5 Fabricated titanium nitride antenna to silicone-coated U.F...
Figure 5.6 Equipment for characterization of tissue-mimicking materia...
Figure 5.7 Whip Mix Combination Vacuum Mixer Unit and Vac-U-Mixer.
Figure 5.8 Characterized skin-mimicking material.
Figure 5.9 Top slices of gels to avoid air bubbles.
Figure 5.10 Dielectric probe measurement setup.
Figure 5.11 Points of measurements: (a) the side view and (b) the top...
Figure 5.12 Relative permittivity comparison of skin-mimicking materi...
Figure 5.13 Conductivity comparison of skin-mimicking material to ref...
Figure 5.14 Relative permittivity of refrigerated s...
Figure 5.15 Conductivity of refrigerated skin-mimic...
Figure 5.16 Relative permittivity of nonrefrigerate...
Figure 5.17 Conductivity of nonrefrigerated skin-mi...
Figure 5.18 Molding of the nonrefrigerated material.
Figure 5.19 Characterized adipose tissue-mimicking gel.
Figure 5.20 Relative permittivity comparison of adipose tissue-mimick...
Figure 5.21 Conductivity comparison of adipose tissue-mimicking mater...
Figure 5.22 Relative permittivity of refrigerated a...
Figure 5.23 Conductivity of refrigerated adipose ti...
Figure 5.24 Relative permittivity of nonrefrigerate...
Figure 5.25 Conductivity of nonrefrigerated adipose...
Figure 5.26 Spoiling of the nonrefrigerated material.
Figure 5.27 Characterized muscle-mimicking material.
Figure 5.28 Relative permittivity comparison of muscle-mimicking mate...
Figure 5.29 Conductivity comparison of muscle-mimicking material to r...
Figure 5.30 Relative permittivity of refrigerated m...
Figure 5.31 Conductivity of refrigerated muscle-mim...
Figure 5.32 Relative permittivity of nonrefrigerate...
Figure 5.33 Conductivity of nonrefrigerated muscle-...
Figure 5.34 Spoiling of the nonrefrigerated material.
Figure 5.35 Dielectric properties (relative permittivity and conducti...
Figure 5.36 Dual-band antenna made for WMTS (1.4 GHz) and ISM (2.4 GH...
Figure 5.37 Titanium nitride antenna for 2.4 GHz [25,64]. (a) Antenna...
Figure 5.38 Dielectric properties of porcine muscle over frequency fo...
Figure 5.39 Dielectric properties of rodent tissue over frequency for...
Figure 5.40 Cross section of implanted device.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Representative images captured by PillCam SB [3]. ()
Figure 6.2 An exploded 3D structure of a typical wireless capsule endoscopy[...
Figure 6.3 Features matching between captured images [19]. (a) Matching poin...
Figure 6.4 Typical SLAM structure for capsule endoscopy localization. Two co...
Figure 6.5 Typical structure of RF localization for wireless capsule endosco...
Figure 6.6 The typical structure of static magnetic localization. The magnet...
Figure 6.7 The schematic of magnetic dipole model and magnetic field measure...
Figure 6.8 The field comparison between the analytical value, single magneti...
Figure 6.9 Field intensity attenuation vs. the distance under different cyli...
Figure 6.10 Simplified gradient-based optimization process of nonlinear prob...
Figure 6.11 Comparison between the actual measurements and the derived upper...
Figure 6.12 Flowchart of the position-estimation process proposed in [63]. (...
Figure 6.13 Sensors plane arrangements comparison in [65]. (a) The positioni...
Figure 6.14 Mechanical static field modulation proposed in [67]. (a) The exp...
Figure 6.15 The 2D transmitting coils array proposed in [69,70]. ()
Figure 6.16 The structure schematic with one exciting coil and a 2D pickup c...
Figure 6.17 The inductive localization using a 3D transmitting coil and a se...
Figure 6.18 The 6-DOF inductive-based localization system with an extended d...
Figure 6.19 The amplitude distribution of the alternating magnetic fieldgene...
Figure 6.20 Structure schematic of the hybrid wireless charging and wireless...
Figure 6.21 Work flowchart of the hybrid charging and positioning system [90...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 An overview of the liver-implanted wireless monitoring system.
Figure 7.2 Measurement setup with the on-body antenna, the in-body antenna, ...
Figure 7.3 Permittivity of human tissues (muscle, liver, and fat) [61] and p...
Figure 7.4 Conductivity of human tissues (muscle, liver, and fat) [61] and p...
Figure 7.5 Simulation setup with the on-body antenna, the in-body antenna, a...
Figure 7.6 (a) S₁₁ results of the on-body antenna and (b) S₂₂ results of the...
Figure 7.7 Measured and simulated S₂₁ results for various separation gaps be...
Figure 7.8 The UWB antenna covered by a material mimicking liver tissue inse...
Figure 7.9 Cross-sectional view of the Taro model sliced at a height of 1170...
Figure 7.10 Cross-sectional view of the Hanako model sliced at a height of 1...
Figure 7.11 3-D model of Taro displaying simulation area and all on-body ant...
Figure 7.12 3-D model of Hanako displaying simulation area and all on-body a...
Figure 7.13 Return loss results of the in-body antennas within the 4.5–6.5 G...
Figure 7.14 Return loss results of the on-body antennas within the 4.5–6.5 G...
Figure 7.15 S₂₁ results as a function of horizontal movement distance of the...
Figure 7.16 S₂₁ results as a function of horizontal movement distance of the...
Figure 7.17 Path loss results of Taro and Hanako models vs the logarithmic i...
Figure 7.18 CDF of the scattering data for the Taro model case fitted to the...
Figure 7.19 CDF of the scattering data for the Hanako model case fitted to t...
Figure 7.20 Part of Taro model displaying simulation area and all on-body an...
Figure 7.21 Part of Taro model displaying simulation area and all on-body an...
Figure 7.22 Path loss data of the simulated channel versus the logarithmic i...
Figure 7.23 Path loss data of the simulated channel versus the logarithmic i...
Figure 7.24 PDF of the path loss data for the Taro model case comparing betw...
Figure 7.25 PDF of the path loss data for the Hanako model case comparing be...
Figure 7.26 Cross-sectional view of the Taro model sliced at a height of 117...
Figure 7.27 Cross-sectional view of the Hanako model sliced at a height of 1...
Figure 7.28 Return loss curves of the on-body antennas at the various distan...
Figure 7.29 Return loss results of the on-body antennas at the various dista...
Figure 7.30 Path loss of the simulated channel as a function of the logarith...
Figure 7.31 Path loss of the simulated channel as a function of the logarith...
Figure 7.32 The safety margin of the system M_system as a function of the com...
Figure 7.33 The safety margin of the system M_system as a function of the com...
Figure 7.34 The safety margin of the system M_system as a function of the com...
Figure 7.35 Example of required transmitting power versus communication dist...
Figure 7.36 Example of required transmitting power versus communication dist...
Figure 7.37 10-g-averaged peak SAR under the required transmitting power to ...
Figure 7.38 10-g-averaged peak SAR under the required transmitting power to ...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 (a) Block diagram of a spinal cord stimulator with pulse g...
Figure 8.2 Schematic of a traditional two-coil WPT system. (.)
Figure 8.3 Efficiency (η_2Coil) versus K₁₂ for the two-coil syste...
Figure 8.4 Schematic of a conventional three-coil WPT system (3Coil) ...
Figure 8.5 Schematic of the proposed efficient and compact three-coil...
Figure 8.6 (a) Dot convention that results in increase of R_ref2. (b) ...
Figure 8.7 Schematic of a three-coil system with an additional coil a...
Figure 8.8 (a) Equivalent schematic of the system used in [10] (K₂₃ =...
Figure 8.9 Comparison of PTE and gain of two systems in Figure 8.8 (F...
Figure 8.10 Comparison of frequency response of load current of two s...
Figure 8.11 (a) Equivalent circuit diagram of the system used in [11]...
Figure 8.12 Comparison of PTE and gain of systems using two different...
Figure 8.13 (a) Schematic of the implemented conventional three-coil ...
Figure 8.14 I_2p/I_3p is lesser than I₂/I₃ of the conventional system. ...
Figure 8.15 Comparison of load sensitivity of the efficiency of impla...
Figure 8.16 Comparison of PDL (Vin = 1) and secondary coil currents o...
Figure 8.17 Study of the effect of tissue material on the system perf...
Figure 8.18 Layout of the side view and top view of the three-coil sy...
Figure 8.19 Photograph of the measurement setup showing TX coil (left...
Figure 8.20 Experimental and simulation results of PTE of three syste...
Figure 8.21 Experimental and simulation results of gain of three syst...
Figure 8.24 (a) The schematic of the three-coil system under study. N...
Figure 8.22 (a) The schematic of the two-coil system under study. The...
Figure 8.23 (a) The schematic of the three-coil system under study. N...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Targeted drug delivery concept using ingestible capsule device [2...
Figure 9.2 Features of a traditional drug delivery device.
Figure 9.3 Schematic illustration of a device-assisted transdermal drug deli...
Figure 9.4 (a) Chip micrographs post IC processing. (.) (b) Fabricated d...
Figure 9.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the working principle of the propos...
Figure 9.6 (a) Conceptual illustration of Nitinol LC wireless resonant heate...
Figure 9.7 (a) Schematic illustration of a thermopneumatic micropump. (b) Th...
Figure 9.8 Schematic illustration of the microcapsule fabrication via layer-...
Figure 9.9 Schematic illustration of the microchambers fabrication and their...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Microwave thermal therapies that include (i) lower temper...
Figure 10.2 Photographs of representative bisected coagulation zones ...
Figure 10.3_1 Topology of various MWA antenna designs. (a) Choke dipole [47]. (...
Figure 10.3_2 (g) Reduced-diameter, balun-equipped dipole [9]. (.) (h) Coax-fed...
Figure 10.4 (a) Longitudinal cross section and (b) transverse cross s...
Figure 10.5 Linear dimensions of and volumes enclosed by constant pow...
Figure 10.6 Experimental setup and verification of perfusion. (a) Mic...
Figure 10.7 Representative images of ablated porcine liver tissue. 25...
Figure 10.8 Volume of the thermal lesion in ablation experiments as a...
Figure 10.9 (a) Impedance-matched transition between a PTFE-filled an...
Figure 10.10 Simulation and measurement results for the input reflect...
Figure 10.11 (a–d) Simulated 60°C contours (black) and −10 dB normali...
Figure 10.12 (a) Topology of the interstitial antenna design with a d...
Figure 10.13 Simulated and normalized SAR patterns in the (a) x–z-pla...
Figure 10.14 (a) Simulated 60°C contours in the x–z and y–z planes. (...
Figure 10.15 (a) Topology of a balun-free helical monopole. (b) Simul...
Figure 10.16 Topology of the proposed balun-free helical antenna matc...
Figure 10.17 Simulation and measurement of ∣S₁₁∣ for the ...
Figure 10.18 Simulated and normalized SAR patterns of the balun-free ...
Figure 10.19 Photographs of ablation zones created in ex vivo bovine ...
Figure 10.20 Antenna topology and its equivalent circuit model. (a) T...
Figure 10.21 Current density distributions of the proposed helical di...
Figure 10.22 (a) |S₁₁ | of the optimized helical dipole antenna opera...
Figure 10.23 Photographs showing the temporal evolution of the ablati...
Figure 10.24 (a) Topology of the helical dipole antenna. The inner co...
Figure 10.25 (a) The antenna is deployed through the curved tube into...
Figure 10.26 The 10-W, CW ablation experiments with the flexible heli...
Figure 10.27 (a) The proposed hybrid slot/monopole antenna. The anten...
Figure 10.28 Intensity and direction of simulated electric fields for...
Figure 10.29 Progression of the ablation zone generated by the antenn...
Figure 10.30 Topology of the non-coaxial-based balanced antenna. (a) ...
Figure 10.31 Simulated and normalized SAR patterns showing −25 dB con...
Figure 10.32 (a) Simulated and measured input VSWRs of the symmetric-...
Figure 10.33 (a) Simulated 60°C contours for the balanced antenna wit...
Figure 10.34 (a) Simulated and measured input VSWRs of the asymmetric...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1: A system schematic of a typical wearable IoT wireless sensor mo...
Figure 11.2: (a) Picture of the 2.4-GHz rectenna measurement on the 0.75″ ra...
Figure 11.3: Picture of the simple rectenna design (left) and the Rotman-bas...
Figure 11.4: (a) Plot of the measured voltages and output powers versus inci...
Figure 11.5: (a) Cross section of the inkjet-printed 3D interconnects. (b) I...
Figure 11.6: Simulated output voltages versus frequency for the five conside...
Figure 11.7: First-level interconnect configurations with MMIC devices: ribb...
Figure 11.8: The package-integrated energy harvester with 3D printed multila...
Figure 11.9: (a) The package-integrated energy harvester [9]. (b) Inkjet-pri...
Figure 11.10: (a) Measured radiation pattern at 26 GHz for the antenna array...
Figure 11.11: Wireless performance evaluation for the system [9]. ()
Figure 11.12: Energy-autonomous on-body sensor network [14]. ()
Figure 11.13: (a) Prototype of the energy-harvesting circuit [14]. (b) Proto...
Figure 11.14: Measured results for the on-body ammonia sensor tag (a) before...
Figure 11.15: (a) Measurement setup for the long-range on-body wireless sens...
Figure 11.16: Block diagram of a MIMO FMCW reader [17]. ()
Figure 11.17: Millimeter-wave RFID tag: (a) tag design and layout and (b) fa...
Figure 11.18: Received signal spectrum showing clutter and tag response.
Figure 11.19: Unit cell of MLM-FSS in (a) exploded view and (b) assembled an...
Figure 11.20: Structural response of (a) single-layer polyester-based Miura ...
Figure 11.21: Fabricated SLM-FSS in (a) flat and (b) folded configuration. (...
Figure 11.22: Thermal actuation of all polyester-based MLM-FSS structure wit...
Figure 11.23: Frequency response of an MLM-FSS structure (θ = 90°) for ...
Figure 11.24: Frequency response of (a) MLM-FSS structure (α_s = 56°) fo...
Figure 11.25: Image of a sensor fabricated using a naive ink-deposition proc...
Figure 11.26: Process of the inkjet-printing technique employed to print uni...
