Cover
Title Page
Copyright
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Foreword
1. Note
Preface
Abbreviations
Part I: Introduction to Radiopharmaceuticals
1. Chapter 1: Targeted Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals: Design Options for Small‐Molecule Radiotracers
  1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 1.2 LABEL AN ENDOGENOUS COMPOUND OR DERIVATIVE
  3. 1.3 LABEL A PHARMACEUTICAL OR DERIVATIVE
  4. 1.4 FROM IN VITRO REAGENTS TO IN VIVO IMAGING
  5. 1.5 DO HIGH‐THROUGHPUT SCREENING OF A CHEMICAL LIBRARY
  6. 1.6 LABEL A NATURAL PRODUCT OR DERIVATIVE
  7. 1.7 SUMMARY
  8. REFERENCES
2. Chapter 2: Concepts and Issues for Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals
  1. 2.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 2.2 THERANOSTICS
  3. 2.3 EXAMPLES OF RADIOTHERAPEUTICS
  4. 2.4 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
  5. REFERENCES
Part II: Production of Radionuclides
1. Chapter 3: Production of Short Half‐Life PET Radionuclides
  1. 3.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 3.2 PRODUCTION OF COMMONLY USED PET RADIONUCLIDES: 18F, 11C, 13N, 15O, 82Rb, AND 68Ga
  3. 3.3 68 Ge/68Ga GENERATORS
  4. REFERENCES
2. Chapter 4: Production of Radionuclides Used in SPECT
  1. 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 4.2 TECHNETIUM‐99m
  3. 4.3 IODINE‐131
  4. 4.4 XENON‐133
  5. 4.5 CYCLOTRON‐PRODUCED RADIONUCLIDES
  6. 4.6 THALLIUM‐201
  7. 4.7 GALLIUM‐67
  8. 4.8 INDIUM‐111
  9. 4.9 IODINE‐123
  10. 4.A. APPENDIX
  11. REFERENCES
  12. Note
3. Chapter 5: Production of Therapeutic Radionuclides
  1. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 5.2 NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND ISOTOPE PRODUCTION BASICS
  3. 5.3 REACTOR PRODUCTION OF THERAPEUTIC RADIONUCLIDES
  4. 5.4 PRODUCTION OF THERAPEUTIC RADIONUCLIDES USING CHARGED‐PARTICLE REACTIONS
  5. 5.5 PRODUCTION OF THERAPEUTIC RADIONUCLIDES USING PHOTONUCLEAR REACTIONS
  6. 5.6 ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR THERAPEUTIC RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION
  7. 5.7 SUMMARY
  8. REFERENCES
Part III: Synthetic Methods for Radiopharmaceuticals
1. Chapter 6: Synthesis of ¹³ N‐ and ¹⁵ O‐Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals
  1. 6.1 NITROGEN‐13
  2. 6.2 OXYGEN‐15
  3. 6.3 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
  4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  5. REFERENCES
2. Chapter 7: Radiochemistry with Carbon‐11
  1. 7.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 7.2 SYNTHESIS OF COMMON CARBON‐11 PRECURSORS
  3. 7.3 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN LABELLING METHODS
  4. 7.4 METHODOLOGY FOR THE INCORPORATION OF CARBON‐11 INTO BIOACTIVE MOLECULES
  5. REFERENCES
3. Chapter 8: Fluorine‐18 Radiochemistry
  1. 8.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 8.2 ALIPHATIC FLUORINATION WITH FLUORINE‐18
  3. 8.3 CF3 CHEMISTRY
  4. 8.4 OTHER ALIPHATIC C–F BOND FORMATION METHODS
  5. 8.5 AROMATIC FLUORINATION WITH FLUORINE‐18
  6. 8.6 OTHER STRATEGIES FOR RADIOLABELING WITH FLUORINE‐18
  7. 8.7 RADIOFLUORINATION BEYOND THE C–F BOND
  8. 8.8 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  9. REFERENCES
4. Chapter 9: Labeling with Gallium‐68
  1. 9.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 9.2 ISOTOPE PRODUCTION AND ITS EFFECT ON RADIOLABELING
  3. 9.3 GALLIUM(III) CHEMISTRY AND GALLIUM‐68 RADIOCHEMISTRY
  4. 9.4 TRACER DESIGN AND CHELATOR CHOICE
  5. 9.5 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF GALLIUM‐68 RADIOLABELING
  6. 9.6 CLINICAL TRACERS: DEVELOPMENT, RADIOSYNTHESIS, AND APPLICATIONS
  7. 9.7 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
5. Chapter 10: Cu‐Mediated Radiohalogenation of Organoboranes
  1. 10.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
  2. 10.2 Cu‐MEDIATED RADIOFLUORINATION
  3. 10.3 Cu‐MEDIATED HEAVY HALIDE RADIOHALOGENATION
  4. 10.4 CONCLUSIONS
  5. REFERENCES
6. Chapter 11: The Radiochemistry of Zirconium
  1. 11.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 11.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ZIRCONIUM
  3. 11.3 RADIONUCLIDES OF ZIRCONIUM
  4. 11.4 ZIRCONIUM‐89 PRODUCTION AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
  5. 11.5 ZIRCONIUM CHEMISTRY AND RADIOCHEMISTRY
  6. 11.6 PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL REPORTS USING ZIRCONIUM‐89‐RADIOLABELLED PROTEINS
  7. 11.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
7. Chapter 12: ^99mTc Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
  1. 12.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 12.2 TECHNETIUM‐99m CHELATORS AND COMPLEXES
  3. 12.3 MYOCARDIAL IMAGING AGENTS
  4. 12.4 99mTc‐FATTY ACIDS DERIVATIVES
  5. 12.5 BRAIN IMAGING AGENTS
  6. 12.6 RENAL IMAGING AGENTS
  7. 12.7 BONE IMAGING AGENTS
  8. 12.8 TUMOR‐TARGETED IMAGING AGENTS
  9. 12.9 SENTINEL LYMPH NODE IMAGING AGENTS
  10. 12.10 INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION IMAGING AGENTS
  11. 12.11 99mTc‐LABELLED INTERCALATORS FOR THERAPY
  12. 12.12 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  13. REFERENCES
Part IV: Practical Aspects of Radiopharmaceutical Production and Use
1. Chapter 13: Automated Synthesis Modules for PET Radiochemistry
  1. 13.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 13.2 EARLY RADIOCHEMISTRY SYNTHESIS MODULES
  3. 13.3 MODERN CASSETTE‐BASED MODULES
  4. 13.4 FULLY AUTOMATED FIXED‐TUBING MODULES
  5. 13.5 HYBRID MODULES
  6. 13.6 MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS
  7. 13.7 SYNTHESIS MODULES FOR USE WITH SOLID TARGETS
  8. 13.8 AUTOMATED QUALITY CONTROL TESTING
  9. 13.9 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  10. REFERENCES
2. Chapter 14: Automation of PET Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control
  1. 14.1 OVERVIEW
  2. 14.2 PET MILESTONES RELEVANT TO QC AUTOMATION
  3. 14.3 LABORATORY SETUP FOR QC IN PET TRACER PRODUCTION
  4. 14.4 DRIVERS OF AUTOMATED QC
  5. 14.5 BARRIERS TO QC AUTOMATION
  6. 14.6 QC INNOVATION
  7. 14.7 DISCUSSION OF AUTOMATED QC SOLUTIONS
  8. 14.8 CHOOSING AN AUTOMATED QC SYSTEM
  9. 14.9 REGULATORY ASPECTS
  10. 14.10 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
  11. REFERENCES
3. Chapter 15: Moving PET Drugs from the Lab to the Patient in the USA
  1. 15.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 15.2 PET DRUGS BEFORE THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION MODERNIZATION ACT
  3. 15.3 FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION MODERNIZATION ACT
  4. 15.4 21 CFR 212
  5. 15.5 USP GENERAL CHAPTER <823>
  6. 15.6 IMAGING PATIENTS WITH PET DRUGS
  7. 15.7 IND
  8. 15.8 RDRC
  9. 15.9 NDA
  10. 15.10 ANDA
  11. 15.11 DRUG MASTER FILE (DMF)
  12. 15.12 SUMMARY
  13. REFERENCES
4. Chapter 16: Moving from the Lab to the Patient in Asia
  1. 16.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 16.2 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
  3. 16.3 TECHNICAL TRANSFER
  4. 16.4 TECHNICAL TRANSFER IN ASIA
  5. 16.5 TECHNICAL TRANSFERS IN AND OUT OF ASIA
  6. 16.6 CONCLUSION
  7. REFERENCES
5. Chapter 17: Moving a Radiotracer from Bench to Bedside in Europe
  1. 17.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 17.2 GENERAL OVERVIEW
  3. 17.3 REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS IN CLINICAL TRIALS
  4. 17.4 EU CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTER AND EudraCT DATABASE
  5. 17.5 EANM AND PIC/S GUIDELINES
  6. 17.6 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS MONOGRAPHS
  7. REFERENCES
Part V: Major Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
1. Chapter 18: Radiopharmaceuticals in Oncology
  1. 18.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 18.2 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS FOR IMAGING CANCER
  3. 18.3 RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS FOR CANCER THERAPY
  4. 18.4 CONCLUSIONS
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
2. Chapter 19: Neurological Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
  1. 19.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 19.2 CSF FLOW IMAGING: PLANAR AND SPECT APPLICATIONS
  3. 19.3 CBF IMAGING: PLANAR AND SPECT APPLICATIONS
  4. 19.4 DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER SPECT IMAGING
  5. 19.5 GLUCOSE METABOLIC PET IMAGING
  6. 19.6 β‐AMYLOID PET IMAGING
  7. 19.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  8. 19.8 CONCLUSIONS
  9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  10. REFERENCES
3. Chapter 20: Cardiac Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
  1. 20.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 20.2 MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING (MPI)
  3. 20.3 IMAGING CARDIAC MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION
  4. 20.4 IMAGING OF MYOCARDIAL METABOLISM
  5. 20.5 MOLECULAR IMAGING
  6. 20.6 CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS
  7. 20.7 CONCLUSION
  8. REFERENCES
4. Chapter 21: Radiopharmaceuticals in Pediatric Nuclear Medicine
  1. 21.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 21.2 CLINICALLY APPROVED SINGLE‐PHOTON PROCEDURES AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
  3. 21.3 ESTABLISHED CLINICAL PET RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND THEIR USES
  4. 21.4 RESEARCH RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND METHODS
  5. 21.5 SUMMARY
  6. REFERENCES
5. Chapter 22: PET Imaging in Drug Discovery and Development
  1. 22.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 22.2 THE DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
  3. 22.3 DESIGN CRITERIA OF A NOVEL PET RADIOLIGAND
  4. 22.4 PET IMAGING AND PET RADIOLIGANDS IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
  5. 22.5 CONCLUSION
  6. REFERENCES
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Sources of leads for chemical matter for design and development of ...
2. Table 1.2 Examples of endogenous molecules and derivatives used as in vivo im...
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Comparison of therapeutic atomic particles.
2. Table 2.2 Properties of select therapeutic isotopes (properties of other radi...
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Commonly used radionuclides for human PET imaging studies.
2. Table 3.2 Less common cyclotron‐produced PET radionuclides used for animal or...
3. Table 3.3 Nuclear reactions used for cyclotron production of fluorine‐18.
4. Table 3.4 Nuclear reactions used for cyclotron production of carbon‐11.
5. Table 3.5 Nuclear reactions used for cyclotron production nitrogen‐13.
6. Table 3.6 Nuclear reactions used for cyclotron production of oxygen‐15.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Table of SPECT radionuclides.
2. Table 4.2 Examples of radiopharmaceuticals labelled with^99mTc along with thei...
3. Table 4.3 List of commercial Indium‐111 radiopharmaceuticals.
4. Table 4.4 Examples of some¹²³I radiopharmaceuticals.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Radionuclides produced by neutron‐induced reactions.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Methods for the production of¹³N using nuclear reactions.
2. Table 6.2 Radiochemical purity for the preparation of different¹³N‐labeled ni...
3. Table 6.3 Main properties of¹⁵O.
4. Table 6.4 Nuclear reactions used for the production of¹⁵O.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Basic characteristics of the most common⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generators used g...
2. Table 9.2 Summary of the advantages and disadvantages of kit and synthesis un...
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 List of the observed nuclides of zirconium.
2. Table 11.2 Experimental data on the irradiation yields of⁸⁹Zr using an ⁸⁹Y fo...
3. Table 11.3 Overview of some influential studies using⁸⁹Zr‐radiolabelled antib...
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Technetium‐99m radiopharmaceuticals.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 The most common QC procedures for PET tracers produced in the US.
2. Table 14.2 Automated QC systems for radiopharmaceuticals: concepts, prototype...
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 NDAs for PET drugs as of June 2020.
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Data from recent three meetings of theInternational Symposium on R...
2. Table 16.2 Number of presentations from Asian Countries at recent meetings of...
3. Table 16.3 Accession of 10 Asian countries' participating authorities to the ...
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 EANM guidelines and position papers relevant for clinical translat...
2. Table 17.2 European Pharmacopoeia general monographs on radiopharmaceuticals.
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Radiopharmaceuticals approved for imaging of cancer in clinical se...
2. Table 18.2 Radiopharmaceuticals approved for cancer therapy in clinical setti...
3. Table 18.3 Recent clinical trials of radiopharmaceuticals for cancer therapy.
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 Summary of cerebral ventricular shunt patency scintigraphy.
2. Table 19.2 Summary of intrathecal pump‐catheter patency scintigraphy.
3. Table 19.3 Etiology of decreased vs. increased CSF production.
4. Table 19.4 Radionuclide CSF ventriculography and cisternography studies.
5. Table 19.5 Comparison of [^99mTc]HMPAO and [^99mTc]ECD parenchymal CBF tracers....
6. Table 19.6 Summary of planar CBF scintigraphy for the assessment of brain dea...
7. Table 19.7 Summary of SPECT CBF scintigraphy for seizure localization.
8. Table 19.8 Summary of SPECT CBF scintigraphy for differential diagnosis of ne...
9. Table 19.9 Summary of presynaptic nigrostriatal nerve terminal SPECT imaging.
10. Table 19.10 Summary overview of [¹⁸F]FDG PET for routine clinical use in neur...
11. Table 19.11 Simplified interpretation schema of FDG PET or CBF SPECT for the ...
12. Table 19.12 Comparison of currently FDA‐approved radioligands to assess for β...
13. Table 19.13 Summary of radioligands to assess for β‐amyloidopathy.
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1 PET and SPECT radiotracers of myocardial metabolism.
2. Table 20.2 Examples of radiotracers for inflammation.
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 List of common radionuclides used in PET radioligands for drug dis...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Radiopharmaceutical developmentpathway.
2. Figure 1.2 Targeted radiopharmaceuticals based on structures of amino acids....
3. Figure 1.3 Targeted radiopharmaceuticals based on structures of known therap...
4. Figure 1.4 Targeted radiopharmaceuticals based on structures of in vitro che...
5. Figure 1.5 Targeted radiopharmaceuticals based on structures derived from hi...
6. Figure 1.6 Targeted radiopharmaceuticals based on structures of natural prod...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 (a) Radioisotope bonded directly to a monoclonal antibody. (b) Ra...
