Cover
Preface
1 Electrospinning Fabrication Strategies: From Conventional to Advanced Approaches
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Conventional Fabrication Approaches
3. 1.3 Advanced Fabrication Approaches
4. 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
2 History, Basics, and Parameters of Electrospinning Technique
1. 2.1 Definitions
2. 2.2 Milestone of Electrospinning Technique
3. 2.3 Setup and Configuration of Electrospinning Technique
4. 2.4 Parameters
5. 2.5 Concluding Remarks
6. References
3 Physical Characterization of Electrospun Fibers
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Characterization Techniques
3. 3.3 Physical Characterization of Electrospun Fibers
4. 3.4 Conclusion
5. References
4 Application of Electrospun Materials in Catalysis
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Type of Catalysts
3. 4.3 Catalytic Applications
4. 4.4 Conclusion
5. References
5 Application of Electrospun Materials in Packaging Industry
1. 5.1 Packaging Industry
2. 5.2 Electrospinning
3. 5.3 Nanofibers
4. 5.4 Biopolymers
5. 5.5 Future Perspectives
6. References
6 Application of Electrospun Materials in Water Treatment
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Heavy Metal Ion Removal From Wastewater
3. 6.3 Dye Removal FromWastewater
4. 6.4 Oil–Water Separation
5. 6.5 Microbe Elimination From Wastewater
6. 6.6 Antibiotic Removal From Wastewater
7. 6.7 Conclusion
8. References
7 Application of Electrospun Materials in Oil–Water Separations
1. 7.1 Introduction Oily wastewater resulting from oil discharged into lakes, sea, rivers, and
2. 7.2 Oil Spill Clean-Up
3. 7.3 Separation Membranes
4. 7.4 Thin-Film Composite (TFC) Membranes
5. 7.5 Three Dimensional (3D) Nanofibrous Membranes
6. 7.6 Smart Membranes
7. 7.7 Conclusions and Future Trends
8. Acknowledgments
9. References
8 Application of Electrospun Materials in Industrial Applications
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Technology Transfer From Research Laboratories to Industries
3. 8.3 Industrial Applications of Electrospun Materials
4. 8.4 Current and Future Developments
5. References
9 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. Acknowledgments
3. References
10 Application of Electrospun Materials in Gene Delivery
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Gene Therapy
3. 10.3 Cellular Uptake of Nonviral Gene Delivery
4. 10.4 Vectors
5. 10.5 Nanofibers/Scaffolds
6. 10.6 Electrospinning
7. 10.7 Characterization
8. 10.8 Applications of Electrospun Materials
9. 10.9 Future Scope and Challenges
10. 10.10 Conclusion
11. References
11 Application of Electrospun Materials in Bioinspired Systems
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Composite Materials Based on Cellulosic Nanofibers
3. 11.3 Chitosan Nanofibrous Scaffolds
4. 11.4 Conclusions
5. References
12 Smart Electrospun Materials
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Smart Electrospun Materials in Biomedical Applications
3. 12.3 Smart Electrospun Materials for Environmental Remediation
4. 12.4 Smart Electrospun Materials in Electronics
5. 12.5 Smart Electrospun Materials in Textiles
6. 12.6 Smart Electrospun Materials in Food Packaging
7. 12.7 Conclusion
8. References
13 Advances in Electrospinning Technique in the Manufacturing Process of Nanofibrous Materials
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Process
3. 13.3 Important Parameters
4. 13.4 Recent Advances in the Technique
5. 13.5 Coaxial Electrospinning as an Excellent Process for Hollow Fiber and Drug Delivery Device Production
6. 13.6 Applications
7. 13.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
8. References
14 Application of Electrospun Materials in Filtration and Sorbents
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Morphology of Sorbents With Concomitant Sorption Capacity
3. 14.3 Mechanistic Overview in Purification During Filtration
4. 14.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
5. References
15 Application of Electrospun Materials in Batteries
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Electrospun Nanofibers as Anodes
3. 15.3 Electrospun Nanofibers as Cathode
4. 15.4 Electrospun Nanofibers as Separator
5. 15.5 Conclusions and Outlook
6. References
16 State-of-the-Art and Future Electrospun Technology
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Some General Smart Applications of Electrospun Membranes
3. 16.3 Stimuli Responsive or Shape Memory Electrospun Membranes
4. 16.4 Conclusion
5. Acknowledgment
6. References
17 Antimicrobial Electrospun Materials
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Drug-Loaded Polymer Nanofibers
3. 17.3 Drug-Loaded Biodegradable Polymer Nanofibers
4. 17.4 Drug-Loaded Non-Biodegradable Polymer Nanofibers
