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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119661399
Cover image: Russell Richardson
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Potassium-ion batteries have gained the most attention in emerging electrochemical energy storage technology of the future. Potassium-ion batteries have abundant resources and similar electrochemical behavior to lithium-ion batteries and thus can meet the needs of electrochemical energy storage applications. These batteries possess low cost, long cycle life, high energy density, safety, and reliability. The invention of potassiumion batteries came to the surface of energy storage research in 2004, over two decades after the revolutionary invention of lithium-ion batteries. Potassium-ion batteries are the potential alternative to lithium-ion batteries, fueling a new direction of energy storage research for many universities.
Potassium-ion Batteries: Materials and Applications explores the concepts, mechanisms, and applications of next-generation energy technology, potassium-ion batteries. Also, an in-depth overview of energy storage materials and electrolytes is presented in detail. This is the first book on this technology and serves as a reference guide for electrochemists, chemical engineers, students, research scholars, faculty, and R&D professionals who are working in electrochemistry, solid-state science, material science, ionics, power sources, and renewable energy storage fields. Based on thematic topics, the book contains the following 15 chapters:
Chapter 1 investigates the advantages of K-ion (KIB) batteries for storing and utilizing energy in large scales. Basic principles, theoretical aspects, different cathode materials, and their performances are described in this chapter. Furthermore, different previous studies about the performance of potassium-based materials in K-ion batteries as well as life cycle and other properties are discussed.
Chapter 2 reviews the literature on Sb doped KIB in the last 5 years and includes the concept of density of states for two structures.
Chapter 3 reviews the recent improvements of different components of K-ion battery practical application toward grid-energy storage. The different cathode, anode, electrolyte, and binder materials like layered metal oxides, Prussian blue analogs, polyanionic-based compounds, organic materials, carbon-based, and alloy-based materials are reviewed in addition to their advantages over other previous ones.
Chapter 4 covers a more detailed investigation of electrodes and electrolyte Mn-based materials for PIBs. The chapter explores the comprehensive study of Mn-based (single and multi-metal) layered cathode materials as well as prussian blue analogs in PIBs.
Chapter 5 reviews the literature on the use of organic electrodes for potassium-ion batteries.
Chapter 6 reviews the use of new smart materials to convert conventional potassium-ion batteries into flexible ones. The major emphasis is on reviewing the different design techniques along with new materials to achieve robust mechanical stability with flexible nature in flexible potassiumion batteries.
Chapter 7 discusses the current methods of synthesis and design of hollow nanostructured-based anodes for K-ion batteries (KIB). This chapter highlights recent progress in the design and synthesis, which enriches the electrochemical functions of K-ion cells. The role of metallic, as well as carbonaceous hollow nanostructures performances, are explained chronologically.
Chapter 8 discusses the employment of polyanions (fluorosulfates, phosphates, double phosphates, vanadyl phosphates, and vanadyl flouro-phosphates) as cathode electrode materials in potassium-ion battery applications. The unique three-dimensional framework and chemical properties of polyanions provide inductive effect, high de-potassiation potentials, thermal stability, and facile K+ ion diffusion pathways.
Chapter 9 discusses the fundamentals of developing KIBs, followed by some mechanistic aspects. The chapter explores recent developments in the electrode materials for KIBs. In addition to this, electrolytes and binders are discussed, limited to major kinds only. Last, challenges and perspectives are included.
Chapter 10 discusses the material developments for the electrodes, electrolytes, binders, and solvents used in potassium-ion batteries. The main focus is on the achievements made toward better performances and the associated challenges. The cell fabrication assembly techniques are highlighted for each coin cell together with their electrochemical performances.
Chapter 11 introduces the MXene and its derivative materials Ti3C2Tx MXene, K2Ti4O9 (M-KTO), and alkalized Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets as promising electrode materials applied in K-ion batteries. Additionally, the preparation methods, structure properties, and electrochemical properties of MXene are analyzed. For the electrochemical evaluation, charge– discharge curve, rate capacity, coulomb efficiency, and life cycle of the MXene material are also discussed in detail.
Chapter 12 introduces the recent research progress of transition metal sulfides, including respective synthesis approaches and structure characteristics, which are discussed in detail. The performance and advantages of metal sulfides as the electrode materials for K-ion batteries are also demonstrated.
Chapter 13 discusses the current research on K−O2 cell systems, important milestones along with the problems and potential of further improvement of alkali metal–air cells.
Chapter 14 discusses several cathode materials in terms of the electrochemical recital, structure, and synthesis, for example, K-storage mechanisms, working potential, and capacity. The chapter also comprises the current progressions of cathode materials for KIBs, causing many important features of KIBs.
Chapter 15 describes the cathode developments in potassium ion batteries. Different cathode materials are described in this chapter and different advantages as well as disadvantages are presented. Finally, this chapter summarizes recent studies and the latest progress in anode and cathode materials for K-ion batteries.