2. Figure 2.2 Decay chain of ²²⁵Ac.
3. Figure 2.3 Examples of chelators used in radiotherapeutics.
4. Figure 2.4 Meta‐iodobenzylguanidine.
5. Figure 2.5 Serial I‐123 MIBG anterior whole‐body images. (a) The patient had...
6. Figure 2.6 Meta‐astatobenzylguanidine.
7. Figure 2.7 An old patient (83 years) with Gleason score 6. (a) The NaF‐PET b...
8. Figure 2.8 NETSPOT and Lutathera.
9. Figure 2.9 Atypical carcinoid patient referred for restaging with Ga‐68 DOTA...
10. Figure 2.10 Chemical structures of small‐molecule PSMA inhibitors PSMA‐11, P...
11. Figure 2.11 (a) ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA11‐PET images of a 66‐year‐old patient with castrat...
12. Figure 2.12 A treatment‐naïve patient who presented with extensive bone meta...
13. Figure 2.13 Pentixafor and Pentixather.
14. Figure 2.14 Example of partial response to CXCR4‐directed treatment with [¹⁷...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of a small‐volume water target.
2. Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of a carbon‐11 gas target.
3. Figure 3.3 Schematic diagram of the design concept used for ⁸²Rb and ⁶⁸Ga ge...
4. Figure 3.4 The GE ⁶⁸Ga PETtrace liquid target used for cyclotron production ...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Fission yield for thermal neutron fission of ²³⁵U.
2. Figure 4.2 I‐131 usage based on US Medicare beneficiaries (National Research...
3. Figure 4.3 Pb‐201production cross‐section for the eventual extraction of ²⁰¹
4. Figure 4.4 Yield curves for ^200,201,202mPb based on excitation curves or the...
5. Figure 4.5 Excitation function for the production of ⁶⁷Ga.
6. Figure 4.6 Excitation function for the production of ¹¹¹In.
7. Figure 4.7 Cumulative excitation function for producing ¹²³Xe, including dir...
8. Figure 4.8 Excitation function for the production of ¹²³I from the bombardme...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 An example of a photonuclear reaction to produce ⁴⁷Sc. An electro...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Schematic representation of the system used for the production of...
2. Figure 6.2 Schematic representation of the liquid recirculation system for t...
3. Figure 6.3 Typical target design for the production of [¹³N]NH₃ by irradiati...
4. Scheme 6.1 (a) Synthesis of [¹³N]amphetamine via formation of the imine. (b,...
5. Scheme 6.2 Synthesis of N‐[¹³N]nitrosamines by following the combined approa...
6. Scheme 6.3 Synthesis of ¹³N‐labeled azo compounds.
7. Scheme 6.4 Synthesis of L‐[¹³N]aspargine by a synthetic chemistry method.
8. Scheme 6.5 Main enzymatic routes to incorporate [¹³N]NH₃ into amino acids, u...
9. Scheme 6.6 One‐pot synthesis of [¹³N]urea (a, b) and [¹³N]carbamate (c) anal...
10. Scheme 6.7 Synthesis of [¹³N]thalidomide (a) and [¹³N] dantrolene (b).
11. Scheme 6.8 Synthesis of [¹³N]triazoles by reaction of ¹³N‐labeled aryl azide...
12. Scheme 6.9 Synthesis of [¹³N]BCNU (a) and [¹³N]BCNC (b).
13. Figure 6.4 Schematic display of the physiological behavior of [¹³N]NH₃ in th...
14. Scheme 6.10 Synthesis of ¹⁵O‐labeled butanol.
15. Scheme 6.11 Synthesis of ¹⁵O‐labeled hydrogen peroxide.
16. Scheme 6.12 Synthesis of 6‐[¹⁵O]‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Labelling of L‐DOPA at differential positions allowed for the det...
2. Figure 7.2 Common secondary ¹¹C‐labelling reagents derived from [¹¹C]CO₂ and...
3. Figure 7.3 Methods for reduction of [¹¹C]CO₂ to [¹¹C]CO.
4. Figure 7.4 (a) Production of [¹¹C]CH₃I by the “wet method.” (b) Diagrammatic...
5. Figure 7.5 (a) Production of [¹¹C]CH₃I from [¹¹C]CH₄ and molecular iodine by...
6. Figure 7.6 Synthesis of longer chain [¹¹C]alkyl iodides from [¹¹C]CO₂ or [¹¹
7. Figure 7.7 Radiosynthesis of [¹¹C]HCN.
8. Figure 7.8 Radiosynthesis of [¹¹C]phosgene.
9. Figure 7.9 Radiosynthesis of [¹¹C]formaldehyde.
10. Figure 7.10 Radiosynthesis of [¹¹C]carbon disulfide.
11. Figure 7.11 Apparatus for producing [¹¹C]CHF₃ from [¹¹C]CH₄ and CoF₃.
12. Figure 7.12 Radiosyntheses of secondary precursors. (a) [¹¹C]nitromethane; (...
13. Figure 7.13 Modification of a commercial GE FxFN module for “loop” synthesis...
14. Figure 7.14 Reactions of [¹¹C]CO₂ with organometallic reagents.
15. Figure 7.15 Reaction of [¹¹C]CO₂ with metal hydride reagents.
16. Figure 7.16 Reactions of activated amines with [¹¹C]CO₂.
17. Figure 7.17 Reaction of amines with [¹¹C]CO₂ in the presence of fixation age...
18. Figure 7.18 In‐loop [¹¹C]CO₂‐fixation setup.
19. Figure 7.19 [¹¹C]CO₂fixation and subsequent Mitsunobu reaction to form [¹¹C]...
20. Figure 7.20 Cu(I)‐mediated ¹¹C‐carboxylation of boronic esters and subsequen...
21. Figure 7.21 Scope of palladium(0)‐catalysed ¹¹C‐carbonyaltion reactions.
22. Figure 7.22 A high‐pressure micro‐autoclave reaction system.
23. Figure 7.23 PET radioligands synthesised via high‐pressure Pd(0)‐catalysed ¹...
24. Figure 7.24 High‐pressure rhodium(I)‐catalysed ¹¹C‐carbonylation to form car...
25. Figure 7.25 UV and selenium‐mediated ¹¹C‐carbonylation reactions to form [¹¹
26. Figure 7.26 Example compounds synthesised via low‐pressure Pd(0)‐catalysed ¹...
27. Figure 7.27 Pd(II)‐mediated oxidative ¹¹C‐carbonylation reactions.
28. Figure 7.28 ¹¹C‐carbonylation reactions of alkyl iodides to form [¹¹C]amides...
29. Figure 7.29 Complex molecules access via Pd‐xantphos mediated ¹¹C‐carbonylat...
30. Figure 7.30 Comparison of reaction conditions and yields for the synthesis o...
31. Figure 7.31 N‐¹¹C‐Methylation is used to synthesise [¹¹C]DASB, [¹¹C]PIB, and...
32. Figure 7.32 (a) Radiolabeling of amines using [¹¹C]dimethylamine and (b) N‐a...
33. Figure 7.33 O‐¹¹C‐methylation is used to synthesize [¹¹C]raclopride, [¹¹C]me...
34. Figure 7.34 S‐alkylation with [¹¹C]CH₃I is used for the synthesis of [¹¹C]‐L
35. Figure 7.35 Suzuki and Stille coupling reactions with [¹¹C]CH₃I, and the pro...
36. Figure 7.36 Bioactive molecules labelled with carbon‐11 using a Stille coupl...
37. Figure 7.37 Synthesis and utilization of ¹¹C‐methylstannanes and ¹¹C‐methyls...
38. Figure 7.38 Various PET radiotracers prepared by the application of the Suzu...
39. Figure 7.39 Negishi coupling reactions with [¹¹C]CH₃I and [¹¹C]CH₃ZnI.
40. Figure 7.40 Miscellaneous metal‐mediated ¹¹C‐C coupling reactions.
41. Figure 7.41 ¹¹C‐Alkylations at carbon are often used to access enantioenrich...
42. Figure 7.42 Applications of [¹¹C]cyanide as a nucleophile to give [¹¹C]nitri...
43. Figure 7.43 Reaction of [¹¹C]cyanide with carbonyl‐containing compounds.
44. Figure 7.44 Palladium‐mediated ¹¹C‐cyanation reactions.
45. Figure 7.45 Cu‐mediated ¹¹C‐cyanation reactions.
46. Figure 7.46 Further derivatization of [¹¹C]cyanide to other useful radiolabe...
47. Figure 7.47 Applications of [¹¹C]HCHO in cyclizations with amines.
48. Figure 7.48 Applications of [¹¹C]HCHO for alkylation reactions.
49. Figure 7.49 Formation of asymmetric ¹¹C‐ureas using [¹¹C]COCl₂.
50. Figure 7.50 Synthesis of asymmetric ¹¹C‐ureas via ¹¹C‐isocyanate intermediat...
51. Figure 7.51 The use of ¹¹C‐carbmoyl chlorides generated from [¹¹C]COCl₂, and...
52. Figure 7.52 Preparation of ¹¹C‐carbamates from [¹¹C]phosgene.
53. Figure 7.53 Synthesis of ¹¹C‐carbamates via symmetrical ¹¹C‐carbonates or ¹¹
54. Figure 7.54 Compounds prepared by cyclization reaction with [¹¹C]COCl₂.
55. Figure 7.55 Preparation of [¹¹C]temozolamide labelled at different positions...
56. Figure 7.56 Application of the [¹¹C]CS₂ to the synthesis of ¹¹C‐sothiocyanat...
57. Figure 7.57 Reaction of [¹¹C]CS₂ for the preparation of ¹¹C‐isothiocyanates....
58. Figure 7.58 Applications of [¹¹C]CF₃H for the introduction of a carbon‐11 la...
59. Figure 7.59 Applications of [¹¹C]CH₃NO₂ for nitroaldol reactions and additio...
60. Figure 7.60 Carbon‐11 radiolabelling using [¹¹C]diazomethane, [¹¹C]methyl az...
61. Figure 7.61 Uses of lithium [¹¹C]methyl(2‐thienyl)cuprate for addition react...
62. Figure 7.62 Incorporation of simple carbon‐11‐labelled precursors by enzyme‐...
63. Figure 7.63 Enzymatic incorporation of chemically prepared ¹¹C‐labelled inte...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Fluorine‐18 scientific and patent literature.
2. Scheme 8.1 Radiofluorination of epoxides for the synthesis of [¹⁸F]fluorohyd...
3. Scheme 8.2 Metal‐catalyzed methods for the production of benzylic [¹⁸F]fluor...
4. Scheme 8.3 Aliphatic [¹⁸F]trifluoromethyl formation methods.
5. Scheme 8.4 [¹⁸F]trifluoromethyl groups attached to a heteroatom.
6. Scheme 8.5 Aromatic [¹⁸F]trifluoromethylation methodology.
7. Scheme 8.6 Methods for the preparation of [¹⁸F]difluoromethylarenes.
8. Scheme 8.7 Further new radiofluorination methods.
9. Scheme 8.8 Nucleophilic syntheses of [¹⁸F]arenes.
10. Figure 8.2 Electrophilic radiofluorination reagents.
11. Scheme 8.9 Further nucleophilic syntheses of [¹⁸F]arenes.
12. Figure 8.3 Examples of prosthetic groups prepared through S_NAr.
13. Scheme 8.10 [¹⁸F]Fluorination of 2‐thienyl iodonium salts.
14. Figure 8.4 Radiotracers synthesized from diaryliodonium salts.
15. Scheme 8.11 Radiotracers synthesized from spirocyclic iodonium ylides.
16. Scheme 8.12 Radiofluorination of phenols and anilines.
17. Scheme 8.13 Transition metal‐mediated radiofluorination of arenes.
18. Scheme 8.14 Copper‐mediated radiofluorination of arenes.
19. Figure 8.5 Select radiotracers synthesized with Cu‐mediated radiofluorinatio...
20. Scheme 8.15 Radiofluorination of aryl C–H bonds.
21. Scheme 8.16 Use of click reactions for prosthetic group radiolabeling.
22. Scheme 8.17 Alternative approaches for ¹⁸F‐labeling with silicon, boron, and...
23. Scheme 8.18 [¹⁸F]Sulfonyl fluoride‐based prosthetic group.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 (a) Speciation of a 10⁻⁹ M Ga(III) aqueous solution.(b)...
2. Figure 9.2 Chemical structures of common chelators used for ⁶⁸Ga radiolabeli...
3. Figure 9.3 Common disposable cassette–based synthesis units used for ⁶⁸Ga ra...
4. Figure 9.4 Steps for the production of ⁶⁸Ga‐radiopharmaceuticals (synthesis ...
5. Figure 9.5 Integrated synthesis units. (a) KitLab (Eckert & Ziegler); Source...
6. Figure 9.6 Chemical structures of common SSTR targeting ligands with structu...
7. Figure 9.7 Interim analysis of NETTER‐1 trial. (a) Kaplan–Meier analysis of ...
8. Figure 9.8 Chemical structures of common PSMA derivatives used for ⁶⁸Ga imag...
9. Figure 9.9 [⁶⁸Ga]Ga‐PSMA‐11 PET images at baseline (left) and three months a...
Chapter 10
1. Scheme 10.1 Initial Cu‐mediated fluorination strategies. (a) Cu‐mediated flu...
2. Figure 10.1 Common methods for radiohalogenation.
3. Scheme 10.2 Cu‐mediated radiofluorination of organoboranes. (a) Radiofluorin...
4. Scheme 10.3 Cu‐mediated radiofluorination of organoboranes optimization. (a)...
5. Figure 10.2 Radiosynthesis of clinically relevant ¹⁸F‐labeled PET radiotrace...
6. Scheme 10.4 Cu‐mediated radioiodination of organoboranes. (a) Radioiodinatio...
7. Scheme 10.5 Cu‐mediated radioiodination and astatination of organoboranes....
8. Scheme 10.6 Radiosynthesis of ¹²⁵I‐ and ²¹¹At‐labeled PARP‐1 inhibitors.
9. Scheme 10.7 Cu‐mediated radiobromination of organoboranes.Reproduced wit...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 (a) Engraving of the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth...
2. Figure 11.2 Natural isotopic abundance pattern of stable zirconium isotopes ...
3. Figure 11.3 Portion of the chart of nuclides showing relevant isotopes of zi...
4. Figure 11.4 Figure showing design schematics and a photograph of a water‐coo...
5. Figure 11.5 Experimentally measured excitation functions showing the cross‐s...
6. Figure 11.6 Plot of the activity yield (MBq) versus the incident charge (mA ...
7. Figure 11.7 Experimental γ‐ray emission spectrum of ⁸⁹Zr.
8. Figure 11.8 Nuclear energy level decay schemes for (a) ⁸⁹Zr (ground state) a...
9. Figure 11.9 Schematic flowchart showing the steps and approximate timing inv...
10. Scheme 11.1 Chemical synthesis of the ‘hydroxamate resin.
11. Figure 11.10 Single crystal X‐ray structure of the bridged dimer K₆[{Zr(C₂O₄
12. Figure 11.11 Calculated relative energies of the [Zr(HDFO)(H₂O)_n]²⁺ (n = 0, ...
13. Figure 11.12 Structure of the 8‐coordinate Zr(MeAHA)₄ complex.
14. Figure 11.13 Chemical structure of selected bifunctional chelates that are p...
15. Scheme 11.2 Radiosynthesis of [⁸⁹Zr][Zr(HDFO)(H₂O)_n]²⁺.
16. Scheme 11.3 Three conceptual approaches toward radiolabelled antibodies.
17. Scheme 11.4 Illustration of the concept of the simultaneous, one‐pot photora...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Structures of common ^99mTc‐radiopharmaceuticals.
2. Figure 12.2 Structures of ^99mTc‐complexes.
3. Figure 12.3 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled myocardial imaging agents.
4. Figure 12.4 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled fatty acids.
5. Figure 12.5 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled 5‐HT_1A receptor imaging agents.
6. Figure 12.6 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled β‐amyloid imaging agents.
7. Figure 12.7 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled renal imaging agents.
8. Figure 12.8 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled bone imaging agents.
9. Figure 12.9 Structures of ^99mTc‐bombesin‐like imaging agents.
10. Figure 12.10 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled SSTR2 imaging agents.
11. Figure 12.11 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled PSMA imaging agents.
12. Figure 12.12 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled cRGD imaging agents.
13. Figure 12.13 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled αMSH imaging agents.
14. Figure 12.14 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled neurotensin imaging agents.
15. Figure 12.15 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled CCK‐2 receptor imaging agents.
16. Figure 12.16 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled folate imaging agents.
17. Figure 12.17 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled glucose derivatives.
18. Figure 12.18 Structures of [M(CO)₃]‐thymidine derivatives, M = ^99mTc or Re....
19. Figure 12.19 Structures of [M(CO)₃]‐estradiol derivatives, M = ^99mTc or Re....
20. Figure 12.20 Structure of a ^99mTc‐B12 derivative.
21. Figure 12.21 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled SNL imaging agents.
22. Figure 12.22 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled infection imaging agents.
23. Figure 12.23 Structures of ^99mTc‐labelled DNA intercalators.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 A traditional homemade radiochemistry module.
2. Figure 13.2 An early radiochemistry module run using a computer‐controlled r...
3. Figure 13.3 Early TRACERlab MX_FDG cassette‐based synthesis module.
4. Figure 13.4 Cassette‐based synthesis modules. (a) GE FASTlab 2.(b) NEPTI...
5. Figure 13.5 Fully automated fixed‐tubing modules. (a) GE TRACERlab. Source: ...
6. Figure 13.6 Computer program for running a TRACERlab synthesis module. Sourc...