5. 17.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
6. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Basic properties and applications of different materials.
2. Table 3.2 Parameters and their effect on fiber morphology.
3. Table 3.3 Summarized physical characterization techniques involved.
4. Table 3.4 Crystallinity, porosity, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and e...
5. Table 3.5 Summary for different core–shell polymer fibers.
6. Table 3.6 Mean diameter of PVDF/ZnO nanofibers at different weight composit...
7. Table 3.7 Change in properties of PVDF/ZnO nanofibrous membrane on increasi...
8. Table 3.8 Physical characterization analysis of N-CNFs at three different c...
9. Table 3.9 Average diameter and tensile properties for different concentrati...
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 TDI value of heavy metal ions by WHO.
2. Table 6.2 Electrospun fibers for heavy metal ion adsorption.
3. Table 6.3 Desorption studies of heavy metal ion adsorbing electrospun mater...
4. Table 6.4 Electrospun fibers for dye adsorption.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Selected studies based on the utilization of electrospun nanofibr...
2. Table 7.2 Selected studies on electrospun nanofibrous filtration membranes.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Biosensors based on cellulose fibers, activation techniques of c...
2. Table 11.2 Celluloses used in obtaining of the controlled drug delivery sys...
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Types of electrospinning techniques [6].
2. Table 12.2 Various electrospun fibers as gas sensors [53].
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Electrospinning parameters and their usual effects on the morpho...
2. Table 13.2 Application of different electrospinning designers.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Different sorptive mats prepared by electrospinning their sorpti...
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Tabulation of stimuli-responsive and shape memory data of electr...
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Drug loaded biodegradable polymer nanofibers.
2. Table 17.2 Drug loaded non-biodegradable polymer nanofibers.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Scheme of the effect of graphene nanofibers on AGMD process. Re...
2. Figure 1.2 Diagram of production of electrospun nanofibers with (PVDF)/cel...
3. Figure 1.3 (a) Frame electrode used for obtaining parallel fibers and scan...
4. Figure 1.4 (a) Schematic of the steps involved in the fabrication of RGO/C...
5. Figure 1.5 Core/shell fibers. (a) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) i...
6. Figure 1.6 TEM of coaxially spun fibers with 53% isoprene: (a) An as-spun ...
7. Figure 1.7 (a) TEM images of microstructures rGO/SnO2 composites. (b) TEM ...
8. Figure 1.8 (a) Schematic setup of direct in vitro melt electrospinning. (b...
9. Figure 1.9 Near field electrospinning apparatus. Reproduced with permissio...
10. Figure 1.10 Increasing the concentration of CaCl₂ in HEK 293T cells decrea...
11. Figure 1.11 Schematic illustration of the electroblowing apparatus. Reprod...
12. Figure 1.12 Hybrid structures produced by combination of: (a) electrospinn...
13. Figure 1.13 Fabrication and morphologies of the CPAN NF/MNP hybrid nanofib...
14. Figure 1.14 (a) Chondrogenic behavior and hypertrophy evaluation of hybrid...
15. Figure 1.15 (a) The first approach of CE. Reproduced with permission from ...
16. Figure 1.16 Aqueous solution-electrospinning methodology. I: (a) Schematic...
17. Figure 1.17 In situ electrospinning concept. (a) Portable electrospinning ...
18. Figure 1.18 SpinCare device and a case study of its use on wound treatment...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Milestone of electrospinning technique.
2. Figure 2.2 Setup of electrospinning technique.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of electrospinning process.
2. Figure 3.2 Parameters that affects electrospinning.
3. Figure 3.3 Working principle of SEM.
4. Figure 3.4 SEM image of PLA/AgNO₃ electrospun nanofiber. Reproduced with p...
5. Figure 3.5 FESEM images of (a) PVA/PANI (1 μm), (b) Chitosan/BMIM-BF4 (300...
6. Figure 3.6 FESEM image of Au coated electrospun PAN nanofiber (Scale bar: ...
7. Figure 3.7 TEM image of PVA/PANI/Au nanoparticles. Reproduced with permiss...
8. Figure 3.8 HRTEM images of (a) PVA/PANI (scale bar: 1 μm) and (b) PVA-RF (...
9. Figure 3.9 Working principle of AFM.
10. Figure 3.10 (a) 2-D and (b) 3-D AFM images of PVA–Au nanocomposites. Repro...
11. Figure 3.11 Working principle of XRD.
12. Figure 3.12 Schematic diagram representing nanoindentation.
