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Martin Scrivener (martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)
Phillip Carmical (pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)
Edited by
Rajender Boddula, Inamuddin, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Abdullah M. Asiri
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119661191
Cover image: Pixabay.com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Editors are honored to dedicate
this book to
Boddula Laxmibai & Laxman
(Mother & Father of Dr. B. Rajender)
The gradual depletion of fossil fuels led humans to explore high-performance continuous renewable energy sources, especially rechargeable batteries. In 1859, French physicist Gaston Plante invented the lead acid cell as a rechargeable battery, and since 1991, lithium-ion batteries have been introduced commercially and exploited in electric vehicles as portable energy devices. These are becoming an interesting method due to their adjustable shapes and sizes, high energy efficiencies and densities, pollution-free operations, long-cycle life, and affordability as an energy-storage system. In 2019, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for work on lithium-ion batteries. Rechargeable battery technologies have been a milestone for modern fossil-fuel-free society; they include groundbreaking changes in energy storage, transportation, and electronics. Improvements in battery electrodes and electrolytes have been a remarkable development. In the last few years, rechargeable batteries have attracted significant interest from scientists as they are a boon for electric vehicles, laptops and computers, mobile phones, portable electronics, and grid-level electricity storage devices.
Rechargeable Batteries: History, Progress, and Applications describes an up-to-date and comprehensive viewpoint of electrochemical power sources. Rechargeable batteries have made a tremendous impact on our society. The book discusses innovative rechargeable batteries constructed using bounteous elements such as Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc., which show countless attractive options for energy-storage devices. This book provides a complete outline of rechargeable batteries. It is intended for undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, professionals, and scientists working in areas such energy science, chemical engineering, material science, and industries. Based on thematic topics, the book contains the following nineteen chapters:
Chapter 1 reviews the history and progress of separators for rechargeable batteries, involving polymer separators, non-woven fabric separators, and polymer electrolytes. The advantages and drawbacks of these separator materials are discussed. A viewpoint on the state of current research and future research directions of separators is presented.
Chapter 2 describes the improvements in secondary batteries with a focus on Pb-Acid rechargeable batteries. In this chapter, the backgrounds, principles, theoretical aspects, and basic components of this type of batteries are described. Another important part of this chapter is the definition of failure mechanisms in Pb-Acid batteries, i.e., sulfation, corrosion, and degradation.
Chapter 3 discusses different electrode materials that are commonly used for flexible batteries. A brief description of carbon-based flexible nano-materials, metal oxides, graphene composites, and natural fiber-based electrode materials as a binder is presented. Moreover, the storage mechanism, types of batteries, and flexible electrolytes are studied.
Chapter 4 discusses solid polymer electrolytes used in rechargeable batteries. Different types of solid polymer electrolytes, their classifications, structures, and properties are discussed. It is predicted that the future development in this area may be a combination of fast ion conductors and polymers.
Chapter 5 discusses different types of electrolytes for rechargeable electrochemical batteries. The focus is especially on the aqueous, non-aqueous, polymer, ionic, and hybrid electrolytes for the rechargeable electrochemical battery applications.
Chapter 6 deals with the introduction of ion batteries along with their types and leading to how conventional batteries have made it possible to leave behind the different traditional batteries like Li-ion batteries. Further, the chapter focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of using conventional K-ion batteries with suitable solutions to the bottlenecks listed as well as on fabrication techniques of K-ion batteries.
Chapter 7 discusses the materials for Ni-Fe batteries and their applications towards electrochemical performance. It also reviews the formation and structure of Ni-Fe batteries. Also, various organic, inorganic, polymer and composite materials are extracted in order to evaluate their electrochemical performance for energy storage applications in the case of nickel-iron batteries.
Chapter 8 deals with Ni-MH batteries. Different types of metal hydrides and their structures are discussed in detail. In addition to the merits and demerits, the mechanism, performance, and various applications of Ni-MH batteries are also discussed. This chapter also focuses on recent progress in the field of Ni-MH batteries.
Chapter 9 summarizes the history, characteristics, constructions, and working of NiCd batteries. It also focuses on including the types of NiCd batteries and their applications in various fields.
Chapter 10 confers the emergence of high energy density rechargeable Ca-ion batteries as a boon for various electrical systems. Theoretical calculations have been used to select the best possible cathodes for these anodic Ca-ion batteries (CIBs). Additionally, various pros and cons, applications, fabrication techniques, as well as future aspects of CIBs have been scrutinized with respect to previously mentioned battery structures.
Chapter 11 narrates a blueprint for approaching an ageing process by explaining various analytical techniques based on X-ray, neutron, electron, gravimetric mass spectroscopy, and many more. This chapter begins with the exploration of various rechargeable batteries, its ageing process and various analytical techniques along with key scientific questions in the sphere, followed by their successful application to answer basic questions.
Chapter 12 highlights a brief history of the origin of the battery and its types. It also addresses the impact of batteries on health, along with the future and challenges in the use of nanotechnology and clean chemistry in battery manufacturing and safety requirements in manufacturing and charging.
Chapter 13 deals with various types of separators used in rechargeable batteries. The properties, requirements, and modeling of separators are reviewed. The major focus is on manufacturing process according to characteristics. The future approach is offered in accordance with positive and negative properties reported in this literature review.
Chapter 14 presents a brief overview of the research, development, and commercialization aspects of various rechargeable batteries. Several challenges confronted by rechargeable batteries are reviewed in detail. Additionally, this chapter details the future outlook of rechargeable batteries for wide-scale applications in electrical and electronic devices towards a sustainable system.
Chapter 15 discusses the different alkaline batteries and the history of the development of alkaline batteries. The chapter discusses how alkaline rechargeable batteries (ARBs) work, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and developments in the area of alkaline batteries. In addition, Zn/ Mn alkaline batteries, Ni/Co and Ni/Ni alkaline batteries are also discussed.
Chapter 16 discusses the aqueous batteries as renewable and sustainable energy storage devices. Aqueous batteries have cathode, anode, and aqueous electrolyte with a mixed metal ion charge carrier. The major focus is given to communicate the recent advancements made in aqueous batteries, with a focus on their mechanism of operation and working.
Chapter 17 reveals the spontaneity of KIBs anode materials and their fundamental properties, mechanisms, and key performance factors and their comparison with LIBs and/or SIBs.
Chapter 18 highlights the challenges of carbon-sulfur electrodes and the role of additives in sulfur electrodes used in Li-S batteries.
Chapter 19 counts the cons and pros of aqueous NA-Air batteries. In addition to a short discussion about historical background, a comparison is made between this type of battery and other convenient batteries. Finally, characteristics, main reactions, different components and harmful factors for stability of these batteries are discussed.