Figure 11.27: Measured sensitivity to DMMP of carbon-nanotube-based sensors ...
Figure 11.28: (a) Block diagram of the proposed energy-autonomous microfluid...
Figure 11.29: The prototype of the broadband rectifier [34]. ()
Figure 11.30: (a) Measured S₁₁ of the proposed broadband rectifier [34]. (b)...
Figure 11.31: (a) Output voltage waveform at the output pin of the driver IC...
Figure 11.32: (a) The design of the proposed microfluidic RFID sensor. (b) T...
Figure 11.33: (a) Fabricated sample (front). (b) Fabricated sample (back).
Figure 11.34: (a) Simulated insertion loss vs frequency. (b) Measured insert...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Wearable and fabric-integrated RF electronics for high-speed com...
Figure 12.2 Broad classification of approaches used for developing conductiv...
Figure 12.3 Conductive thread (or e-fiber) used for designing connections an...
Figure 12.4 Fabrication steps for making RF devices using automated cad-base...
Figure 12.5 Characterization of losses by measuring losses in transmission l...
Figure 12.6 Effect of stitching pattern on the loss performance of e-fiber t...
Figure 12.7 (a) Layers used in the fabrication of patch antenna for wireless...
Figure 12.8 Body-worn e-fiber antenna for wearable applications. Antenna cov...
Figure 12.9 (a) On-fabric rectifier circuit [8,25] using single diode and ma...
Figure 12.10 Power collection performance of the rectenna array with increas...
Figure 12.11 (a) Near-zone power transfer system integrated on fabric in clo...
Figure 12.12 Remote wound-monitoring system using voltage-controlled oscilla...
Figure 12.13 (a) Key package features of high-density integration: line/spac...
Figure 12.14 Subtractive vs. semiadditive patterning. SAP leads to sharp fea...
Figure 12.15 Challenges with fine lines and spaces on package substrates. (...
Figure 12.16 Emerging 3D high-density packaging architectures compared to ex...
Figure 12.17 5G millimeter-wave antenna modules with backside-assembled RF I...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Current implementations of sensing systems and the path t...
Figure 13.2 (a–c) Examples of fully passive (simple) sensors in the l...
Figure 13.3 Examples of more complex sensors (active or active/passiv...
Figure 13.4 (a) Sensing system based on active sensors: the reader is...
Figure 13.5 (a) Mechanical mass-spring analogy indicating the behavio...
Figure 13.6 Series sensor readout with a nonprimary reader coil and t...
Figure 13.7 Dependence of the phase dip on the coupling strength for
Figure 13.8 (a) Real part of the impedance and (b) phase dip with var...
Figure 13.9 (a) The conceptual schematic of the reader in [14]. (b) B...
Figure 13.10 The measurement setup used in [1] involving the use of a...
Figure 13.11 Block diagram of the sensing method based on using three...
Figure 13.12 (a) Schematic of the parallel sensor configuration with ...
Figure 13.13 (a, b) The voltage across L₁ for k = 0.2,
Figure 13.14 (a) Percentage deviation in the measured frequency, ωm...
Figure 13.15 (a) Parallel and (b) series magnetically coupled resonat...
Figure 13.16 (a) Simulated frequency response and (b) Δω an...
Figure 13.17 (a) Simulated frequency response and (b) Δω an...
Figure 13.18 (a) Forced -symmetric system from Chen et al. [46]. Typ...
Figure 13.19 (a) System implementation of three coupled resonators, a...
Figure 13.20 (a) System implementation of three coupled resonators, a...
Figure 13.21 Δω vs. κ dependence for all three systems...
Figure 13.22 (a) Amplifier with positive resistive feedback for negat...
Figure 13.23 (a) Ratio between saturated gain rates and loss rates fo...
Figure 13.24 (a) The simplified schematic of a grid-dip meter. (b) Th...
Figure 13.25 (a) Saturated gain rates, g₁, vs. coupling rate and (b) ...
Figure 13.26 (a) Measured (discrete points) and curve-fit (solid line...
Figure 13.27 System of n coupled oscillators and resonators, each wit...
Figure 13.28 Change in κ-sensitivity, Δ (the magnitude of t...
Figure 13.29 Change in κ-sensitivity, Δ, vs. ɛ₂ at dif...
Figure 13.30 (a) Comparison between the κ-sensitivity of the per...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Schematic diagram of electroenzymatic sensor. (a) A Pruss...
Figure 14.2 Schematic diagram of an electrochemical aptamer-based sen...
Figure 14.3 Schematic diagram of (a) fabrication and (b) application ...
Figure 14.4 Schematic for iontophoresis-based sweat induction.
Figure 14.5 Schematic of PDMS-based microfluidic device fabrication....
Figure 14.6 Schematic of tape-based microfluidic device fabrication....
Figure 14.7 Block diagram of electronic interface for wearable chemic...