13. Figure 3.13 DSC curve representing PAN and PAN/SWNT (1 wt%) electrospun na...
14. Figure 3.14 TGA curve representing for PAN and PAN/Lavender oil nanofibers...
15. Figure 3.15 SEM images of PVDF fibrous membrane treated at various tempera...
16. Figure 3.16 Co-electrospinning spinneret setup.
17. Figure 3.17 (a) SEM and (b) FESEM images of PMMA nanofibers. Reproduced wi...
18. Figure 3.18 (a) SEM (scale bar: 5μm) and (b) FESEM (scale bar: 200 nm) ima...
19. Figure 3.19 SEM image of PVP/TiO₂ nanofibers after calcination (scale bar:...
20. Figure 3.20 SEM image of the as-spun nanofibers: (a) PEO nanofibers and (b...
21. Figure 3.21 STEM image of PEO containing magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles...
22. Figure 3.22 (a–c) SEM images of TSC NFM at different magnifications (5 μm,...
23. Figure 3.23 (a) STEM and (b–e) EDX elemental images of C, O, Si, and Ti on...
24. Figure 3.24 FESEM images of (a) pure PVDF and (b) (19.90%) PVDF/(0.1%) ZnO...
25. Figure 3.25 TEM image of PVA/CNC (2 wt%) nanofibers. Reproduced with permi...
26. Figure 3.26 (a) FESEM and (b) HRTEM images of N-CNFs carbonized at 900°C. ...
27. Figure 3.27 FESEM images of as-spun nanofibers, stabilized nanofibers and ...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Schematic flow chart of the production of fibrous web during el...
2. Figure 5.2 Electrospinning setup.
3. Figure 5.3 Schematic representation of the Taylor cone.
4. Figure 5.4 The Nanospider^™ commercial electrospinning unit.
5. Figure 5.5 Effect of CLZNs on lesion development on apples inoculated with...
6. Figure 5.6 Appearance changes of strawberries stored at 21°C. (a) Control;...
7. Figure 5.7 Effect of Carvacrol incorporated electrospun zein PLA films on ...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Electrospinning setup for fiber drawing.
2. Figure 6.2 Camphor soot particle synthesis.
3. Figure 6.3 FESEM images of (a) electrospun cellulose fibers; (b) cellulose...
4. Figure 6.4 SEM images of (a) electrospun CFs; (b) cellulose embedded with ...
5. Figure 6.5 FESEM images of RF/PVA nanofibers as dense framework. Uniformly...
6. Figure 6.6 Mechanism and principle of ion imprinting.
7. Figure 6.7 FESEM images. (a) Chitosan NFs. (b) Ion-imprinted chitosan/RTIL...
8. Figure 6.8 Adsorption mechanism of thorium ions on ion imprinted chitosan/...
9. Figure 6.9 FESEM images of ion-imprinted camphor soot functionalized PAN n...
10. Figure 6.10 Possible mechanisms of RB5 adsorption by zein fibers.
11. Figure 6.11 Separation principle of MB–MO mixture on β-CD-based electrospu...
12. Figure 6.12 Oil/water separation by superhydrophobic/oleophilic Janus fabr...
13. Figure 6.13 Ag and Ag/Fe nanoparticle reduction on β-CD/CA fibers using UV...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 (a) Photographs of the centrifugal spinning (CS) technique and ...
2. Figure 7.2 Wetting ability of PVDF and fluorinated copolymer 15 wt% (FCP15...
3. Figure 7.3 (a) Schematic presentation of continuous oil/water separation e...
4. Figure 7.4 (a–c) Schematic presentation of gravity-driven petrol/water sep...
5. Figure 7.5 Three-tier TFC membrane. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [4...
6. Figure 7.6 (a) Schematic showing the synthetic steps for designing, proces...
7. Figure 7.7 Photographs of pH-controllable oil/water separation device: (a)...
8. Figure 7.8 Antifouling and self-cleaning behavior of the prepared T–P nano...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Diagrammatic illustration exhibiting the practical applications...
2. Figure 8.2 (a) A photograph of a scaffold (Tegaderm, 3M Medical) prepared ...
3. Figure 8.3 The picture shows rabbit aortoiliac bypass procedure using a co...
4. Figure 8.4 Schematic representation of the concept of the anti-oxidant pac...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Strategies for engineering antimicrobial properties onto electr...
2. Figure 9.2 (a) The basic setup for electrospinning technology and (b) the ...
3. Figure 9.3 The illustration for the application of electrospun nanofibers....
4. Figure 9.4 Electrospun nanofibers composed of (a) polycaprolactone (PCL), ...
5. Figure 9.5 (a) The structure of the daylight active molecules. (b) The mor...
6. Figure 9.6 (a) The structures and dimensions of the various cyclodextrin (...
7. Figure 9.7 (a) The chemical process for the modification generating GO–Ag ...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Classification of gene delivery methods [16].
2. Figure 10.2 Advantages and disadvantages of viral and nonviral vectors for...
3. Figure 10.3 Experimental setup of the electrospinning process [39].
4. Figure 10.4 SEM images representing the structure of electrospun nanofiber...