7. Figure 13.7 ELIXYS hybrid synthesizer.
8. Figure 13.8 (a) Advion NanoTek.. (b) ABT BG75.. (c) ISAR.
9. Figure 13.9 Modular setup of the ALCEO system. The shuttle is transported be...
10. Figure 13.10 Tracer‐QC automated QC module. Source: Image courtesy of LabLog...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Traditional QC laboratory package.
2. Figure 14.2 QC‐Cubicle by Elysia‐Raytest.
3. Figure 14.3 Automated QC prototype (a) and software (b) developed by Cardina...
4. Figure 14.4 QC1 concept.
5. Figure 14.5 Tracer‐QC rHPLC product by Trace‐Ability.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Three approaches to radiopharmaceutical NDA in Korea.
2. Figure 16.2 Imaging comparison between [¹²³I]FP‐CIT and [¹⁸F]FP‐CIT to diagn...
3. Figure 16.3 Structures of β‐amyloid imaging radiopharmaceuticals.
4. Figure 16.4 Structures of tau imaging radiopharmaceuticals.
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Requirements to translate a radiotracer to the clinic. IMPD, inv...
2. Figure 17.2 Number of radiotracer clinical trials (phases I–IV) registered u...
3. Figure 17.3 Outline of EudraLex legislation. Volumes and annexes indicated i...
4. Figure 17.4 Legislation and guidelines that need to be considered for the ma...
5. Figure 17.5 Distribution of the number of radiotracer clinical trials retrie...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Left: Comparison of [¹⁸F]FDG and [¹⁸F]FGln PET‐CT imaging in the...
2. Figure 18.2 Comparison of [¹⁸F]FDG, [¹⁸F]F‐BMS‐986192, and [⁸⁹Zr]Zr‐DFO‐nivo...
3. Figure 18.3 Fused PET‐CT (left) and maximum intensity projection (right) ima...
4. Figure 18.4 Structures of several small‐molecule inhibitors of PSMA that hav...
5. Figure 18.5 Fused [⁶⁸Ga]Ga‐PSMA‐11 PET‐CT images of the same patient before ...
6. Figure 18.6 Comparison of the energies, ranges, LET values, and DNA damage p...
7. Figure 18.7 Kaplan‐Meier plot depicting a median overall survival difference...
8. Figure 18.8 PET images and PSA levels of a metastatic CRPC patient pre‐ and ...
9. Figure 18.9 PET images of a patient with metastatic neuroendocrine cancer (a...
10. Figure 18.10 Kaplan‐Meier plots depicting (a) progression‐free and (b) overa...
11. Figure 18.11 Representative SPECT and CT images of a patient with EGFR‐posit...
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Patient example of intrathecal pump‐catheter patency scintigraph...
2. Figure 19.2 Example of ventricular reflux on 24‐hour delayed planar [¹¹¹In]D...
3. Figure 19.3 Patient example of a bedside [^99mTc]HMPAO cerebral CBF study in ...
4. Figure 19.4 Example of ictal‐interictal SPECT subtraction coregistered with ...
5. Figure 19.5 Typical regional cerebral [¹⁸F]FDG hypometabolism patterns in AD...
6. Figure 19.6 Patient example of focal glucose hypometabolism as an interictal...
7. Figure 19.7 Example of FDG PET (a) in a patient with a low‐grade neoplasm sh...
8. Figure 19.8 Example of FDG PET in a patient. Status: post left frontal lobe ...
9. Figure 19.9 Example of abnormal FDG and florbetapir β‐amyloid PET scans in a...
10. Figure 19.10 Radioligands used for nigrostriatal nerve terminal imaging.
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 Description of the detecting device used to measure the velocity...
2. Figure 20.2 Relationship between myocardial uptake of common radiotracers an...
3. Figure 20.3 Example of a stress/rest Tc‐99m Tetrofosmin SPECT MPI demonstrat...
4. Figure 20.4 An example of normal quantitative MBF. Regadenoson stress and re...
5. Figure 20.5 A 69‐year‐old man with attacks of atypical anginal pain. (a) CT ...
6. Figure 20.6 Risk vs. benefit for early myocardial revascularization vs. opti...
7. Figure 20.7 T99mTc‐Tetrofosmin SPECT MPI and FDG PET/CT of a patient with an...
8. Figure 20.8 Mortality rates for patients with viable or non‐viable tissue an...
9. Figure 20.9 Sexual dimorphism of myocardial metabolism. (a) Effects of sex a...
10. Figure 20.10 Fasting FDG‐PET imaging of a control participant and a patient ...
11. Figure 20.11 Depiction of postganglionic sympathetic nervous system ( SNS ) an...
12. Figure 20.12 Patient with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. (a) CMR with late g...
13. Figure 20.13 PET of ⁶⁸Ga‐DOTA (1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetra...
14. Figure 20.14 Patient with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. (a) Planar images obtain...
15. Figure 20.15 Diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected amyloid cardio...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 The PET 5R framework.
2. Figure 22.2 PET ligands use in drug discovery and development.
3. Figure 22.3 Key design considerations for novel PET radioligands.
4. Figure 22.4 Common uses of PET imaging in drug discovery and development.
5. Figure 22.5 ¹⁸F and ¹¹C labeled drug candidates for biodistribution studies....
6. Figure 22.6 A hypothetical example of using a PET radioligand to measure pre...

List of Contributors

Franklin I. Aigbirhio
Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences
University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus
Cambridge, UK

Stephen J. Archibald
Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Hull
Hull, UK

Nicolaas I. Bohnen
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, US

Department of Neurology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Neurology Service and GRECC
VAAAHS
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

John P. Bois
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA

Guy Bormans
Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
University of Leuven
Leuven, Belgium

Allen F. Brooks
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Laura Bruton
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Benjamin P. Burke
Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Hull
Hull, UK

Elizabeth R. Butch
Department of Diagnostic Imaging
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Memphis, TN, USA

Dae Yoon Chi
Department of Chemistry
Sogang University
Seoul
Korea

Mara Clark
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Frederik Cleeren
Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
University of Leuven
Leuven,
Belgium

David W. Dick
Department of Radiology
University of Iowa
Iowa City, IA, USA

Mehdi Djekidel
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Sidra Medicine
Qatar

David J. Donnelly
Bristol‐Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Princeton, NJ, USA

Arkadij Elizarov
Trace‐Ability
Los Angeles, California
USA

Vanessa Gómez‐Vallejo
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group
CIC biomaGUNE
San Sebastián,
Spain

Jeroen A.C.M. Goos
Department of Radiology
Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center
New York, NY, USA

Robert J. Gropler
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology
Washington University School of Medicine,
St Louis, MO, USA

Jason P. Holland
Department of Chemistry
University of Zurich
Zurich,
Switzerland

Salma Jivan,
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California
Berkley, CA, USA

Steven Kealey
Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences
University of Cambridge
Cambridge Biomedical Campus
Cambridge, UK

Outi Keinänen
Department of Chemistry, Hunter College
The City University of New York
New York, NY, USA

Michael R. Kilbourn
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Suzanne E. Lapi
Department of Radiology
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA;

Department of Chemistry
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA

Jason S. Lewis,
Department of Radiology
Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center
Birmingham, AL, USA;

Molecular Pharmacology Program and the Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Birmingham, AL, USA;

Departments of Radiology and Pharmacology
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, NY, USA

Jordi Llop
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group
CIC biomaGUNE
San Sebastián
Spain

Fernando López‐Gallego
Heterogeneous Biocatalysis Laboratory
Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH‐CSIC), University of Zaragoza
Zaragoza
Spain;

ARAID, Aragon I+D foundation
Zaragoza
Spain

C. Shaun Loveless
Department of Radiology
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA;

Department of Chemistry
Washington University in St. Louis
St Louis, MO, USA

Robert H. Mach
Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Katarina J. Makaravage
Department of Chemistry
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Dionysia Papagiannopoulou
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
Greece

Krishna R. Pulagam
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group
CIC biomaGUNE
San Sebastián
Spain

Sean W. Reilly
Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, USA

Luka Rejc
Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Group
CIC biomaGUNE
San Sebastián
Spain;

Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology,
University of Ljubljana
Ljubljana
Slovenia

Melissa E. Rodnick,
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Thomas J. Ruth
TRIUMF and BC Cancer Research Centre
Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada

Melanie S. Sanford
Department of Chemistry
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Peter J.H. Scott
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
USA

Selena M. Sephton
Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences
University of Cambridge
Cambridge Biomedical Campus
Cambridge, UK

Barry L. Shulkin
Department of Diagnostic Imaging
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Memphis, TN, USA

Scott E. Snyder
Department of Diagnostic Imaging
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Memphis, TN, USA

Alexandra R. Sowa Dumond
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Stephen Thompson
Molecular Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences
University of Cambridge
Cambridge Biomedical Campus
Cambridge, UK

Alfons Verbruggen
Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
University of Leuven
Leuven, Belgium

Koen Vermeulen
Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
University of Leuven
Leuven, Belgium

Jay Wright
Department of Radiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Brian M. Zeglis
Department of Radiology
Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center
New York, NY, USA;

Department of Chemistry, Hunter College
The City University of New York
New York, NY, USA;

PhD program in chemistry
Graduate Center of the City University of New York,
New York, NY, USA;

Departments of Radiology and Pharmacology
Weill Cornell Medical College
New York, NY, USA

HANDBOOK OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

About the Editors

List of Contributors