Appendix A

Figure A.1 Scope of organization of the chapter. Various topics of bi...
Figure A.2 The basic components of any MRI system: The main magnet pr...
Figure A.3 Adjacent coil coupling can be almost removed with the crit...
Figure A.4 Basic setup for microwave imaging in a two-dimensional cas...
Figure A.5 A schematic of general brain sensing and stimulating syste...
Figure A.6 Radius of primary coil b_o for maximum mutual inductance is...
Figure A.7 A few variations of planar antennas for implanted applicat...
Figure A.8 Representative wireless endoscopy systems. (a) EndoCapsule...
Figure A.9 (a) Examples of coaxial antennas commonly used for interst...
Figure A.10 Schematic illustrations for the different modalities of m...
Figure A.11 Representative applications for wearable strain sensors. ...
Figure A.12 Schematics and circuit models of electrode–skin interface...
Figure A.13 (a) A soft electronics platform with multifunctional sens...
Figure A.14 (a) All-organic pulse oximetry placed on finger with red ...
Figure A.15 (a) A multianalyte sensing wristband for real-time sweat ...

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) comparison between the ultraflexible e-tex...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Summary of motion capture technologies: advantages and limitations.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Comparison of different implantable antennas.
Table 4.2 Comparison of different inductive power transfer systems.
Table 4.3 Comparison of different human head canonical models.
Table 4.4 FEM-based anatomical human head models.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1. Conductive elements, common health effects, and conductivity.
Table 5.2. Conductive biocompatible materials and conductivity.
Table 5.3. Recipe for skin-mimicking material.
Table 5.4. Recipe for adipose-mimicking material.
Table 5.5. Recipe for muscle-mimicking material.
Table 5.6. Cole–Cole model parameters for human, rodent, and porcine animal mode...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Typical parameters of commercially used wireless capsule endoscopy.
Table 6.2 Positioning error comparison between different models [49].

