Cover
Preface
1 Fabrication Methods for Polymer Coatings
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. References
2 Fabrication Methods of Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite Coatings
1. Abbreviations
2. 2.1 Introduction
3. 2.2 Fabrication Methods
4. 2.3 Conclusions
5. References
3 Dry Powder Coating Techniques and Role of Force Controlling Agents in Aerosol
1. Abbreviations
2. 3.1 Introduction
3. 3.2 Dry Powder Coating
4. 3.3 Dry Powder Coating Techniques
5. 3.4 Analytical Techniques for Ensuring Coating Uniformity
6. 3.5 Force Controlling Agents
7. 3.6 Inhaler Device and Capsule Coating
8. 3.7 Numerical Simulation
9. 3.8 Conclusion
10. References
4 Superhydrophobic Polymer Coatings
1. Abbreviations
2. 4.1 Introduction
3. 4.2 Theoretical Background
4. 4.3 Physical and Chemical Texturing
5. 4.4 Development of Superhydrophobic Coatings With Nanoparticles
6. 4.5 Transparent Superhydrophobic Coatings for Self-Cleaning Applications
7. 4.6 Superhydrophobic Coatings With Additional Self-Cleaning Function
8. 4.7 Summary and Outlook
9. References
5 Superhydrophobic Coatings Applications
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Step I
3. 5.3 Step II
4. 5.4 Conclusions and Summary
5. References
6 Adsorptive Polymer Coatings
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Types of Coatings
3. 6.3 Polymer Coating
4. 6.4 Types of Polymer Coating
5. 6.5 Adsorptive Polymer Coating
6. 6.6 Materials
7. 6.7 Adsorptive Polymer Coating Techniques
8. 6.8 Adsorptive Polymer Coating Applications
9. 6.9 Future Perspectives
10. References
7 Polyurethane Coatings
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Chemistry of Polyurethane
3. 7.3 Formulation of PU Coating
4. 7.4 Applications of Polyurethane Coating
5. 7.5 Advantages of Polyurethane Coating
6. 7.6 New Innovations and Future of Polyurethane Coating
7. 7.7 Conclusion
8. References
8 Electroactive Polymer Nanocomposite Coating
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Electroactive Polymer
3. 8.3 Electroactive Polymer and Nanocomposite Coating
4. 8.4 Applications of Electroactive Polymer Nanocomposite Coating
5. 8.5 Future and Summary
6. References
9 Conducting Polymer Coatings for Corrosion Resistance in Electronic Materials
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Conducting Polymers
3. 9.3 Conclusion
4. References
10 Polymer Coatings for Food Applications
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 The Main Objectives of Coating Food Surfaces
3. 10.3 Components of Edible Coatings
4. 10.4 Application Methods of Edible Coating on Food Surface
5. 10.5 Food Applications of Edible Coatings
6. 10.6 Microencapsulation of Bioactive Components in Food Systems
7. 10.7 Conclusions
8. References
11 Biopolymers as Edible Coating for Food: Recent Trends
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Need for Edible Coatings
3. 11.3 Functions of Edible Coating
4. 11.4 Materials Used for Making Edible Coating
5. 11.5 Composite Coatings
6. 11.6 Current Trends
7. 11.7 Conclusion
8. References
12 Polymer Coatings for Pharmaceutical Applications
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Polymers for Coating Pharmaceuticals, A Historical Perspective
3. 12.3 Types of Coatings Used on Pharmaceutical Drug Products
4. 12.4 Mechanism of Drug Release through Coating Systems
5. 12.5 Ideal Characteristics of Coating Polymers
6. 12.6 Conclusion
7. References
13 Self-Healing Polymer Coatings
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Self-Healing: Introduction and Benefits
3. 13.3 Summary of Progress in Self-Healing Coating Technology
4. 13.4 Realistic Frameworks of Self-Healing Polymeric Coatings
5. 13.5 Potential Historic Activity
6. 13.6 Conclusions
7. References
14 Polymer Coatings for Biomedical Applications
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering
3. 14.3 Polymer Coating for Drug Delivery
4. 14.4 Polymer Coating as Antimicrobial Surfaces
5. 14.5 Conclusion
6. References
15 Antimicrobial Polymer Coating
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Mechanism of Action
3. 15.3 Factor Affecting Activity of Antimicrobial
4. 15.4 Medical Applications
5. 15.5 Conclusion
6. References
16 Characterization Techniques for Polymer Coatings
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Polymer Coating
3. 16.3 Technique for Coating
4. 16.4 Types of Coating
5. 16.5 Characterization of Coating System
6. 16.6 Conclusion
7. References
17 Polymer Coatings for Corrosive Protection
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Basics of Corrosion
3. 17.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Coatings for Protection Against Corrosion
4. 17.4 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Commonly Used in Protection Against Corrosion
5. 17.5 Performance Improvement and Bulk Modifications of Conducting Polymers
6. 17.6 Conducting Copolymer Composites and Nanocomposites
7. 17.7 Summary of Conducting Polymers-Based Protective Coatings
8. 17.8 Conclusions
9. References
18 Polymer Coating for Industrial Applications
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 Polymer Coating in Oil and Gas Industry
3. 18.3 Polymeric Coatings for Tribo-Technical Applications
4. 18.4 Polymer Coating for Drug Delivery
5. 18.5 Polymer Coating for Corrosion Protection
6. 18.6 Polymer Coating for Antibacterial Activity
7. 18.7 Polymer Coating for Micro Bit Storage
8. 18.8 Polymer Coating for Micro Batteries
9. 18.9 Polymer Coating for Biomedical Applications
10. 18.10 Polymer Coating for Pipe Line Applications
11. 18.11 Conclusions
12. References
19 Formulations for Polymer Coatings
1. 19.1 Introduction
2. 19.2 Film Coating
3. 19.3 Functions of the Polymeric Coating
4. 19.4 Polymeric-Coating Approaches to Targeted Colon Delivery
5. 19.5 Natural Polymers Applications in Modified Release Dosage Forms
6. 19.6 Application of Polymer Coating in Biomedicine
7. 19.7 Pellet Coating (Film Coating and Dry Coating)
8. 19.8 Conclusion
9. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Different polymer-based matrix materials.
2. Table 2.2 Different inorganic nano fillers used in nanocomposite coatings.
3. Table 2.3 Different organic nano fillers used in nanocomposite coatings.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Summary of DPC technologies with their important advantages and lim...
2. Table 3.2 Various Turbo rapid variable (TRV) process based dry powder formula...
3. Table 3.3 List of sophisticated analytical techniques for understanding dry p...
4. Table 3.4 Force controlling agents (FCA) [26].
5. Table 3.5 Summary of inhalation powders containing FCAs.
6. Table 3.6 Commercial DPIs products containing magnesium stearate.
7. Table 3.7 Summary of inhalation powders containing amino acids as FCAs.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Some characteristics of natural examples of hydrophobic surface [4]...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Advantages of PU components.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Electrochemical corrosion measurements of the materials [30]. Repro...
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Applications of polymer-based edible coatings for improving the qu...
2. Table 10.2 Applications of polymer-based edible coatings for improving the qu...
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Starch-based coating application on horticulture produce.
2. Table 11.2 Gum-based edible coatings of foods.
3. Table 11.3 Recent studies with application of plant proteins as potential coa...
4. Table 11.4 Recent application of wax as an edible coating.
5. Table 11.5 Recent studies on chitosan-based edible coatings.
6. Table 11.6 Recent literatures with the application of edible gelatin-coating.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Physical attributes of some commercial soluble and non-soluble coa...
2. Table 12.2 Characterization of some film coating polymers related to commerci...
3. Table 12.3 Physical attributes of some commercial gastro-resistant polymers.
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Polymer medical device applications.
2. Table 15.2 Polymers performing the passive action.
3. Table 15.3 Passive polymers perform antimicrobial activity.
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Chemical structure and conductivity of widely used for metal prote...
2. Table 17.2 Oxidants and their standard oxidation potential, E0, used by chemi...
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 Replacement or formation of interfaces with the type of wetting me...
2. Table 19.2 Process variables influencing the wetting mechanism.
3. Table 19.3 Different aqueous soluble polymers for protection and taste maskin...
4. Table 19.4 Entero-soluble cationic polymers for protection and taste masking.
5. Table 19.5 Enteric anionic polymers for protection and taste masking.
6. Table 19.6 Insoluble polymers used for protection and taste masking.
7. Table 19.7 Threshold pH with target site of GIT.
8. Table 19.8 List of polymers for the enteric purpose of several dosage forms.
9. Table 19.9 Major approaches for targeting colon drug delivery [63].
10. Table 19.10 Modified-release dosage forms based on modified chitosan.
11. Table 19.11 Biomedical applications of polymer coatings [72].

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Latex film formation stages [2].
2. Figure 1.2 Fabrication techniques for polymer coatings.
3. Figure 1.3 A coating specimen obtained by spin coating a small molecule in s...
4. Figure 1.4 Reaction pathway for production of metal oxides in the sol–gel [3...
5. Figure 1.5 Coating is produced by sol–gel method [37].
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Sequential stages of the dip-coating technique for thin film depo...
2. Figure 2.2 Principle of cold spray technique for preparation of nanocomposit...
3. Figure 2.3 Principle of chemical vapor deposition method.
4. Figure 2.4 Principle of physical vapor deposition method.
5. Figure 2.5 General schematic diagram of thermal spray coating processes.
6. Figure 2.6 Principle of electrodeposition method.
7. Figure 2.7 Principle of electroless coatings experimental setup.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Graphical representation of dry powder coating modified after Dah...
2. Figure 3.2 Key features of magnesium stearate for dry powder coating [Figure...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 An increase trend of the number of research papers with title of ...
2. Figure 4.2 Schematic presentation of water droplet on the rigid surface: (a)...
3. Figure 4.3 Schematic image of a liquid drop on the surface by different mode...
4. Figure 4.4 The effect of surface microstructure on changing hydrophobic to s...
5. Figure 4.5 The micro and nano roughness is created on the metallic substrate...
6. Figure 4.6 Schematic presentation of self-cleaning surface: (a) normal and (...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Investigation of the superhydrophobic coatings applications in tw...
2. Figure 5.2 Superhydrophobic coatings substrates and substances.
3. Figure 5.3 Superhydrophobic approach via chemical and physical techniques.
4. Figure 5.4 Superhydrophobic coatings applications.
5. Figure 5.5 Superhydrophobic coatings application in different situations.
6. Figure 5.6 Superhydrophobic coatings applications to prevent inappropriate p...
7. Figure 5.7 Superhydrophobic coatings application to clean up surfaces in dif...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Various types of coatings.
2. Figure 6.2 Types of polymer coating.
3. Figure 6.3 Common materials for adsorptive polymer coating.
4. Figure 6.4 Adsorptive polymer coating techniques.
5. Figure 6.5 Spray coating technique on substrate.
6. Figure 6.6 Dip coating technique on solid object.
7. Figure 6.7 Spin coating on substrate.
8. Figure 6.8 Solution casting technique.
9. Figure 6.9 Blade coating technique on substrate.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Representation of urethane linkage.
2. Figure 7.2 Reaction for the synthesis of polyurethane.
3. Figure 7.3 Chemical Structure of PPG.
4. Figure 7.4 Chemical Structure of HTPB.
5. Figure 7.5 Resonance structure of isocyanate groups.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Schematic of synthesis of electroactive polyimide-TiO₂ [34]. Repr...
2. Figure 8.2 Schematic diagrams of (a) mechanism of CRS passivation by EPT coa...
3. Figure 8.3 Inhibition zone of chemically synthesized pure PEDOT: PSS, bio-hy...
4. Figure 8.4 Sketches of proposed changes in layer morphology during actuation...
5. Figure 8.5 Actuated strain vs. nanofiller content for PVDF/CNT and ITO coate...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 The photographs of corrosive electronic materials and removal pro...
2. Figure 9.2 Influence of pH for the corrosion.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Whey protein-based edible coating protects the cashew nuts from ...
2. Figure 10.2 Uncoated and coated strawberries with chitosan-based coatings af...
3. Figure 10.3 Uncoated (left) and coated with carrageenan (right) fish fillets...
4. Figure 10.4 Water migration from the center of the food to its surface (a) a...
5. Figure 10.5 Different structures of microcapsules.
6. Figure 10.6 Extrusion process using a coaxial nozzle.
7. Figure 10.7 Experimental setup for electro-hydrodynamic atomization. Dry-ele...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 SEM micrographs of banana peel control (a) and coated (b) at 1,0...
2. Figure 11.2 Control, carnauba wax (CW) coated, carnauba wax-glycerol monlaur...
3. Figure 11.3 Amino Acid Skeleton of Gelatin.
4. Figure 11.4 Color profile of banana without coating (1a), with shellac coati...
5. Figure 11.5 Schematic representation of nanofiber application as coating (Ad...
6. Figure 11.6 Schematic representation of antibacterial composite coating of c...
7. Figure 11.7 Commercially available indicators; (a). Fresh-check^® label;...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Schematic view of crack-induced self-healing processes. (a) A cr...
2. Figure 13.2 F/C ratios at two different probe depths (4 and 8 nm) for thin s...
3. Figure 13.3 Schematic illustration of the coating morphology and the shape m...
4. Figure 13.4 Self-healing of anticorrosion coating on AA2024 doped by micro c...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Natural polymers frequently used for coating.
2. Figure 14.2 Natural polymers frequently used for coating.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Schematic representation of mechanism of action of polymers.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 A schematic representation of apparatus used for spray coating. ...
2. Figure 16.2 Schematic representation of assessment of water vapor permeabili...
3. Figure 16.3 A schematic representation of assessment of water vapor permeabi...
4. Figure 16.4 Schematic to quantify oxygen permeation for free films. Adopted ...
5. Figure 16.5 Schematic of butt adhesion test. Adopted from Ref. [11].
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Schematic representation of the corrosion cycle of metal alloy [...
2. Figure 17.2 Anodic and cathodic reaction.
3. Figure 17.3 Typical 3-electrode cell used for electrochemical polymerization...
4. Figure 17.4 SEM images of PANI particles at different magnifications (a) 1,0...
5. Figure 17.5 Different forms of conductive polymer-based protective coatings....
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Polymer coating on proppant [3].
2. Figure 18.2 Photographs of samples, (a) O1 tool steel disk and pin, (b) ATSP...
3. Figure 18.3 Experimental results of Stribeck curve analysis, (a) COF vs. sli...
4. Figure 18.4 UHMWPE-based polymer composite [18].
5. Figure 18.5 Multilayer coating for drug delivery [29].
6. Figure 18.6 PVS modified amine coated substrates [45].
7. Figure 18.7 Process flow chart: (a) Au-deposited SiO₂/Si substrate; (b) ferr...
8. Figure 18.8 Scheme of (a) the method for the modification of G_GP substrate ...
9. Figure 18.9 Polymer coating for pipe lines [51].
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 The surface tensions relevant, mechanism of film formation: (a) ...

Preface

Polymer coatings are thin polymer films that are applied to flat surfaces or irregular objects. Protective and decorative layers can be served by these coatings. They can be used as functional coatings with corrosion inhibitors or for decorative purposes like in paints. Polymeric coatings are known to be made of organic materials. However, they may contain metallic or ceramic grains to enhance endurance, properties or appearance. Polymeric coatings can be obtained using natural and synthetic rubber, urethane, polyvinyl chloride, acrylic, epoxy, silicone, phenolic resins or nitrocellulose, etc. There is a wide range of fabrication methods to design and construct polymer-coated materials. Compared to conventional coatings, they offer efficient and cost-effective coatings, facile fabrication methods with excellent properties such as corrosion, wear, and heat resistance, higher mechanical strength, and additional benefits, including good chemical and blocking resistance, and excellent scratch/abrasion resistance. Besides which, high gloss to matt looks, soft-touch effect, no color chage after UV exposure, excellent adhesion on metal and plastics, short drying time, fast hardness development, and easy formulation are other advantages of these coatings. Polymer coatings have various applications in the field of painting, storage media, semiconductors, optical devices, fluorescent devices, etc., and interest in them has increased due to their applications in areas such as electronics, defense, aeronautical and automotive industries.

This edition of Polymer Coatings: Technology and Applications explores the cutting-edge technology of polymer coatings. It discusses fundamentals, fabrication strategies, characterization techniques, and allied applications in fields such as corrosion, food, pharmaceutical, biomedical systems and electronics. It also discusses a few new innovative self-healing, antimicrobial and superhydrophobic polymer coatings. Subsequently, current industrial applications and possible potential activities are also discussed. This book is an invaluable reference guide for engineers, professionals, students and faculty members working in areas such as coatings, polymer chemistry, and materials science and engineering. Based on thematic topics, this edition contains the following eighteen chapters:

Chapter 1 provides an up-to-date account of fabrication methods for polymer coatings from the basic science to the latest innovations. The techniques which are described and discussed include blade coating, dip coating, spray coating, thermal spray coating, pulsed laser deposition, plasma polymerization, flow coating, spin coating, sol-gel and grafting.

Chapter 2 includes the different fabrication methods of organic/inorganic coating, namely, sol-gel method, cold spray technique, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, thermal spray coating, electroplating deposition and electroless deposition. The classification of different coating methods for various organic/inorganic matrices and nanofillers are reported in detail.

Chapter 3 describes various eco-friendly dry powder coating techniques explored in the formulation and development of dry powder inhalers. Additionally, the chapter also includes a segment detailing the process analytical technology techniques, force controlling agents, implications in inhaler device coating and use of computational fluid dynamics in coating technology.

Chapter 4 first introduces the growth of bioinspired superhydrophobic coatings. Then, several theoretical backgrounds are discussed briefly. Afterwards, various methods are considered relating to the importance of creating chemical and physical textures on the surface. Additionally, the development of superhydrophobic and self-cleaning coatings with added nanoparticles are also presented.

Chapter 5 first investigates the nature (substrate-substance) and applications of superhydrophobic coatings. Afterwards, superhydrophobic coating applications are divided into three major categories of restrictive attributes, self-cleaning and smart attributes. All applications of hydrophobic coatings which have been examined in several studies are discussed.

Chapter 6 provides a brief overview of adsorptive polymer coatings, their techniquesand a comprehensive comparison. Moreover, adsorptive polymer coating applications in various fields are also discussed. Furthermore, a future perspective of existing challenges provides a better direction and understanding for overcoming these challenges in coming days.

Chapter 7 deals with the formulations and chemistry of polyurethane (PU) coatings, and also provides an insight into the development of PU over the conventional coatings. A detailed discussion of the advantages of PU coatings and their future scope in industry is also presented.

Chapter 8 emphasizes a unique type of polymer coatings based on electroactive material. Fabrication, essential characteristics, and potential applications of electroactive polymer coatings are discussed.

Chapter 9 deals with the importance of conducting polymer coatings in the field of corrosion resistance.

Chapter 10 discusses the main objectives, materials and techniques used for encapsulating food components or coating food surfaces such as fruits and vegetables, meat and meat products, eggs, cheese, nuts, and fried food. Biopolymers including polysaccharides, proteins, and waxes are the main ingredients used for this purpose.

Chapter 11 discusses the scope of biopolymers as edible coating in food products. The chapter emphasizes the various types of raw materials used for preparing edible coating. The role of edible packaging in microbial spoilage, mechanical damage, and consumer acceptance of food is discussed along with its advantages and limitations and selection criteria as edible coating for different varieties of food products.

Chapter 12 addresses the wider aspects of pharmaceutical coatings using different types of polymers and their applications in the development and manufacturing of conventional and modified release drug delivery systems. A historical perspective on pharmaceutical coatings along with their physical attributes and characterization are also discussed, which will guide researchers and pharmaceutical manufacturers to their appropriate selection.

Chapter 13 summarizes the critical characteristics of self-healing polymeric coatings. Progress in existing self-healing coating methods and realistic frameworks of polymeric coatings are presented. Surface self-regeneration and anti-corrosive protective layer fractures are discussed. Issues related to the transition from laboratories to valid industrial application of these self-healing technologies are addressed.

Chapter 14 describes various methods that have revolutionized the role of this fascinating strategy in biological science especially in biomedical applications, notably infectious therapy, drug delivery system for therapeutic agent and protective layer for implants and biomedical devices. The major focus is given to some key applications which are trendsetting for surface functionalization of implants and biomedical materials.

Chapter 15 describes the role of polymers against various microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoans and fungi. These polymers mimic the action of antimicrobial peptides which are utilized by immune systems of such living organisms to kill the microorganism. The main purpose of antimicrobial coating is to combat antimicrobial resistance and infections.

Chapter 16 discusses in detail the various processes and techniques that are most commonly used for the coating of polymers which protect active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) against environmental hazards and bodily fluids, protecting the body from adverse effects of API and modifying the release of API.

Chapter 17 discusses the different conducting polymer coatings used over metal surfaces for corrosion protection along with the role of conducting polymers and various coating techniques. Additionally, this chapter summarizes the performance improvement and bulk modifications of conducting polymers and extensive studies on the protective coating of conductive polymer materials are discussed.

Chapter 18 presents extensive research studies reported by worldwide scientists and specialists in the area of polymer coatings for industrial applications. New and emerging industrial applications are discussed, including microsystems, oil and gas industries, electronics, biomedical systems, pipeline, automotive industries, micro bit storage systems, anti-corrosion and antibacterial coatings.

Chapter 19 discusses recent advancements in the usage of polymers for coating of different dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, implants, nanoparticles, and liposomes. Additionally, mechanisms of polymeric film formation and applications of polymer coatings in the different areas of biomedicine are clearly explained as are the application of different polymers in various coating functions.

Editors

Inamuddin

Rajender Boddula

Mohd Imran Ahamed

Abdullah M. Asiri

February 2019