5. Figure 10.5 Schematic representation of (a) coaxial electrospinning, (b) e...
6. Figure 10.6 Different methods of electrospinning [23, 39, 64].
7. Figure 10.7 SEM image of electrospun nanofibers: (a) aligned fibers, (b) r...
8. Figure 10.8 An overview of electrospun nanofibers.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Development of the bioinspired systems by processing of natura...
2. Figure 11.2 SEM images of CA electrospun fiber containing beads obtained i...
3. Figure 11.3 Schematic representation of the desired characteristics for wo...
4. Figure 11.4 (a) Cellulose fiber dressings. (b) For better visualization, (...
5. Figure 11.5 Electrospun cellulose acetate fiber subjected to computer-assi...
6. Figure 11.6 (a) Human ear scaffolds based on cellulose; (b) 3D scaffolds p...
7. Figure 11.7 Schematic illustration of processes performed for extraction o...
8. Figure 11.8 Schematic presentation of the chitosan nanofibers obtained fro...
9. Figure 11.9 The evolution of wound healing at 1, 4, 7, and 10 days after t...
10. Figure 11.10 Morphological characterization of the human umbilical vein en...
11. Figure 11.11 (A) SEM images of randomly (a) and aligned (b) oriented chito...
12. Figure 11.12 Bilayered construct consisting of a PCL multiscale (micro/nan...
13. Figure 11.13 The inhibitory effect of chitosan/PEO/1wt% cefazolin nanofibe...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Electrospinning technique.
2. Figure 12.2 Potential applications of smart electrospun materials in disti...
3. Figure 12.3 Process of tissue engineering.
4. Figure 12.4 Mechanisms for stimulation of electrospun nanofibers for drug ...
5. Figure 12.5 Mechanism of wound healing by electrospun nanofibrous mat.
6. Figure 12.6 Water filtration by electrospun nanofibrous membranes.
7. Figure 12.7 Nanofibrous membranes for air filtration [29].
8. Figure 12.8 Nanofibrous membranes for sound absorption.
9. Figure 12.9 Electrospun piezoelectric energy harvesting mechanism.
10. Figure 12.10 Li-ion battery for mobile phone scheming by electrospun smart...
11. Figure 12.11 Fabrication of electrospun CuO nanofiber FETs.
12. Figure 12.12 Fabric shape change in smart shape memory textiles for enhanc...
13. Figure 12.13 Smart electrospun T-shirts used in textile industry for monit...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Schematic diagram of the polymeric jet path from the needle to...
2. Figure 13.2 Experimental arrangement models: (a) horizontal electrospinnin...
3. Figure 13.3 Cross-section of coaxial (a) drug-loaded core–shell fiber; (b)...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Sorption capacity of the produced PVDF-based sorbents for the ...
2. Figure 14.2 Schematic diagram of the whole preparation process for ZIF-8/P...
3. Figure 14.3 The adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI), Cu(II), and Co(II) on the...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Diagram of a lithium-ion battery.
2. Figure 15.2 (a) Photographic image of the EPF membrane and MoS₂@EPF electr...
3. Figure 15.3 (a) Schematic diagram of the formation mechanism of C-CVO/300,...
4. Figure 15.4 (a) SEM of the materials PVP/NH4VO3/H24Mo7N6O24 composite nano...
5. Figure 15.5 SEM image of electrospun (a) PVdF nanofibrous membrane, (b) PV...
6. Figure 15.6 SEM images and histograms (inset) of (a) pure PVdF, (b) TiO₂/P...
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Representation of bilayer design of bead fibers and bead fiber...
2. Figure 16.2 Illustration of PAN–gelatin interface behavior, i.e., swelling...
3. Figure 16.3 Declining magnitude of emitted strand cross-sectional dimensio...
4. Figure 16.4 Combination of two fluorophores renders different color fluoro...
5. Figure 16.5 (a) Double-sided electospinning of modified cellulose acetate ...
6. Figure 16.6 Complex production of sandwich electrolyte membrane with elect...
7. Figure 16.7 Depiction of water droplet nucleation (within 5 s) and growth ...
8. Figure 16.8 Depicting the proportional swelling effect (Q) relation with p...
9. Figure 16.9 Emphasizing the inverse relation of swelling in membranes with...
10. Figure 16.10 Portray reversibility of membrane hydro/olephobicity and hydr...
11. Figure 16.11 Depiction of SEM (left) showing temperature-guided relaxation...
12. Figure 16.12 Depicting four temporary halts in programming electrospun mem...
13. Figure 16.13 Illustration of two extreme environments, i.e., cool liquid N
14. Figure 16.14 Illustration of 3D printed engendered non-uniform transformat...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Classification of bacteria on the basis of gram stain and shap...
2. Figure 17.2 Classification of polymer nanofibers based on degradability.

Preface

The electrospinning technique uses an electrically charged jet of polymer solution or melt of both natural and synthetic polymers to produce fibers of submicron to nanometer size. Fibers with various morphologies and structures can be easily prepared by electrospinning by altering the processing parameters. Electrospinning is a voltage-driven process by which a wide range of materials, including polymers, biomaterials, inorganic sol– gels, colloidal particles, additives like fillers, plasticizers, etc., can be spun into nanofibers. Electrospinning can be traced back to the 17^th century, about 400 years ago, when William Gilbert observed the deformation of a liquid droplet into conical form when a piece of statically charged amber was placed closer to the liquid. Later, in the early 18^th century, John Zeleny worked on the mathematical model of the effect of electric field on the liquid meniscus. In 1934, Formhals filed his first patent for drawing artificial threads. In the 1960s, Taylor expanded the work of William Gilbert by using conducting fluid and showed the conical shape of the droplet in the presence of the electric field, hence named a Taylor cone. After the 1960s, researchers started studying the morphology, structure, operation parameters, etc., of electrospun nanofibers, which are still being expanded upon for their applications as smart materials. Despite the fact of the technology having already been developed, the surge in the utilization of electrospinning for the production of fibrous materials by both academia and industry intensified during the last decade. A variety of nanofibers can be prepared by electrospinning technology for a wide range of applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, biotechnology, wound healing, environmental protection, energy harvesting and storage, electronics and defense, and security purposes. The materials possess higher mechanical performance, large surface area-to-volume ratio, and functional properties.

The aim of this edition of Electrospun Materials and Their Allied Applications is to explore the history, fundamentals, manufacturing processes, optimization parameters, and applications of electrospun materials. This book includes various types of electrospun materials such as antimicrobial, smart, bioinspired systems, and so on. The electrospun materials have applications in areas such as energy storage, catalysis, biomedical, separation, adsorption, and water treatment technologies. The book emphasizes the enhanced sustainable properties of electrospun materials, with the challenges and prospectives being discussed in detail. The chapters are written by top-class researchers and experts from throughout the world. This book is envisioned for faculty members and students of engineering, materials science, engineers, and materials designers who need to consider the morphological design of materials for versatile applications. Based on thematic topics, this edition contains the following 17 chapters:

Chapter 1 discusses the current and advanced electrospinning fabrication strategies. The technological limitations of conventional strategies and their reduced ability to achieve 3D structures are also discussed. Advanced strategies, such as melt electrospinning, near-field electrospinning, electroblowing, hybrid structures, cell electrospinning, and in situ electrospinning, are highlighted with respect to the way they may contribute to circumvent the limitations of conventional strategies.

Chapter 2 discusses the development of electrospinning techniques and provides information about the theory of electrospinning. The setup and configurations of electrospinning are discussed in detail for the fabrication of nanofibers. The effect of processing conditions on geometry, morphology, and functionality of nanofibers are also presented.