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Recipe for the fat phantom.
Table 7.2 Recipe for the muscle phantom.
Table 7.3 Recipe for the liver phantom.
Table 7.4 Path loss parameters for the Taro and Hanako model case scenarios
Table 7.5 Path loss parameters for the Taro model case in the IN2OFF scenarios.
Table 7.6 Path loss parameters for the Hanako model case in the IN2OFF scenarios
Table 7.7 Parameters for UWB link budget analysis in the considered system scena...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1. Results of two comparison exercises and the advantages of the propose...
Table 8.2. Material properties of various tissue and implant components at 3.156...
Table 8.3. Properties of the coils used.
Table 8.4. Circuit parameters of the three systems under test.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Comparison of loss performances of flexible conductor technologies. M...
Table 12.2 Comparison of substrate technology capabilities with semiadditive pat...
Table 12.3 Comparison of interconnect technologies with additive manufacturing.
Table 12.4 Comparison of assembly technologies on flex substrates.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1. Summary of the existing fully passive sensing techniques based on ne...
Table 13.2. Sources of errors in DP,-symmetric, and third-order EP systems alon...
Table 13.3. Ideal frequency split of DP, -symmetric, and third-order EP systems....
Table 13.4. Comparison between sensing systems.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Rahmat-Samii, Yahya, editor. | Topsakal, Erdem, editor.

Title: Antenna and sensor technologies in modern medical applications / edited by Yahya Rahmat-Samii, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Erdem Topsakal, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US.

Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley-IEEE, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2020026616 (print) | LCCN 2020026617 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119683308 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119683278 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119683292 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Biosensors. | Wearable technology–Antennas. | Medical electronics. | Body area networks (Electronics) | Patient monitoring–Equipment and supplies.

Classification: LCC R857.B54 A58 2021 (print) | LCC R857.B54 (ebook) | DDC 610.285–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026616

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026617

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Images: Human anatomy © SciePro/Shutterstock, Abstractpurple and pink polygonal vector background © Tuomas Lehtinen/Getty Images, Connected World © Adyna/Getty Images

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List of Contributors

AJIBAYO O. ADEYEYE,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

GEORGE ALEXOPOULOS,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

NADER BEHDAD,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

SHUBHENDU BHARDWAJ,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

TONI BJÖRNINEN,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

YEPU CUI,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

ALINE EID,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

SAM EMAMINEJAD,
Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I²BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

ALEXEY ERMAKOV,
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia

RYAN B. GREEN,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA

YONGXIN GUO,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore

SUSAN C. HAGNESS,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

YANG HAO,
School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

JIMMY G.D. HESTER,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

KOICHI ITO,
Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

SIAVASH KANANIAN,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

AHSAN NOOR KHAN,
School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

ASIMINA KIOURTI,
ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

GIANLUCA LAZZI,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

PONGPHAN LEELATIEN,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand

SHUYU LIN,
Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I²BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

TONG-HONG LIN,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

HUNG LUYEN,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

SHUBIN MA,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

MANJUNATH MACHNOOR,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

VIGYANSHU MISHRA,
ElectroScience Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

YAHYA MOHTASHAMI,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

SYED A. NAUROZE,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

ADA POON,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

RAJ PULUGURTHA,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

YAHYA RAHMAT-SAMII,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

KAZUYUKI SAITO,
Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

JAMES F. SAWICKI,
Direct Imaging Center of Excellence, Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, MA, USA

GUOLIANG SHAO,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore

RYAN SHIH,
Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I²BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

MARY V. SMITH,
VERO Biotech, LLC, Atlanta, GA

LINGNAN SONG,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

GLEB SUKHORUKOV,
School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

LAURI SYDÄNHEIMO,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

BIJAN K. TEHRANI,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

MANOS M. TENTZERIS,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

ERDEM TOPSAKAL,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

LEENA UKKONEN,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

JOHN L. VOLAKIS,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA

BO WANG,
Interconnected and Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (I²BL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

DAISONG ZHANG,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA