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Cover
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Companion Website
1 Principles of Paediatric Dietetics: Nutritional Assessment, Dietary Requirements and Feed Supplementation
1. Introduction
2. Assessment of nutritional status
3. Fluid requirements
4. Supplementing feeds for infants with faltering growth or who are fluid restricted
5. Vitamins and minerals
6. Prescribing products for paediatric practice
2 Healthy Eating
1. Introduction
2. Infants (0–12 months)
3. Preschool children 1–4 years
4. Schoolchildren (5–18 years)
5. Current challenges in paediatric nutrition in the UK
6. Controversial issues around nutrients and foods
3 Provision of Nutrition in a Hospital Setting
1. Introduction
2. Nutrition care planning
3. Nutritionally well inpatients
4. The nutritionally vulnerable and those requiring therapeutic diets
5. Food for those at nutritional risk or requiring therapeutic diets
6. Preparation of food for neutropenic patients
4 Enteral Nutrition
1. Introduction
2. Choice of feeds
3. Routes of feed administration
4. Methods of feed administration
5. Enteral feeding equipment
6. Home enteral feeding
7. Feed administration and tolerance
8. Monitoring children on enteral feeds
9. Blended diets
10. Refeeding syndrome
5 Parenteral Nutrition
1. Introduction
2. Nutrition support teams
3. Indications and considerations for parenteral nutrition in children
4. Nutrient requirements and solutions
5. Administration of parenteral nutrition
6. Weaning from parenteral nutrition
7. Home parenteral nutrition
6 Nutrition in Critically Ill Children
1. Introduction
2. Inflammatory and metabolic responses that impact on nutritional requirements
3. Nutritional assessment
4. Nutritional requirements
5. Nutritional management
6. Complications
7. Future research and unanswered questions
8. Future Research
7 Preterm Infants
1. Introduction
2. Nutritional requirements
3. Parenteral nutrition
4. Minimal enteral feeding
5. Enteral nutrition
6. Nutritional assessment
7. Feeding issues in special conditions
8. Post‐discharge nutrition
9. Weaning onto solids
8 Gastroenterology
1. Introduction
2. Nutritional requirements
3. Disorders of absorption and digestion
4. Immune Enteropathies
5. Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases
6. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
7. Disorders of Altered Gut Motility
8. Functional gastrointestinal disorders
9. Food allergy in gastroenterology
9 Surgery in the Gastrointestinal Tract
1. Congenital Malformations
2. Introduction
3. Duodenal atresia
4. Hirschsprung's disease
5. Abdominal wall defects
6. Short Bowel Syndrome
7. Introduction
8. Nutritional support
10 The Liver and Pancreas
1. The Liver
2. Introduction
3. Nutritional assessment
4. Acute liver failure
5. Chronic liver disease
6. Liver transplantation
7. Nutrition support in liver disease
8. Common disorders leading to chronic liver disease
9. Transition to adult care
10. The Pancreas
11. Introduction
12. Diagnosis
13. Causes of pancreatitis
14. Nutrition assessment
15. Acute pancreatitis
16. Acute‐recurrent pancreatitis
17. Chronic pancreatitis
18. Future research needs/unanswered questions
19. Acknowledgements
11 Endocrinology
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Introduction
3. Overview of type 1 diabetes management
4. Nutritional management of type 1 diabetes
5. Education and review
6. Ongoing review
7. Different treatment regimens and continuous glucose monitoring technology
8. Physical activity and exercise management
9. Hypoglycaemia
10. Intercurrent illness
11. Coeliac disease
12. Type 2 diabetes
13. Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease
14. Diabetes secondary to medication
15. Summary
16. Congenital Hyperinsulinism
17. Introduction
18. Mechanism for CHI
19. Genetics
20. Presentation
21. Diagnosis
22. Medical management of CHI
23. Surgical management of CHI
24. Dietetic management
25. Acknowledgements
12 Cystic Fibrosis
1. Introduction
2. Diagnosis
3. Assessment of Nutritional Status
4. Management of malabsorption
5. Nutritional management
6. Co‐morbidities
7. Other nutritional considerations
8. CFTR modulator therapies
13 Kidney Diseases
1. Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
2. Introduction
3. Acute kidney injury
4. Chronic kidney disease
5. Management of stage 5 CKD
6. Renal transplantation
7. Nephrotic Syndrome and Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
8. Nephrotic syndrome
9. Congenital nephrotic syndrome
10. Renal Tubular Disorders
11. Bartter syndrome
12. Cystinosis
13. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
14. Renal Stones
15. Hypercalcaemia
14 Congenital Heart Disease
1. Introduction
2. Incidence
3. Screening and diagnosis
4. Prevalence of faltering growth in CHD
5. Pathogenesis of faltering growth in CHD
6. Energy expenditure and energy intake in CHD
7. Other factors affecting nutritional intake and growth
8. Pre‐surgical nutrition to improve outcomes in high risk patients
9. The patient in the paediatric intensive care unit
10. Other nutritional issues
11. Complications of congenital heart disease affecting nutritional status
12. Factors associated with increased risk of readmission
13. Treatment and outcome of patients with specific cardiac lesions
14. Case studies
15. Future research and unanswered questions
16. Glossary
17. Acknowledgements
15 Food Hypersensitivity
1. Introduction
2. Diagnosis of food hypersensitivity
3. Elimination diets for diagnosis of IgE and non‐IgE mediated food allergies
4. Nutritional requirements and dietary management
5. Future research needs and unanswered questions
16 Prevention of Food Allergy
1. Introduction
2. Allergen avoidance
3. Breastfeeding and the development of allergic disease
4. Formula feeding
5. Early introduction of allergenic foods
6. Dietary micronutrients
7. ‘Healthy’ diet
8. Prebiotics and probiotics
9. Recommendations
17 Ketogenic Diets
1. Introduction
2. Disorders of brain energy metabolism
3. Mode of action of the ketogenic diet
4. Types of ketogenic diet
5. Efficacy of the ketogenic diet
6. Indications
7. Contraindications and pre‐diet screening
8. Nutritional assessment and considerations
9. Parental expectations and follow‐up
10. Setting for initiation of ketogenic diet
11. Classical ketogenic diet
12. MCT ketogenic diet
13. Modified Atkins diet
14. Modified ketogenic diets
15. Low glycaemic index treatment
16. Which ketogenic diet to use?
17. Management of the diet
18. Ketogenic diet in infants
19. Use of the ketogenic diet in emergency situations
20. Prescribable items
21. Enteral feeding
22. Modular feeds
23. Parenteral nutrition
24. Fine‐tuning the ketogenic diet
25. Management of illness
26. Adverse effects of the ketogenic diet
27. Discontinuing the ketogenic diet
28. Transition
29. Extended use of ketogenic diet therapy in paediatric dietetics
18 Childhood Cancers and Immunodeficiency Syndromes
1. Childhood Cancers
2. Introduction
3. Implications relating to nutritional status
4. Types of cancers seen in childhood
5. Aetiology of malnutrition in children with cancer
6. Identification of nutritional risk and assessment
7. Nutritional requirements and feeding
8. Steroid‐induced diabetes
9. Late effects of treatment
10. Complementary and alternative diets
11. Areas requiring further research
12. Immunodeficiency Syndromes
13. Introduction
14. Organs of the immune system
15. Cells of the immune system
16. Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs)
17. Newborn screening
18. Dietetic management of infants with SCID
19. Treatment for SCID
20. Future research needs and unanswered questions
19 Eating Disorders
1. Introduction
2. Screening and diagnosis
3. Assessment of eating disorders
4. Management: family‐based treatment
5. Dietetic management within an FBT framework
6. Refeeding Syndrome: Young People with Anorexia Nervosa
7. Future directions
20 Autism
1. Introduction
2. Diagnosis, terminology and common investigations
3. Causes
4. Outcomes and public health impact
5. Co‐morbidities
6. Sensory processing difficulties
7. Management of autism
8. Dietary and nutritional issues
9. Popular therapeutic diets and supplements
10. A pragmatic approach to therapeutic diets and supplementation
11. Summary
21 Feeding Children with Neurodisabilities
1. Introduction
2. Cerebral palsy
3. Down's syndrome
4. Neuromuscular and progressive neurological disorders
5. Nutritional requirements for children with neurodisability
6. Nutritional assessment
7. Social context
8. Multidisciplinary assessment
9. Nutritional intervention
10. Monitoring and follow‐up
11. Complications
12. Transition to adult care
13. Future research needs and unanswered questions
22 Epidermolysis Bullosa and Rare Skin Disorders
1. Epidermolysis Bullosa
2. Introduction
3. Types of epidermolysis bullosa
4. Mode of inheritance
5. Diagnosis
6. Prevalence
7. Management
8. Nutrition support
9. Nutritional assessment
10. Nutritional requirements
11. Other issues
12. Transition from paediatric to adult care
13. Future research needs
14. Harlequin Ichthyosis
15. Introduction
16. Nutritional requirements and feeding
17. Nutritional monitoring
18. Copper transport in ichthyosis
19. Netherton Syndrome
20. Introduction
21. Nutritional requirements
22. Nutritional monitoring
23. Allergy
24. Acknowledgements
23 Burns
1. Introduction
2. Assessment of injury
3. Metabolic response to burn injury
4. Aim of nutritional support
5. Nutritional requirements
6. Novel substrates
7. Meeting nutritional goals
8. Monitoring and outcomes
24 Faltering Weight
1. Introduction
2. Definitions
3. Growth assessment
4. Defining faltering weight
5. Causes
6. Outcomes for children with poor weight gain
7. Assessment of faltering weight
8. Nutritional management
9. Behavioural management
10. Social care
11. Summary
25 Obesity in Childhood
1. Obesity
2. Introduction
3. Definition
4. Aetiology
5. Genetics
6. Inheritable disorders
7. Endocrine causes
8. Consequences
9. Management
10. Assessment
11. Lifestyle changes
12. Dietary advice
13. Physical activity
14. Screen time (sedentary behaviours)
15. Infants and preschool children
16. Adolescents
17. Slimming foods and medications
18. Written advice
19. Treatment success criteria
20. Prevention
21. Prader–Willi Syndrome
22. Introduction
23. Growth assessment
24. Nutritional requirements
25. Dietary considerations
26. Dietary treatments
27. Behaviours
28. Growth hormone
29. Activity
30. Monitoring
31. Transition
32. Future research
33. Summary
34. Acknowledgements
26 Eating for Children from Minority Ethnic Groups
1. Introduction
2. Vegetarian and vegan diets
3. South Asian subcontinent
4. Afro‐Caribbean communities
5. Chinese communities
6. Vietnamese communities
7. Somalian communities
8. Jewish communities
27 Inherited Metabolic Disorders: Introduction and Rare Disorders
1. Metabolism
2. Inheritance
3. Inherited metabolic disorders
4. Management of IMD
5. Nutritional support and ketogenic diet in IMD
6. Newborn screening
7. Transplantation for inherited metabolic disorders
8. Summary
28 Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism, Organic Acidaemias and Urea Cycle Disorders
1. Protein requirements
2. Phenylketonuria
3. Maple Syrup Urine Disease
4. Classical Homocystinuria
5. Hereditary Tyrosinaemias
6. Dietary management of HTI
7. Dietary management of newly diagnosed infants with HTI
8. Interpretation of blood tyrosine and phenylalanine results
9. Management of Illness
10. Dietary management of later diagnosed cases of HTI
11. Organic Acidaemias and Urea Cycle Disorders
12. 28.A Appendix
29 Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Disorders of Galactose Metabolism
2. Galactosaemia
3. Galactokinase deficiency and UDP‐galactose‐4‐epimerase
4. Glycogen Storage Disorders
5. Introduction to glycogen metabolism
6. Continuous glucose monitoring in glycogen storage disorders
7. Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
8. Dietary treatment
9. Fructose‐1,6‐Bisphosphatase Deficiency
10. Glycerol Kinase Deficiency (GKD)
30 Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation and Lipid Metabolism
1. Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation and Related Disorders
2. Introduction to fatty acid oxidation
3. Long chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC‐FAOD)
4. Carnitine transporter deficiency
5. Multiple acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD)
6. Malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase deficiency
7. Disorders of biosynthesis of ketones (ketogenesis) and ketone body utilisation (ketolysis)
8. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
9. Introduction
10. Hyperlipoproteinaemias
11. Infant Onset Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency (LAL‐D)
12. Dietary management of infant LAL‐D
31 Emergency Regimens for Inherited Metabolic Disorders
1. Introduction
2. Emergency regimen guidelines
3. Principles of the emergency regimen
4. Composition of emergency regimens
5. Practical provision of ER
6. Implementation of ER: guidelines
7. Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycaemia
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Child‐specific screening tools developed and evaluated in the UK.
2. Table 1.2 Recommendations for routine measurements for healthy infants and ch...
3. Table 1.3 Height for age, height age and weight for height.
4. Table 1.4 Classification of malnutrition.
5. Table 1.5 Physical signs of nutritional problems.
6. Table 1.6 Biochemical and haematological tests.
7. Table 1.7 Strengths and limitations of dietary assessment methodologies for i...
8. Table 1.8 Average weight gain throughout the first year of life.
9. Table 1.9 Selected dietary reference values, 1991.
10. Table 1.10 Estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy for infants, 2011.
11. Table 1.11 Estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy for children, 2011.
12. Table 1.12 Guide to energy requirements in clinical practice.
13. Table 1.13 Guide to increased oral and enteral requirements.
14. Table 1.14 Infant milk formulas and follow‐on milks.
15. Table 1.15 Volume of milk taken in the first 2 weeks of life.
16. Table 1.16 Water content of foods.
17. Table 1.17 Daily water requirements for infants and children.
18. Table 1.18 Examples of energy‐ and nutrient‐dense formulas for infants (per 1...
19. Table 1.19 Energy modules.
20. Table 1.20 Schedule for the addition of energy modules to infant formulas.
21. Table 1.21 Protein modules (powders).
22. Table 1.22 Vitamin supplements.
23. Table 1.23 Vitamin and mineral supplements, daily dose.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Guideline daily amounts of sodium and salt.
2. Table 2.2 Average volumes (mL/day) of breastmilk consumed compared with formu...
3. Table 2.3 Comparison of average energy and macronutrient composition of breas...
4. Table 2.4 The 10 steps to successful breastfeeding [25].
5. Table 2.5 Summary of UNICEF UK Achieving Sustainability standard [28].
6. Table 2.6 Common breastfeeding problems and suggestions for their management.
7. Table 2.7 Recommended intakes from the five food groups for lactating mothers...
8. Table 2.8 Pattern of complementary feeding.
9. Table 2.9 Developmental stages of complementary feeding.
10. Table 2.10 Hunger cues.
11. Table 2.11 Food groups and recommended number of daily servings.
12. Table 2.12 Portion size ranges for children aged 1–4 years.
13. Table 2.13 Voucher entitlement for infants and children through Healthy Start...
14. Table 2.14 Portion size ranges and food group servings per day for school‐age...
15. Table 2.15 Suggestions for packed lunchboxes.
16. Table 2.16 Incidence and prevalence of breastfeeding in the UK [54].
17. Table 2.17 Macronutrient intakes of children, National Diet and Nutrition Sur...
18. Table 2.18 Fibre recommendations and current intakes in children, National Di...
19. Table 2.19 Percentage of population groups with nutrient intakes from food an...
20. Table 2.20 Percentage of population groups with low haemoglobin and/or ferrit...
21. Table 2.21 Mean daily vitamin D intakes (μg/day) in children in the UK [76].
22. Table 2.22 Public Health England recommendations for vitamin D supplementatio...
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Nutrient provision guidelines.
2. Table 3.2 Food portion sizes for age.
3. Table 3.3 Suggested foods for a low microbial diet.
4. Table 3.4 High risk foods.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Indications for enteral feeding.
2. Table 4.2 Paediatric enteral feeds.
3. Table 4.3 Choice of feeds for enteral feeding according to energy requirement...
4. Table 4.4 Advantages and disadvantages of various routes of feed administrati...
5. Table 4.5 Choosing a suitable feeding regimen.
6. Table 4.6 Feed intolerance.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Some complications of parenteral nutrition.
2. Table 5.2 Indications for parenteral nutrition in children.
3. Table 5.3 Summary of parenteral fluid and electrolyte requirements for childr...
4. Table 5.4 Summary of recommended daily intakes of macronutrients from PN.
5. Table 5.5 20% lipid emulsions^*.
6. Table 5.6 Amino acid solutions.
7. Table 5.7 Vitamin solutions.
8. Table 5.8 Recommended intakes of trace elements.
9. Table 5.9 Suggested intakes of parenteral calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.
10. Table 5.10 Case example: a parenteral nutrition prescription for a 1‐year‐old...
11. Table 5.11 Standard paediatric parenteral nutrition bags.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 The effect of critical illness on the major organs.
2. Table 6.2 Cytokines involved in the acute phase of injury and possible effect...
3. Table 6.3 Factors that influence energy expenditure.
4. Table 6.4 Relevance of biochemical indices in critical illness.
5. Table 6.5 Bias at 200 and 1000 kcal level introduced with different predictiv...
6. Table 6.6 Mean energy expenditure using the same indirect calorimeter (publis...
7. Table 6.7 Recommended predictive equations for calculating resting energy exp...
8. Table 6.8 Case study: a child admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit.
9. Table 6.9 Monitoring frequency in paediatric intensive care unit.
10. Table 6.10 Recommended electrolyte supplementation in refeeding syndrome (NB ...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Recommended enteral and parenteral nutrient intakes for very low bi...
2. Table 7.2 Suggested upper limit of enteral feed volumes to provide 4–4.5 g/kg...
3. Table 7.3 Example parenteral feeding regimen for a preterm infant using stand...
4. Table 7.4 Guide for biochemical monitoring on parenteral nutrition [14].
5. Table 7.5 Case study to illustrate adequacy of enteral nutrition in a preterm...
6. Table 7.6 Typical composition of a multinutrient breastmilk fortifier.
7. Table 7.7 Nutrients in fortified breastmilk compared with guidelines.
8. Table 7.8 Lactation and breastfeeding check list.
9. Table 7.9 Possible causes of poor growth in preterm infants.
10. Table 7.10 Cues for weaning healthy preterm babies.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Suggested requirements for infants with malabsorption per day.
2. Table 8.2 Oral rehydration solutions (mmol/L).
3. Table 8.3 Low lactose, cow's milk protein‐based formulas.
4. Table 8.4 Brush border enzyme activity in the small intestine.
5. Table 8.5 Low sucrose, low starch solids (<1 g per 100 g).
6. Table 8.6 Sucrose content of some common fruits (per 100 g edible portion) [1...
7. Table 8.7 Composition of minimal fat, cow's milk protein‐based infant formula...
8. Table 8.8 Composition of Galactomin 19 per 100 mL.
9. Table 8.9 Foods allowed in children with glucose–galactose malabsorption (<1 ...
10. Table 8.10 Glucose and galactose content of foods (per 100 g edible portion) ...
11. Table 8.11 Gluten‐free diet.
12. Table 8.12 Feed thickeners.
13. Table 8.13 Gastrointestinal disorders that can be caused by allergy to dietar...
14. Table 8.14 Composition of soy infant formula per 100 mL.
15. Table 8.15 Extensively hydrolysed infant formulas per 100 mL.
16. Table 8.16 Infant formulas based on amino acids per 100 mL.
17. Table 8.17 Milk‐free diet.
18. Table 8.18 Foods containing soya protein.
19. Table 8.19 Milk, egg, wheat and soya‐free diet.
20. Table 8.20 Hydrolysate and amino acid‐based feeds for older children per 100 ...
21. Table 8.21 Protein sources for use in modular feeds.
22. Table 8.22 Carbohydrate sources for use in modular feeds.
23. Table 8.23 Fat sources for use in modular feeds.
24. Table 8.24 Vitamin and mineral supplements that may be used in modular feeds.
25. Table 8.25 Case study: a female infant requiring a modular feed.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Absorptive functions of the jejunum and the ileum.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Blood tests used to investigate the liver.
2. Table 10.2 Common liver investigations.
3. Table 10.3 Common clinical symptoms at first presentation of ALF by age group...
4. Table 10.4 Examples of biochemistry results pre‐ and post‐liver transplant.
5. Table 10.5 Nutritional requirements in acute liver failure.
6. Table 10.6 Glucose management in ALF.
7. Table 10.7 Case study: a young child with acute liver failure.
8. Table 10.8 Potential causes of malnutrition in chronic liver disease.
9. Table 10.9 Formulas and supplements high in medium chain triglycerides (per 1...
10. Table 10.10 Summary of dietetic management for infantile conjugated hyperbili...
11. Table 10.11 Practice guide for vitamin supplementation at King's College Hosp...
12. Table 10.12 Energy and protein requirements for chronic liver disease.
13. Table 10.13 Types of liver transplants.
14. Table 10.14 Types of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.
15. Table 10.15 Surgical procedures used to manage itching and possible nutrition...
16. Table 10.16 Dietetic management of common disorders leading to chronic liver ...
17. Table 10.17 Post‐Kasai protocol.
18. Table 10.18 Case study: an infant with chronic liver disease.
19. Table 10.19 Diagnostic criteria for pancreatitis.
20. Table 10.20 Serum enzymes used in pancreatitis.
21. Table 10.21 Severity of acute pancreatitis.
22. Table 10.22 Dietetic management of acute pancreatitis.
23. Table 10.23 Dietetic management between episodes of acute pancreatitis.
24. Table 10.24 Dietetic management of chronic pancreatitis.
25. Table 10.25 Case study: an adolescent with pancreatitis.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Summary of current national and international glucose and HbA1c ta...
2. Table 11.2 Commonly used insulin preparations in the UK and expected insulin ...
3. Table 11.3 Low glycaemic index (GI) food swap ideas.
4. Table 11.4 Impact of adjusting ICR on actual dose delivery according to devic...
5. Table 11.5 Practical advice for managing post‐meal glucose levels.
6. Table 11.6 Example of nutrition components of an education programme at diagn...
7. Table 11.7 Case example: Management of a girl newly diagnosed with diabetes.
8. Table 11.8 Factors associated with the effect of activity on blood glucose le...
9. Table 11.9 Case example: Exercise management in a 15‐year‐old boy.
10. Table 11.10 Hypoglycaemia treatment amounts.
11. Table 11.11 Risk factors for transient hyperinsulinism.
12. Table 11.12 Hyposcreen measurements and results to confirm a diagnosis of CHI...
13. Table 11.13 Drugs used in the management of CHI.
14. Table 11.14 Case study: Dietary management of a baby with CHI.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Classification of CF genotypes.
2. Table 12.2 Frequency of measurement in infants and children.
3. Table 12.3 Pancreatin preparations available in the UK.
4. Table 12.4 A guide to starting PERT in infants.
5. Table 12.5 Oral nutritional supplements.
6. Table 12.6 Monitoring, toxicity and supplementation of fat‐soluble vitamins.
7. Table 12.7 Recommendations for supplement doses of fat‐soluble vitamins.
8. Table 12.8 Recommendations for sodium supplementation [49].
9. Table 12.9 Recommendations for calcium intake.
10. Table 12.10 Case study: an infant screened positive for cystic fibrosis.
11. Table 12.11 Case study: a boy with cystic fibrosis with significant nutrition...
12. Table 12.12 Dietary recommendations for CFRD.
13. Table 12.13 Case study: an adolescent boy diagnosed with cystic fibrosis‐rela...
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Causes of acute kidney injury in children [5, 6].
2. Table 13.2 Indications for choice of renal replacement therapy in acute kidne...
3. Table 13.3 Guidelines for normal serum creatinine values.
4. Table 13.4 Nutritional supplements.
5. Table 13.5 Potassium‐rich foods and suggested alternatives.
6. Table 13.6 Phosphate‐rich foods and suggested alternatives.
7. Table 13.7 Sodium‐rich foods and suggested alternatives.
8. Table 13.8 Stages of renal failure.
9. Table 13.9 Causes of chronic kidney disease in childhood in the UK.
10. Table 13.10 Aetiology of growth failure in children with CKD [28].
11. Table 13.11 Growth monitoring guidelines for children with chronic kidney dis...
12. Table 13.12 Nutritional guidelines for the child with chronic kidney disease.
13. Table 13.13 Phosphate preservatives and additives.
14. Table 13.14 Guide to the phosphorus content of foods related to their protein...
15. Table 13.15 Phosphate binders.
16. Table 13.16 Recommendations on salt consumption in children.
17. Table 13.17 Glucose absorption from peritoneal dialysate (PD).
18. Table 13.18 Case study: A young child with chronic kidney disease with a high...
19. Table 13.19 Case study: Meeting the nutritional requirements of a child on ha...
20. Table 13.20 Case study: Meeting the nutritional requirements of a child on pe...
21. Table 13.21 Case study: A baby with congenital nephrotic syndrome.
22. Table 13.22 Disorders of tubular function.
23. Table 13.23 Case study showing calculation of renal solute load.
24. Table 13.24 Practical advice to achieve a reduced salt diet (‘no added salt d...
25. Table 13.25 Guide to normal urinary reference values.
26. Table 13.26 Pharmacological and dietary treatment options for paediatric rena...
27. Table 13.27 Guide to a low calcium and vitamin D diet.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Modes of diagnosis of congenital heart disease.
2. Table 14.2 Effect of type of cardiac lesion on metabolic processes affecting ...
3. Table 14.3 Risk of different congenital cardiac defects affecting long‐term g...
4. Table 14.4 Effect on energy expenditure according to congenital heart defect.
5. Table 14.5 Additional factors affecting nutritional intake and growth in CHD.
6. Table 14.6 Measures of malnutrition in CHD associated with poorer surgical ou...
7. Table 14.7 Cardiac defects requiring staged operations for repair.
8. Table 14.8 Fluid allowance during admission to the paediatric intensive care ...
9. Table 14.9 Medication and impact on electrolyte status.
10. Table 14.10 Conditions requiring Glenn and/or total cavo‐pulmonary connection...
11. Table 14.11 Nutritional content of standard Monogen per 100 mL.
12. Table 14.12 Sample day's menu for a toddler on a minimal LCT diet.
13. Table 14.13 Free foods for minimal LCT diet.
14. Table 14.14 LCT content of foods suitable for use in minimal LCT diet.
15. Table 14.15 Factors associated with increased risk of readmission [170].
16. Table 14.16 Factors associated with poor weight gain during admission for and...
17. Table 14.17 Nutritional targets for discharge in HLHS and criteria for contac...
18. Table 14.18 Case study: treatment progression and dietetic management of an i...
19. Table 14.19 Case study: treatment of an infant who developed chylothorax and ...
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Summary of symptom presentation of IgE and non‐IgE mediated food a...
2. Table 15.2 High risk components (more likely to lead to anaphylaxis) versus l...
3. Table 15.3 Two examples of few foods diets.
4. Table 15.4 Less restricted few foods diet.
5. Table 15.5 Open reintroduction of foods.
6. Table 15.6 Formulas suitable for the management of food allergy [14, 54–56].
7. Table 15.7 Factors that may impact on nutritional requirements [18, 100].
8. Table 15.8 Common allergens and their sources and nutrient contribution.
9. Table 15.9 Summary of first‐choice formulas recommended by national and inter...
10. Table 15.10 Case study: management of food allergy in a young child.
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Conditions for which ketogenic diet has been reported to have 20% ...
2. Table 17.2 Conditions for which ketogenic diet has been reported to be effect...
3. Table 17.3 Disorders where ketogenic diet is contraindicated [8].
4. Table 17.4 Baseline laboratory investigations [8].
5. Table 17.5 Factors to consider in pre‐diet dietetic assessment.
6. Table 17.6 Worked example of classical ketogenic diet using dietary units.
7. Table 17.7 Example meal plan using a 4:1 ratio.
8. Table 17.8 Fat (LCT) choices.
9. Table 17.9 Carbohydrate choices.
10. Table 17.10 Protein choices (fat adjusted).
11. Table 17.11 Worked example for MCT ketogenic diet.
12. Table 17.12 Sample menu plan for modified Atkins diet.
13. Table 17.13 Example meal calculation for low glycaemic index treatment [54].
14. Table 17.14 Comparison of four specific ketogenic diet therapy protocols.
15. Table 17.15 Relative proportions of EBM and ketogenic infant formula and rati...
16. Table 17.16 Example of feeding regimen for a 6‐month‐old infant starting keto...
17. Table 17.17 Items available on prescription for ketogenic diet therapy.
18. Table 17.18 Example calculation of a ketogenic tube feed.
19. Table 17.19 Summary of literature for ketogenic parenteral nutrition.
20. Table 17.20 Example calculation for an adolescent on ketogenic parenteral nut...
21. Table 17.21 Fine‐tuning the ketogenic diet.
22. Table 17.22 Complications experienced on the ketogenic diet [158].
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Common age of occurrence, diagnostic tests, treatment and 5‐year s...
2. Table 18.2 Side effects relating to treatment seen in paediatric oncology pat...
3. Table 18.3 Anthropometric assessment.
4. Table 18.4 Types of childhood cancers associated with high or low nutritional...
5. Table 18.5 Indications for gastrostomy placement.
6. Table 18.6 Challenges and solutions in the use of parenteral nutrition in chi...
7. Table 18.7 Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, health and disease [75].
8. Table 18.8 Common primary immunodeficiency diseases and possible dietetic con...
9. Table 18.9 Case study: treatment progression and dietetic management of a chi...
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 Graded‐up meal plan for a 15‐year‐old female accounting for hypome...
2. Table 19.2 Example prescriptive meal plan.
3. Table 19.3 Example of a young person's ‘eating and feeling diary’.
4. Table 19.4 Exercise energy requirements.
5. Table 19.5 Refeeding phases for adolescents at high risk of refeeding syndrom...
6. Table 19.6 Worked example of a phased refeeding regimen.
7. Table 19.7 Schofield equations to calculate basal metabolic rate (kcal) for c...
8. Table 19.8 Estimated energy requirements per day based on low physical activi...
9. Table 19.9 Normal ranges for electrolytes according to age.
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1 Comparison of the criteria and classifications for autism spectrum...
2. Table 20.2 Prevalence of coexisting conditions in autism.
3. Table 20.3 Examples of how sensory processing difficulties could affect food ...
4. Table 20.4 Reasonable adjustments for autism.
5. Table 20.5 Possible underlying reasons for dietary issues in children and you...
6. Table 20.6 The autism 6Ss.
7. Table 20.7 Components of feeding therapy approaches.
8. Table 20.8 Suggested stepwise approach to feeding therapy in autistic childre...
9. Table 20.9 Case study: Gina, an autistic 5‐year‐old who has a very selective ...
10. Table 20.10 Case study: Rajesh, a 14‐year‐old autistic boy who overeats.
11. Table 20.11 Qualitative comparison of therapeutic diets used in autism.
12. Table 20.12 When to recommend, monitor, tolerate or avoid a dietary therapy f...
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Neuromuscular and progressive neurological disorders and nutrition...
2. Table 21.2 Prescribable thickeners and pre‐thickened drinks.
3. Table 21.3 Case study to illustrate enteral tube feeding in a child with neur...
4. Table 21.4 Stages of swallowing.
5. Table 21.5 Abnormal movements and reflexes affecting eating and drinking.
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 Classification of epidermolysis bullosa.
2. Table 22.2 Main complications influencing nutritional status and suggested in...
3. Table 22.3 Suggested proforma for recording nutritional intake and other rele...
4. Table 22.4 Laboratory investigations.
5. Table 22.5 Case study: high energy and protein requirements in a boy with EB.
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Causes and types of burn injury.
2. Table 23.2 Methods of quantifying burn surface area.
3. Table 23.3 Factors influencing nutritional requirements.
4. Table 23.4 Formulas for energy requirements.
5. Table 23.5 Factors influencing the achievement of nutritional requirements.
6. Table 23.6 Case study: A young girl with a mixed thickness scald.
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Centile crossing relative to birthweight.
2. Table 24.2 Factors contributing to faltering weight.
3. Table 24.3 Factors contributing to inadequate intake.
4. Table 24.4 Poor feeding techniques.
5. Table 24.5 Case study: Dietetic management of a child with faltering growth.
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Case study: child weight management.
2. Table 25.2 Nutritional phases in PWS.
3. Table 25.3 Common behaviour characteristics of people with PWS.
4. Table 25.4 Strategies that may help manage PWS eating behaviours.
5. Table 25.5 Case study: management of a boy with Prader–Willi syndrome.
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 Top 25 countries of birth of all migrants to the UK (excluding liv...
2. Table 26.2 Percentage of ethnic groups in England and Wales, 2011.
3. Table 26.3 Percentage of the UK population belonging to a religion, April 201...
4. Table 26.4 A guide to religious and cultural influences on diet.
5. Table 26.5 Classification of vegetarian and vegan diets.
6. Table 26.6 Sources of nutrients at risk of deficiency in a vegan diet.
7. Table 26.7 Prevalence of breastfeeding at ages up to 6 months by mother's eth...
8. Table 26.8 Infant formulas and milks suitable for religious and cultural diet...
9. Table 26.9 Sources of iron and vitamin B₁₂ suitable for vegetarians.
10. Table 26.10 Age of introduction of solids by mother's ethnicity in Great Brit...
11. Table 26.11 Suitable vegetarian and vegan weaning foods.
12. Table 26.12 Sample vegetarian or vegan meal plan for young children.
13. Table 26.13 Vegetarian sources of essential fatty acids.
14. Table 26.14 Vegetarian sources of vitamin D.
15. Table 26.15 Vegetarian sources of calcium.
16. Table 26.16 Foods commonly eaten by the Asian population in the UK.
17. Table 26.17 Percentage low birthweight by ethnic group.
18. Table 26.18 Prevalence of overweight and obesity (%) within ethnic groups in ...
Chapter 27
1. Table 27.1 Classification of amino acids.
2. Table 27.2 Summary of the action of hormones on metabolic pathways.
3. Table 27.3 Types of mutations.
4. Table 27.4 Nutritional interventions in inherited metabolic disorders.
Chapter 28
1. Table 28.1 Amino acid requirements of healthy children determined using the f...
2. Table 28.2 Percentage of phenylalanine found in milk products, cereals, veget...
3. Table 28.3 Tolerance of phenylalanine throughout childhood.
4. Table 28.4 Examples of phenylalanine/protein exchange systems for PKU.
5. Table 28.5 Guide to calculating the weight of 1 g protein exchange (50 mg phe...
6. Table 28.6 Guide to using 1 g (50 mg phenylalanine) protein exchange foods.
7. Table 28.7 Guidance for calculating protein exchange amounts [51] from food p...
8. Table 28.8 Basic 50 mg phenylalanine exchanges for infant formula, fruits and...
9. Table 28.9 Foods that can be allowed without measurement (exchange‐free) in P...
10. Table 28.10 Fruits and vegetables that are exchange‐free in PKU [53, 54].
11. Table 28.11 Guidelines for total protein requirements for PKU (protein intake...
12. Table 28.12 Presentation of protein substitutes, based onL‐amino acids.
13. Table 28.13 Strategies for encouraging protein substitute in children.
14. Table 28.14 Prescribable micronutrient supplements (UK).
15. Table 28.15 Interpretation of blood phenylalanine results: high concentration...
16. Table 28.16 Interpretation of blood phenylalanine results: low concentrations...
17. Table 28.17 Example of a daily feeding plan for a 4 kg infant with PKU having...
18. Table 28.18 Nutritional analysis of a daily feeding plan for a 4 kg infant wi...
19. Table 28.19 Plan for introducing spoonable Phe‐freeL‐amino acid substitutes i...
20. Table 28.20 Issues to consider when feeding different age groups of children ...
21. Table 28.21 Factors to consider in the management of illness in PKU.
22. Table 28.22 Case study: a newborn screened infant with PKU being breastfed.
23. Table 28.23 Fruits and vegetables allowed without measurement in MSUD [46, 99...
24. Table 28.24 Leucine content of low protein manufactured foods that should be ...
25. Table 28.25 50 mg leucine exchanges for MSUD.
26. Table 28.26 Guidelines for total protein requirements for MSUD (protein intak...
27. Table 28.27 Example of daily feeding plan for an 8‐day‐old 3 kg infant with M...
28. Table 28.28 Example of daily feeding plan for 18‐day‐old 3.3 kg infant with M...
29. Table 28.29 Example of daily feeding plan for a 2‐month‐old 4.5 kg infant wit...
30. Table 28.30 Issues to consider when feeding different age groups of children ...
31. Table 28.31 Emergency regimens in MSUD.
32. Table 28.32 Introducing dietary leucine post‐illness.
33. Table 28.33 Biochemical monitoring in HCU – treatment targets.
34. Table 28.34 Factors affecting substrate amino acid tolerance.
35. Table 28.35 Basic 20 mg methionine exchanges for use in HCU [147, 148].
36. Table 28.36 Fruits and vegetables allowed without measurement in HCU and tyro...
37. Table 28.37 Guidelines for total protein requirements for HCU (protein equiva...
38. Table 28.38 Example of a daily feeding plan for a 4 kg infant with homocystin...
39. Table 28.39 Menu plan for an 8‐year‐old boy with HCU.
40. Table 28.40 Biochemical monitoring in HTI.
41. Table 28.41 One‐ and two‐year survival probability after the onset of symptom...
42. Table 28.42 Basic 1 g protein exchanges for tyrosinaemia [54].
43. Table 28.43 Factors affecting tyrosine tolerance.
44. Table 28.44 Guidelines for total protein requirements for HTI (protein equiva...
45. Table 28.45 Example of a daily feeding plan for a 4 kg infant with HTI.
46. Table 28.46 Manipulation of diet based on blood tyrosine levels.
47. Table 28.47 ‘Safe level of protein intake’ for infants, children and adolesce...
48. Table 28.48 Basic list of 1 g protein exchange foods for low protein diets.
49. Table 28.49 Basic list of 6 g protein exchange foods for low protein diets.
50. Table 28.50 Low protein fruits and vegetables allowed freely in the diet.
51. Table 28.51 Standard infant formula and Energivit (protein‐free feed) for 3‐m...
52. Table 28.52 Protein‐free modular feed.
53. Table 28.53 Low protein diet for 6‐year‐old girl.
54. Table 28.54 Low protein tube feed for a 4‐year‐old girl.Weight = 15 kg
55. Table 28.55 Low protein tube feed for a 10‐year‐old boy.Weight = 32 kg
56. Table 28.56 Routine biochemical monitoring in methylmalonic acidaemia and pro...
57. Table 28.57 Maintenance dietary treatment for glutaric aciduria type 1.
58. Table 28.58 Lysine content of selected food groups.
59. Table 28.59 Nutritional analysis of daily feed plan for male infant with glut...
60. Table 28.60 Low protein/low lysine gastrostomy feed for a girl with glutaric ...
61. Table 28.61 Emergency regimen feed for an unwell infant with glutaric aciduri...
62. Table 28.62 Essential amino acid products used in urea cycle disorders.
63. Table 28.63 Guide to management decisions for urea cycle disorders (excluding...
64. Table 28.A.1 Types of protein substitute available on prescription (ACBS) for...
Chapter 29
1. Table 29.1 Lactose and galactose content of foods [17].
2. Table 29.2 Milk, milk products and milk derivatives that should be avoided in...
3. Table 29.3 Galactose‐restricted diet.
4. Table 29.4 Non‐milk derivatives.
5. Table 29.5 Dietary sources of galactosides.
6. Table 29.6 Free galactose in fruit and vegetables (mg/100 g).
7. Table 29.7 Low lactose, casein hydrolysate and amino acid formulas for infant...
8. Table 29.8 Types of mature cheese allowed in galactosaemia (galactose content...
9. Table 29.9 Food sources of calcium for galactosaemia [17].
10. Table 29.10 Suitable calcium supplements for galactosaemia.
11. Table 29.11 Case study: clinical presentation of galactosaemia in the neonata...
12. Table 29.12 Hepatic glycogen storage disorders, nomenclature and main organs ...
13. Table 29.13 Glucose requirements based on endogenous glucose production rates...
14. Table 29.14 Example feeding regimen for a female infant, age 10 weeks, with G...
15. Table 29.15 Example of a diet for a 10‐month‐old infant with GSDI.
16. Table 29.16 Example diet for a 7‐year‐old boy with GSDI.
17. Table 29.17 Example of an emergency regimen for a 3‐year‐old girl with GSDI.
18. Table 29.18 Biochemical monitoring for GSDI.
19. Table 29.19 High CHO, normal protein, low fat diet or high protein, normal/re...
20. Table 29.20 Blood glucose and lactate following an oral glucose load in a 6‐y...
21. Table 29.21 Home monitoring indicating the different parameters monitored acc...
22. Table 29.22 Minimal fructose, sucrose and sorbitol diet (aim<2 g fructose...
23. Table 29.23 Vegetables allowed in a minimal fructose, sucrose and sorbitol di...
Chapter 30
1. Table 30.1 Medium chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency: guidelines ...
2. Table 30.2 Low LCT infant formulas per 100 mL.
3. Table 30.3 Minimal long chain fat weaning diet. Sample menu.
4. Table 30.4 Walnut oil. Essential fatty acid composition.
5. Table 30.5 Minimal long chain fat diet.
6. Table 30.6 Medium chain triglyceride products.
7. Table 30.7 Example providing daily medium chain triglyceride intake.
8. Table 30.8 Examples of an overnight feed for long chain fatty acid oxidation ...
9. Table 30.9 Lipoprotein composition and function.
10. Table 30.10 Overview of lipid metabolism disorders reported in children.
11. Table 30.11 Minimal fat feed (approx. 5 g LCT) when MCT is to be avoided.
12. Table 30.12 A sample minimal fat menu providing ≤10 g fat/day.
13. Table 30.13 A suggested meal plan for a 10‐year‐old boy newly diagnosed with ...
14. Table 30.14 Amino acid, monosaccharide (glucose polymer) and minimal LCT feed...
15. Table 30.15 Commercially available amino acid, monosaccharide and minimal LCT...
Chapter 31
1. Table 31.1 Inherited metabolic disorders requiring an emergency regimen.
2. Table 31.2 Standard emergency regimens.
3. Table 31.3 Example emergency regimen for a 4‐year‐old girl with idiopathic ke...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Eatwell Guide [78].
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Routes of enteral feeding.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Different phases of critical illness with corresponding neuro‐end...
2. Figure 6.2 Risk factors for muscle wasting and ICU associated wasting from S...
3. Figure 6.3 Aetiology of illness and non‐illness related malnutrition in CIC ...
4. Figure 6.4 Management of refeeding syndrome in critically ill children.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Oesophageal atresia and tracheo‐oesophageal fistula.
2. Figure 9.2 Progression from parenteral to enteral nutrition.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Stages of type 1 diabetes.
2. Figure 11.2 Impact of missed meal and snack injections in a 14‐year‐old boy ...
3. Figure 11.3 Bolus insulin delivery options.
4. Figure 11.4 Usual glucose responses to exercise.
5. Figure 11.5 Hypoglycaemia treatment steps.
6. Figure 11.6 Blood glucose monitoring in CHI.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Possible outcomes of newborn screening for cystic fibrosis. CFSP...
2. Figure 12.2 Continuous glucose monitoring before insulin started.
3. Figure 12.3 Continuous glucose monitoring 3 months after insulin started.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Growth chart of a breastfeed infant with mild tetralogy of Fallo...
2. Figure 14.2 Twins, one with a normal circulation and the other with a VSD....
3. Figure 14.3 A cyanotic lesion. Transposition of the great arteries with vent...
4. Figure 14.4 An acyanotic lesion. Atrial and ventricular septal defects with ...
5. Figure 14.5 Tetralogy of Fallot illustrating the four aspects of the cardiac...
6. Figure 14.6 Choice of nutritional care plan based on nutritional risk.
7. Figure 14.7 Nutrition and feeding care plan based on nutritional risk in inf...
8. Figure 14.8 Anatomy of the thoracic duct.
9. Figure 14.9 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
10. Figure 14.10 Stage 1 Norwood procedure: anastomosis of pulmonary artery and ...
11. Figure 14.11 Stage 2 Norwood procedure: connection of superior vena cava to ...
12. Figure 14.12 Stage 3 Norwood procedure: total cavo‐pulmonary connection (TCP...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Classification of food hypersensitivity [1].
2. Figure 15.2 Immunological basis for food allergy using cow's milk as an exam...
3. Figure 15.3 Using elimination diets and food challenges/reintroduction to ai...
4. Figure 15.4 Milk ladder for reintroduction of cow's milk at home [14].
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Calculation of prescription for ketogenic parenteral nutrition....
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Factors that contribute to skeletal morbidity in patients with A...
2. Figure 18.2 Overview of the immune system.
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Upper arm length.
2. Figure 21.2 Tibial length or lower leg length.
3. Figure 21.3 Knee height.
4. Figure 21.4 Professionals and services involved in the care of the disabled ...
5. Figure 21.5 Descriptors for foods and drinks. IDDSI framework. https://iddsi...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Schematic representation of the dermal‐epidermal basement membra...
2. Figure 22.2 Causes and effects of nutritional problems in severe generalised...
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 Summary of metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and protein. TCA,...
2. Figure 27.2 Function of the amino acid pool.
3. Figure 27.3 Catabolism of amino acids.
4. Figure 27.4 Hormonal regulation of metabolic balance.
5. Figure 27.5 Autosomal recessive inheritance (http://www.geneticseducation.nh...
6. Figure 27.6 Autosomal dominant inheritance (http://www.geneticseducation.nhs...
7. Figure 27.7 X‐linked inheritance (http://www.geneticseducation.nhs.uk).
8. Figure 27.8 Metabolism of phenylalanine: normal (i) and in phenylketonuria (...
Chapter 28
1. Figure 28.1 Amino acid composition of mixed human milk proteins [8].
2. Figure 28.2 Hydroxylation of phenylalanine.
3. Figure 28.3 Selected inborn errors of the catabolic pathways of branched cha...
4. Figure 28.4 Metabolic pathways of homocysteine metabolism. 1: methionine ade...
5. Figure 28.5 Methyl group donation by betaine.
6. Figure 28.6 Homocystinuria (pyridoxine non‐responsive) dietary management pa...
7. Figure 28.7 Pathways of tyrosine degradation. ➀ Tyrosinaemia type II. ➁ Tyro...
8. Figure 28.8 Disorders of propionate metabolism.
9. Figure 28.9 Glutaric aciduria type 1 – catabolic pathway of lysine, hydroxyl...
10. Figure 28.10 Disorders of urea cycle and related disorders.
Chapter 29
1. Figure 29.1 Pathways of glucose metabolism.
2. Figure 29.2 Pathway of liver glycogen metabolism.UDP‐glucose, uridine diphos...
3. Figure 29.3 24 hour continuous glucose monitoring before uncooked cornstarch...
4. Figure 29.4 24 hour continuous glucose monitoring after uncooked cornstarch....
5. Figure 29.5 Uncooked cornstarch (cornflour) load test.
6. Figure 29.6 Fructose and glycerol metabolism.
Chapter 30
1. Figure 30.1 Biochemical pathways of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.Enzym...
2. Figure 30.2 Biochemical pathways of ketogenesis and ketolysis. HMG‐CoA, 3‐hy...
3. Figure 30.3 Lipid transport. Adapted from Kwiterovich et al. [72].BA, bile a...