Chapter 3 briefly provides information about certain physical characterization techniques that are relevant with respect to electrospinning and the changes observed in the physical properties of the material.

Chapter 4 focuses on the applications of electrospun materials in areas such as catalysis. Several reactions such as oxidation, reduction, and degradation in the field of energy and environmental applications are mentioned, in which the presence of heterogeneous catalyst is prepared by electrospinning technique. This chapter investigates recent approaches for these specific applications of catalysis.

Chapter 5 discusses developments in the packaging industry, specifically food packaging; the science of electrospinning and parameters that influence the process are presented, and, after that, electrospun materials in the food packaging industry and their application thereof.

Chapter 6 summarizes the advanced applications of distinct electrospun materials in the growing water treatment sector. Covered in this chapter are various organic/biomaterials as well as inorganic/synthetic materials with improved properties due to electrospinning procedure. It describes the power of electrospun materials for resolving the problem of hazardous water contaminants like heavy metal ions, dyes, microbial growth, and pharmaceutical waste (antibiotics), along with problems related to oil spills.

Chapter 7 summarizes the design, manufacturing, and recent developments of electrospun nanofibers with tailorable surface wettability for oily wastewater purification. The chapter also discusses various electrospun nanofibrous materials having different mechanisms for oil-in-water separation and their challenges and prospects.

Chapter 8 describes various industrial applications of electrospun materials, including the transfer of electrospun materials from research laboratories to industries for commercialization. The main focus is on the applications of electrospun materials in different industrial fields such as biomedical, filtration, textiles, sensors, protective clothing, energy harvesting, and storage devices.

Chapter 9 highlights electrospinning technology for the fabrication of electrospun materials and their advantages and wide range of potential applications. Due to the fast-growing problem of infections and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistance microbes, the focus is on electrospun materials with antimicrobial property.

Chapter 10 discusses the various applications of electrospun materials in gene delivery. It emphasizes the delivery of genes, DNA, RNA, peptides, antibodies, growth factors, and many drugs by electrospun materials, including nanofibers. The major applications that are elaborated on include their role in tissue engineering, bone regeneration, wound healing, stem cell treatment, blood vessel growth, dentistry, gene expression/silencing, and controlled release of biomolecules/drugs.

Chapter 11 presents information on the natural polymers and how they can be processed by electrospinning to obtain properties required by target applications. The role of methods in the development of electrospun materials is studied in correlation with the way in which they can be adapted for bioinspired applications.

Chapter 12 discusses the various applications of electrospun materials in various sectors like air, water, and noise pollution control. Some of the important applications of electrospun materials in areas such as solar cells, energy harvesters, batteries, supercapacitors, and sensor diodes are extensively discussed along with their use in textiles and at industrial levels. The main focus is on the application areas of these materials for a wider explanation of the numerous studies reported in the literature and inventories.

Chapter 13 details the main concepts involved in the electrospinning technique, discusses the parameters that influence the morphology of nanofibers, and presents the main advances related to the process and the applications that have been highlighted in recent years.

Chapter 14 outlines the synthesis of sorptive mats by electrospinning methods for use in the filtration processes to eradicate contaminants predominantly in wastewater and terrains for the alleviation of environmental pollution. Recent developments in the manufacturing of new electrospun mats for use as sorbents in the purification processes and the in-depth mechanistic binding between sorptive mats and unwanted impurities during filtration are covered.

Chapter 15 elaborates on the recent development of the electrospun nano-fiber-based materials in terms of synthesis and application for lithium-ion battery components such as anodes, cathodes, and separators. A short overview of the challenges and prospects of electrospun nanofibers for lithium-ion battery components is also presented.

Chapter 16 summarizes the employment of a robust electrospinning technique in membrane fabrication for varied applications. Performance of the same is diversified by utilizing stimuli-responsive/shape memory materials, which react to triggers from the external environment with a widened scope in biomedical treatment, fuel cells, filtration, etc.

Chapter 17 discusses the classification of antibacterial nanofibers based on biodegradability, which includes drugs such as synthetic drugs, natural drugs, or nanoparticle-embedded biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanofibers with applications. The ideal design of antibacterial nanofibers based on comparative study of recently developed antibacterial nanofibers is also reported in the chapter.

Editors

Inamuddin

Rajender Boddula

Mohd Imran Ahamed

Abdullah M. Asiri

December 2019