Copyright © 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom.
For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ching, Francis D. K., 1943- author. | Shapiro, Ian M., author.
Title: Green building illustrated / Francis D.K. Ching, Ian M. Shapiro.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2021] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020024262 (print) | LCCN 2020024263 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119653967 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119653974 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119653950 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable buildings--Design and construction. | Building--Details.
Classification: LCC TH880 .C48 2021 (print) | LCC TH880 (ebook) | DDC 720/.47--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024262
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024263
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © Frank Ching
While this publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information regarding the subject matter covered, it is sold with the understanding that neither the publisher nor the authors are engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.
Green building is a relatively new field. Its goal is to substantially reduce the environmental impact of buildings, while providing a healthy environment within buildings. This book seeks to introduce the field of green building, explore a variety of fundamental concepts in green design and construction, and provide guidance to professionals engaged in the field.
This second edition of Green Building Illustrated includes expanded discussion and exemplary case studies of zero energy and zero carbon buildings, as well as increased coverage of international building design and construction. There is also added guidance for the schematic design of high-performance buildings and additional material in the area of construction costs and affordability. Specific attention is directed to approaches that simultaneously lower construction costs and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as the strategic design of building shape, right-lighting, and more. This second edition also includes a new section on biomimicry and biophilic design; updates to codes and standards; and more information on building electrification through technologies such as heat pumps. Finally, there is increased discussion of place as it relates to green design, and an expanded discussion of climate-specific green design for different regions.
Despite these changes, designing and constructing buildings remains about making choices. It is the creation of choices at the beginning of a project, the evaluation of choices during the design process, the making of choices with the owner, the documentation of choices on drawings, and the implementation of choices through construction. In this book, we have attempted to provide a variety of choices for the design and construction of green buildings.
The book begins by exploring the goals of green buildings and by defining green buildings. It is strongly contextualized within the goal of reducing building-related carbon emissions to counter the increasing impacts of climate change. Various codes, standards, and guidelines are introduced, each of which sets forth requirements to give green buildings further definition.
A methodical exploration of green design is structured by working “from the outside in,” from the community and site, through various layers of the building envelope, and proceeding to examination of the green aspects of lighting, heating, and cooling. Related topics are explored, including water conservation, safeguarding indoor environmental quality, material conservation, and renewable energy.
For energy-related discussions, a variety of first principles of physics are invoked, the combination of which is increasingly referred to as “building science.” For example, first principles of heat transfer are applied to heat loss, and to reducing such loss. We explore aspects of illumination, relating to lighting energy use, and the human interaction and ergonomics of lighting. First principles of fluid dynamics lie behind a discussion of such building-related phenomena as “stack effect” buoyant airflow through buildings. First principles of thermodynamics are applied to the efficient generation and delivery of heat, the transport of heat away from buildings for cooling, and how to increase associated efficiencies in order to reduce energy use.
Detailed illustrations translate these principles and discussions into specific guidance for green building design and construction. A variety of best practices are offered, which are intended to be flexible enough for practitioners to design and construct the green building of the owner's dreams. The illustrations are also intended to be expansive, to offer a wide array of choices possible for green buildings.
Finally, a discussion of the practice of quality is used to explore how design and construction may most effectively deliver the goals sought for green design and construction.
The reader is advised to treat the methods covered in the book as tools. A building does not need to incorporate all the approaches suggested in this book in order to be green. The book is also a broad brush. It would be difficult to cover all the many emerging green building improvements, methods, and products. The focus is instead on underlying tools and strategies, from which professionals can create the choices necessary to design and construct high-performing green buildings.
For this second edition, thanks go to Luna Oiwa for research into a wide number of specialty topics; to Evan Hallas for insight into green building inspections, especially thermal bridging; to Tamar Shapiro-Tamir for work on net-zero case studies; and to Noa Shapiro-Tamir for research on case studies and weather data maps.
For the original edition of this book, thanks to Florence Baveye for research and concept drawings and to Marina Itaborai Servino for checking of facts and calculations. Further checking was done by Zac Hess and Daniel Clark. Double thanks to Roger Beck, for encouraging me to write 40 years ago, and for reviewing the manuscript 40 years later. Thanks go to Mona Azarbayjani of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and to Jonathan Angier of EPA/Office of Water for reviewing the manuscript. Invaluable reviews and comments were also provided by my wife, Dalya Tamir, my daughter Shoshana Shapiro, Susan Galbraith, Deirdre Waywell, Theresa Ryan, Jan Schwartzberg, Daniel Rosen, Shira Nayman, Ben Myers, Bridget Meeds, and Courtney Royal. Thanks to Lou Vogel and Nate Goodell for information on commissioning, to Javier Rosa and Yossi Bronsnick for information on structural design, and to Umit Sirt for information on modeling. Thanks to Nicole Ceci for energy analysis in the early going. Thanks to all my colleagues at Taitem Engineering for the research, observations, and discussions that are behind so much that is in this book. Thanks to Sue Schwartz for use of her apartment on Cayuga Lake, where I wrote. Thanks to my family – Dalya, Shoshana, Tamar, and Noa, for their support throughout. Thanks to my mother, Elsa Shapiro, for being a sounding board each day, about the day's progress, over tea.
And last, but really most of all, thanks to co-author Francis D.K. Ching, whose work is such a gift to the world. My colleague Theresa Ryan put it best: “We want to live in Frank's drawings.” Frank's illustrations, guidance, layout, collaboration, and edits all made this book happen.
—Ian M. Shapiro
The International System of Units is an internationally accepted system of coherent physical units, using the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin, and candela as the base units of length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, and luminous intensity. To acquaint the reader with the International System of Units, metric equivalents are provided throughout this book according to the following conventions: