Cover: Black Mirror and Philosophy, 1 by Peter E. Gordon, Espen Hammer and Max Pensky

Blackwell Companions to Philosophy

This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today’s leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key figures, terms, topics, and problems of the field. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, representing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike.

Already published in the series:

  1. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, Second Edition

    Edited by Nicholas Bunnin and Eric Tsui‐James

  2. A Companion to Ethics

    Edited by Peter Singer

  3. A Companion to Aesthetics, Second Edition

    Edited by Stephen Davies, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Robert Hopkins, Robert Stecker, and David E. Cooper

  4. A Companion to Epistemology, Second Edition

    Edited by Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa and Matthias Steup

  5. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy

    (two‐volume set), Second Edition
    Edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit

  6. A Companion to Philosophy of Mind

    Edited by Samuel Guttenplan

  7. A Companion to Metaphysics, Second Edition

    Edited by Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa and Gary S. Rosenkrantz

  8. A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory,

    Second Edition
    Edited by Dennis Patterson

  9. A Companion to Philosophy of Religion, Second Edition

    Edited by Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn

  10. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, Second Edition

    (two‐volume set)
    Edited by Bob Hale and Crispin Wright

  11. A Companion to World Philosophies

    Edited by Eliot Deutsch and Ron Bontekoe

  12. A Companion to Continental Philosophy

    Edited by Simon Critchley and William Schroeder

  13. A Companion to Feminist Philosophy

    Edited by Alison M. Jaggar and Iris Marion Young

  14. A Companion to Cognitive Science

    Edited by William Bechtel and George Graham

  15. A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition

    Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer

  16. A Companion to the Philosophers

    Edited by Robert L. Arrington

  17. A Companion to Business Ethics

    Edited by Robert E. Frederick

  18. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science

    Edited by W.H. Newton‐Smith

  19. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy

    Edited by Dale Jamieson

  20. A Companion to Analytic Philosophy

    Edited by A.P. Martinich and David Sosa

  21. A Companion to Genethics

    Edited by Justine Burley and John Harris

  22. A Companion to Philosophical Logic

    Edited by Dale Jacquette

  23. A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy

    Edited by Steven Nadler

  24. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages

    Edited by Jorge J.E. Gracia and Timothy B. Noone

  25. A Companion to African‐American Philosophy

    Edited by Tommy L. Lott and John P. Pittman

  26. A Companion to Applied Ethics

    Edited by R.G. Frey and Christopher Heath Wellman

  27. A Companion to the Philosophy of Education

    Edited by Randall Curren

  28. A Companion to African Philosophy

    Edited by Kwasi Wiredu

  29. A Companion to Heidegger

    Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall

  30. A Companion to Rationalism

    Edited by Alan Nelson

  31. A Companion to Pragmatism

    Edited by John R. Shook and Joseph Margolis

  32. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy

    Edited by Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin

  33. A Companion to Nietzsche

    Edited by Keith Ansell Pearson

  34. A Companion to Socrates

    Edited by Sara Ahbel‐Rappe and Rachana Kamtekar

  35. A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism

    Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall

  36. A Companion to Kant

    Edited by Graham Bird

  37. A Companion to Plato

    Edited by Hugh H. Benson

  38. A Companion to Descartes

    Edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero

  39. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology

    Edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski

  40. A Companion to Hume

    Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe

  41. A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography

    Edited by Aviezer Tucker

  42. A Companion to Aristotle

    Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos

  43. A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology

    Edited by Jan‐Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, and Vincent F. Hendricks

  44. A Companion to Latin American Philosophy

    Edited by Susana Nuccetelli, Ofelia Schutte, and Otávio Bueno

  45. A Companion to the Philosophy of Literature

    Edited by Garry L. Hagberg and Walter Jost

  46. A Companion to the Philosophy of Action

    Edited by Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis

  47. A Companion to Relativism

    Edited by Steven D. Hales

  48. A Companion to Hegel

    Edited by Stephen Houlgate and Michael Baur

  49. A Companion to Schopenhauer

    Edited by Bart Vandenabeele

  50. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy

    Edited by Steven M. Emmanuel

  51. A Companion to Foucault

    Edited by Christopher Falzon, Timothy O’Leary, and Jana Sawicki

  52. A Companion to the Philosophy of Time

    Edited by Heather Dyke and Adrian Bardon

  53. A Companion to Donald Davidson

    Edited by Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig

  54. A Companion to Rawls

    Edited by Jon Mandle and David Reidy

  55. A Companion to W.V.O. Quine

    Edited by Gilbert Harman and Ernest Lepore

  56. A Companion to Derrida

    Edited by Zeynep Direk and Leonard Lawlor

  57. A Companion to David Lewis

    Edited by Barry Loewer and Jonathan Schaffer

  58. A Companion to Kierkegaard

    Edited by Jon Stewart

  59. A Companion to Locke

    Edited by Matthew Stuart

  60. The Blackwell Companion to Hermeneutics

    Edited by Niall Keane and Chris Lawn

  61. A Companion to Ayn Rand

    Edited by Allan Gotthelf and Gregory Salmieri

  62. The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism

    Edited by Kelly James Clark

  63. A Companion to Mill

    Edited by Christopher Macleod and Dale E. Miller

  64. A Companion to Experimental Philosophy

    Edited by Justin Sytsma and Wesley Buckwalter

  65. A Companion to Applied Philosophy

    Edited by Kasper Lippert‐Rasmussen, Kimberley Brownlee, and David Coady

  66. A Companion to Wittgenstein

    Edited by Hans‐Johann Glock and John Hyman

  67. A Companion to Simone de Beauvoir

    Edited by Laura Hengehold and Nancy Bauer

  68. A Concise Companion to Confucius

    Edited by Paul R. Goldin

  69. The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism

    Edited by Jonathan J. Loose, Angus J.L. Menuge, and J.P. Moreland (Editor)

  70. A Companion to Nineteenth‐Century Philosophy

    Edited by John Shand

  71. A Companion Atheism and Philosophy

    Edited by Graham Oppy

  72. A Companion to Adorno

    Edited by Peter E. Gordon, Espen Hammer, and Max Pensky

A Companion to Adorno

Edited by

Peter E. Gordon
Espen Hammer
Max Pensky






No alt text required.

Notes on Contributors

Asaf Angermann is Lecturer and Associate Research Scholar in Humanities, Philosophy, and Judaic Studies at Yale University. He is the author of Beschädigte Ironie: Kierkegaard, Adorno und die negative Dialektik kritischer Subjektivität (de Gruyter, 2013), the editor of Theodor W. Adorno and Gershom Scholem, “Der liebe Gott wohnt im Detail”: Briefwechsel 1939–1969 (Suhrkamp, 2015), and the Hebrew translator and editor of Theodor W. Adorno: Education to Autonomous Thinking (HaKibbutz HaMeuchad, 2017).

Matthias Benzer is Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Sheffield, England, where he teaches social and sociological theory. Among his publications on Adorno’s sociology is The Sociology of Theodor Adorno (Cambridge University Press, 2011). Matthias is currently finishing a monograph (with Kate Reed) on the socio‐theoretical analysis of “social life.”

J. M. Bernstein is University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. His research has focused on Critical Theory, aesthetics, ethics, and the philosophy of law. Among his books are: Adorno: Disenchantment and Ethics (2002); Against Voluptuous Bodies: Late Modernism and the Meaning of Painting (2006); and, most recently, Torture and Dignity: An Essay on Moral Injury (2015). He is completing a study entitled Notes Toward a Minor Utopia of Everyday Life: Human Rights and the Construction of Human Dignity.

Andrew Bowie is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and German at Royal Holloway, University of London. He has published very widely on modern philosophy, music, and literature, and is a jazz saxophonist. His books are: Aesthetics and Subjectivity: from Kant to Nietzsche; Schelling and Modern European Philosophy; F.W.J. von Schelling: “On the History of Modern Philosophy; From Romanticism to Critical Theory. The Philosophy of German Literary Theory; Manfred Frank: “The Subject and the Text”; F.D.E. Schleiermacher, “Hermeneutics and Criticism” and Other Writings; Introduction to German Philosophy from Kant to Habermas; Music, Philosophy, and Modernity; and Philosophical Variations: Music as Philosophical Language; German Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction; and Adorno and the Ends of Philosophy.

Charles Clavey is a doctoral candidate in the Department of History at Harvard University.

Maeve Cooke is Professor of Philosophy at University College Dublin, Ireland and a member of the Royal Irish Academy. She is the author of many articles in the area of social and political philosophy. Her books include Language and Reason: A Study of Habermas’s Pragmatics (MIT Press, 1994) and Re‐Presenting the Good Society (MIT Press, 2006). She is on the editorial board of a number of scholarly journals and has held visiting appointments at universities in the United States and Europe.

Richard Eldridge is Charles and Harriett Cox McDowell Professor of Philosophy at Swarthmore College. He is the author, most recently, of Images of History: Kant, Benjamin, Freedom, and the Human Subject (Oxford University Press, 2016) and Werner Herzog – Filmmaker and Philosopher (Bloomsbury, 2018). He is the Series Editor of Oxford Studies in Philosophy and Literature. He has held visiting positions in Bremen, Essex, Stanford, Freiburg, and Sydney. He has published widely in philosophy of literature, aesthetics, German philosophy, and Romanticism.

James Gordon Finlayson works at the University of Sussex. He teaches philosophy, Critical Theory, and social and political thought and directs the Centre for Social and Political Thought. He writes articles and books on social and political thought. He is the author of The Habermas Rawls Debate (Columbia University Press, 2019), and is working on a book on transcendental homelessness in Adorno’s life and work.

Roger Foster is the author of Adorno: The Recovery of Experience (SUNY, 2007) and Adorno and Philosophical Modernism: The Inside of Things (Lexington, 2016), as well as numerous papers and book reviews on the tradition of Critical Social Theory. He teaches philosophy at the Borough of Manhattan Community College of the City University of New York.

Fabian Freyenhagen is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Essex, UK. His publications include Adorno’s Practical Philosophy: Living Less Wrongly (Cambridge University Press, 2013) and articles and book chapters on Critical Theory. Among his future projects is a historically informed ethics after Auschwitz that builds on Adorno’s work.

Michael Gallope is Associate Professor in the Department of Cultural Studies and Comparative Literature at the University of Minnesota where he is a McKnight Presidential Fellow. He is the author of Deep Refrains: Music, Philosophy, and the Ineffable (University of Chicago Press, 2017), as well as over a dozen articles and essays on music and philosophy. As a musician, he works in a variety of genres from avant‐garde composition to rock and West African electronica.

Eva Geulen is Director of the Centre for Literary and Cultural Research and teaches at Humboldt University in Berlin. She studied German Literature and Philosophy at the University of Freiburg and The Johns Hopkins University. She has held teaching positions at Stanford University, the University of Rochester, and New York University and was Professor of German Literature at the University of Bonn and at Goethe University Frankfurt. Her research focuses on literature and philosophy from the eighteenth century to the present, pedagogical discourses around 1800 and 1900 as well as Goethe’s morphology and its reception in the twentieth century. Her publications include: Aus dem Leben der Form. Goethes Morphologie und die Nager (August Verlag 2016); The End of Art. Readings of a Rumor after Hegel (Stanford University Press, 2006); Giorgio Agamben zur Einführung (Junius Verlag, 2005, 3rd edition 2016); Worthörig wider Willen. Darstellungsproblematik und Sprachreflexion in der Prosa Adalbert Stifters (1992); and essays on Nietzsche, Benjamin, Raabe, Thomas Mann, and others. Since 2004, she has been co‐editor of the Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie.

Andrew Huddleston is Reader in Philosophy at Birkbeck College, University of London. Prior to coming to Birkbeck, he was a Fellow at Exeter College, Oxford. He specializes in German philosophy, as well as in aesthetics, ethics, and social philosophy. He has published a number of articles on these topics. His book Nietzsche on the Decadence and Flourishing of Culture (2019) was published with Oxford University Press.

Owen Hulatt is a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of York. He is the author of Adorno’s Theory of Philosophical and Aesthetic Truth (Columbia University Press, 2016). His current research interests include Spinoza’s metaphysics, Louis Althusser’s late work, and aesthetics. He is currently writing a monograph on aleatory materialism.

Martin Jay is Sidney Hellman Ehrman Professor Emeritus of History at the University of California, Berkeley. Among his works are The Dialectical Imagination (1973 and 1996); Marxism and Totality (1984); Adorno (1984); Permanent Exiles (1985); Fin-de-Siècle Socialism (1989); Force Fields (1993): Downcast Eyes (1993); Cultural Semantics (1998); Refractions of Violence (2003); La Crisis de la experiencia en la era postsubjetiva, ed. Eduardo Sabrovsky (2003); Songs of Experience (2004); The Virtues of Mendacity (2010), Essays from the Edge (2011), Kracauer: l’Exilé (2014), Reason After its Eclipse (2016), Splinters in Your Eye (2020), and Genesis and Validity (2021). His research interests are in modern European Intellectual History, Critical Theory and Visual Culture.

David Jenemann is Professor of English and Film and Television Studies at the University of Vermont where he serves as the co‐director of the UVM Humanities Center. He is the author of Adorno in America (2007) and The Baseball Glove: History, Material, Meaning, and Value as well as a number of essays on Critical Theory and cultural history. He is currently writing a biography of Adorno.

Kathy J. Kiloh is Assistant Professor of philosophy at OCAD University in Toronto, Canada.

Juljan Krause is a researcher in social philosophy, philosophy of technology, and science and technology studies at the University of Southampton, UK. He is the editor of the philosophy journal Evental Aesthetics. Juljan is currently working on a monograph that explores the social and political dimensions of building the quantum internet.

Sherry D. Lee is Associate Professor of Musicology and Associate Dean of Research at the University of Toronto Faculty of Music. A specialist in music and modernist cultures, nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century opera, and philosophical aesthetics, her work appears in JAMS, Cambridge Opera Journal, Music and Letters, 19th‐Century Music, the Germanic Review, and several collected volumes, the more recent including the Oxford Handbook of Music and Disability Studies (Oxford University Press, 2015), Music, Modern Culture, and the Critical Ear (Routledge, 2017), and Korngold and His World (forthcoming 2019). Her monograph Adorno at the Opera is forthcoming from Cambridge University Press, and with Daniel Grimley she is preparing The Cambridge Companion to Music and Modernism.

Richard Leppert is Regents Professor and Morse Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor in the Department of Cultural Studies and Comparative Literature at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. His research is concentrated on Western European and American cultural history from the seventeenth century to the present. His most recent book is Aesthetic Technologies of Modernity, Subjectivity, and Nature (Opera – Orchestra – Phonograph – Film) (University of California Press, 2015). His current research focuses on the history of phonography and film music.

Iain Macdonald is Professor of Philosophy at the Université de Montréal. His area of specialization is nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century European philosophy, including Hegel, Marx, Critical Theory, phenomenology, and aesthetics. Among other things, he is the author of What Would Be Different: Figures of Possibility in Adorno (Stanford University Press, 2019).

Shannon Mariotti is Professor of Political Science at Southwestern University. She is the author of Adorno and Democracy: The American Years (University Press of Kentucky, 2016) and Thoreau’s Democratic Withdrawal: Alienation, Participation, and Modernity (University of Wisconsin Press, 2010). She is also co‐editor of A Political Companion to Marilynne Robinson (University Press of Kentucky, 2016). Her work explores the practice of democracy in everyday life, with a focus on sensory perception, experience, and aesthetics. She takes a comparative political theory approach to nineteenth‐century American Transcendentalism, twentieth‐century Critical Social Theory, and the emerging area of Buddhist political theory. Her current book project is titled Zen Democracy: Buddhism, Modernism and the Experience of Democracy.

Marcia Morgan is Associate Professor of Philosophy and affiliate faculty member in Jewish studies, sustainability studies, and women’s and gender studies at Muhlenberg College. She is the recipient of the Donald B. Hoffman Research Fellowship for 2018–2019. She has recently published articles in Revue Internationale de Philosophie, Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy, and Thesis Eleven, and book chapters in the anthologies, Critical Theories and the Budapest School (Routledge, 2017) and Benjamin, Adorno, and the Experience of Literature (Routledge, 2018).

Pierre‐François Noppen (PhD, Sorbonne) is Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Saskatchewan. He specializes in modern and contemporary German philosophy, social and political philosophy and Critical Theory. His current research is on Adorno’s materialism. He served as president of the Association for Adorno Studies.

Jakob Norberg is Associate Professor of German at Duke University. He is the author of Sociability and Its Enemies: German Political Thought After 1945 as well as essays on Theodor W. Adorno, Hannah Arendt, Georg Lukács, and Carl Schmitt.

Peter Osborne is Professor of Modern European Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Research in Modern European Philosophy (CRMEP), Kingston University, London. He has held Visiting Chairs in the Philosophy Department at the University of Paris 8 (2014, 2019), the Royal Institute of Art, Stockholm (2015), and Yale University School of Art (2017). His books include: The Politics of Time: Modernity and Avant‐Garde (Verso, 1995, 2011); Philosophy in Cultural Theory (Routledge, 2000); Conceptual Art (Phaidon Press, 2002); Marx (Granta, 2005), Anywhere or Not at All: Philosophy of Contemporary Art (Verso, 2013); and The Postconceptual Condition (Verso, 2018). He is the editor of the three‐volume Walter Benjamin: Critical Evaluations in Cultural Theory (Routledge, 2005). From 1983 to 2016 he was an editor of the British journal Radical Philosophy.

Brian O’Connor is Professor of Philosophy at University College Dublin. He is the author of Adorno’s Negative Dialectic (2004), Adorno (2013), Idleness: A Philosophical Essay (2018), and editor of The Adorno Reader (2000).

Henry W. Pickford is Associate Professor of German and Philosophy at Duke University. He is the author of The Sense of Semblance: Philosophical Analyses of Holocaust Art, Thinking with Tolstoy and Wittgenstein: Expression, Emotion and Art; co‐author of In Defense of Intuitions: A New Rationalist Manifesto; co‐editor of Der aufrechte Gang im windschiefen Kapitalismus; editor and translator of Adorno, Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords and Lev Loseff, Selected Early Poems.

Terry Pinkard teaches philosophy at Georgetown University. Among his publications are (with Cambridge University Press): Hegel’s Phenomenology: The Sociality of Reason (1994); Hegel: A Biography (2000); German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism (2002); with Oxford University Press, Hegel’s Naturalism: Mind, Nature, and the Final Ends of Life (2012); with Harvard University Press, Does History Make Sense? Hegel on the Historical Shapes of Justice, 2017. In 2018 his translation of Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit was published by Cambridge University Press.

Fred Rush is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of Irony and Idealism (Oxford University Press, 2016), On Architecture (Routledge, 2009), and the editor of The Cambridge Companion to Critical Theory (Cambridge University Press, 2004) and the Internationales Jahrbuch des Deutschen Idealismus (2004–2014). He is working on a book in the philosophy of film called Film’s Experience.

Peter Uwe Hohendahl Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Comparative Literature and German Studies, Cornell University; Director of the Institute for German Cultural Studies, 1992–2007; American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2003—; selected publications include: Building a National Literature: The Case of Germany, 1830–1870 (Cornell University Press, 1989); Reappraisals: Shifting Alignments in Postwar Critical Theory (Cornell University Press, 1991); Prismatic Thought: Theodor W. Adorno (University of Nebraska Press, 1995); The Fleeting Promise of Art: Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory Revisited (Cornell University Press, 2013); and Perilous Futures: On Carl Schmitt’s Late Writings (Cornell University Press, 2018).

Martin Shuster teaches at Goucher College in Baltimore, MD, where he is part of the Center for Geographies of Justice. In addition to many articles, he is the author of Autonomy after Auschwitz: Adorno, German Idealism, and Modernity and New Television: The Aesthetics and Politics of a Genre, both published by the University of Chicago Press, in 2014 and 2017, respectively. Most recently, with Daniela Ginsburg, he translated Jean‐François Kervégan’s L’effectif et le rationnel: Hegel et l’esprit objectif, published as The Actual and The Rational: Hegel and Objective Spirit, also by the University of Chicago Press in 2018.

Christian Skirke is Assistant Professor at the University of Amsterdam. He publishes on Critical Theory, existentialism, and phenomenology.

Alexander Stern received his doctorate from the University of Notre Dame and works on the philosophy of language, social and political philosophy, and aesthetics. His writing has appeared in the European Journal of Philosophy and Critical Horizons, as well as in the New York Times, the Chronicle of Higher Education, and the Los Angeles Review of Books. His recent book is The Fall of Language: Benjamin and Wittgenstein on Meaning (Harvard University Press, 2019).

Michael J. Thompson is Professor of Political Theory in the Department of Political Science, William Paterson University. Some of his recent books include: The Politics of Inequality (Columbia University Press, 2012); The Domestication of Critical Theory (Rowman and Littlefield, 2016); as well as the edited The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Theory (Palgrave, 2017); Hegel’s Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Politics (Routledge, 2018); and, with Greg Smulewicz‐Zucker, Anti‐Science and the Assault on Democracy: Defending Reason in a Free Society (Prometheus, 2018). He is the author of the forthcoming, The Specter of Babel: Political Judgment and the Crisis of Modernity (SUNY) and Twilight of the Self: The Eclipse of Autonomy in Modern Society (Stanford University Press).

Eli Zaretsky is Professor of History at the New School for Social Research. He is the author of Capitalism, the Family, and Personal Life (HarperCollins, 1985); Secrets of the Soul: A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis (Three Rivers Press, 2005); Why America Needs a Left (Polity Press, 2012); and Political Freud: A History (Columbia University Press, 2017).

Editors' Introduction

A full half‐century has passed since Adorno’s death in 1969. In the intervening years the landscape of his critical reception has transformed and diversified in manifold ways. In the early years Adorno was most often seen alongside his colleague Max Horkheimer as a partisan of Critical Theory in the philosophical tradition of the Institute for Social Research, also known as the “Frankfurt School.” Among his students, he was admired as a returned émigré and public intellectual who embodied the spirit of the Weimar era and used his moral authority to challenge the stifling atmosphere of conservativism and political repression in postwar Germany. In publications such as Minima Moralia and in radio addresses on political as well as cultural themes, he fastened his attention on the question of how to reimagine philosophy and art after Auschwitz. Jürgen Habermas, who commenced his studies in Frankfurt in 1956, later wrote of Adorno that he was “the only genius I have met in my life.” But this reputation was highly ambivalent. By the later 1960s, Adorno found himself at odds with more militant members of the New Left who came to see him as an ally of the political establishment. His rarefied philosophical style and his mandarin aesthetic sensibility left him vulnerable to charges of cultural elitism and political quietism. His confrontation with student activists in the final months before his death cast a shadow over his legacy that would take years to dispel. By the 1980s and 1990s, a new generation of scholars looked to his philosophical legacy with fresh concerns. The ascendant wave of interest in the cultural and literary criticism of his colleague and friend Walter Benjamin led to a deepened appreciation for Adorno’s own legacy as a cultural critic, while literary and theoretical fashions associated with French poststructuralism led to surprising if unlikely exercises in comparison. By the turn of the millennium, Adorno had reemerged in scholarship in a rather new guise, as a thinker whose works were best understood in their full independence as contributions to defining questions of the philosophical canon. Fifty years on, the time has arrived for a summation and critical reappraisal of this formidable legacy.

No doubt, the very idea of a comprehensive summary would have aroused Adorno’s ire. From the beginning of his career Adorno looked with skepticism on philosophical efforts to embrace all of human reality, both social and intellectual, within the logic of a single, totalizing framework. In “The Actuality of Philosophy,” his 1931 inaugural lecture as professor at the University of Frankfurt, he argued that “Whoever chooses philosophy as a profession today must first reject the illusion that earlier philosophical enterprises began with: that the power of thought is sufficient to grasp the totality of the real” (Adorno 1931, 24). In his habilitation on Kierkegaard, Adorno presented himself as a materialist who would read philosophical texts against the grain and resist the allure of the grand philosophical system. The concept that seeks to subsume the plenitude of reality became for Adorno a sign of the subject’s will to mastery and a philosophical correlate for social domination. In a conscious rejoinder to Hegel’s famous dictum from the Phenomenology of Spirit that “the true is the whole,” Adorno wrote in Minima Moralia that “the whole is the false”. This principled resistance to the totalizing ambitions of the mind helps to explain Adorno’s conviction that dialectics could no longer strive for seamless reconciliation; only a “negative dialectic” could remain attentive to the insufficiency of the concept and pay homage to what he called the “preponderance of the object.” This emphasis on the unreconciled condition of social reality, with its materialist appeal to the persistence of objective suffering, became the leitmotif throughout Adorno’s work not only in philosophy but in his cultural and aesthetic criticism as well. In the “late‐style” of Beethoven’s music and in the ruined and unredeemed landscapes portrayed by Samuel Beckett, Adorno discerned the “cracks and fissures” of the only aesthetic style suitable to the catastrophic world of late‐capitalist modernity.

But Adorno was never only a philosopher in the conventional sense. His mind was always restless, untethered from all disciplinary orthodoxies and the bonds of established method. Trained in musical composition and gifted with an unusual sensitivity to both music and literature, Adorno authored important studies on figures of the European musical canon, including monographs on Berg, Mahler, Wagner, and the (unfinished) study of Beethoven, along with literary analyses of Kafka, Hölderlin, and Beckett. Especially during his years in exile in the United States, he came to appreciate the possibilities of empirical sociological research; during his initial years in New York he collaborated with Paul Lazarsfeld at Princeton University on a study of radio listening; and, during the later 1940s in California, he joined the research team at Berkeley in the landmark study in social psychology, The Authoritarian Personality, published in 1950. Upon his return to Germany he continued his sociological research in the 1950s with inquiries into the postwar persistence of Nazi sympathies in German public opinion, most notably in Group Experiment and Guilt and Defense. Adorno also applied his critical and sociological skills to the analysis of mass‐cultural or commodified art, the products of what he and Horkheimer called the “culture industry.” Most notoriously, Adorno wrote a handful of essays on jazz, which he condemned as an especially pernicious form of commodified art and pseudo-individuality. In all such inquiry Adorno sustained the uncompromising posture of an intellectual who feared that the emancipatory promise of the modern age was falling into eclipse and that it was the critic’s preeminent task to fasten one’s attention on the persistence of negativity in the midst of an increasingly “affirmative” culture that denied the possibility of genuine transformation. In his final and most formidable work of philosophy, Negative Dialectics (1966) he set forth the core principles that would inform this task. In the posthumously published and never‐finished Aesthetic Theory (1970), he entertained the question of what sort of critical potentials might be said to survive in modern art in the midst of an increasingly uncritical world.

In this volume, we have convened an extraordinary group of scholars from a variety of disciplines to address what we believe to be the most promising and enduring facets of Adorno’s intellectual legacy. The chapters that follow concentrate primarily on the philosophical concerns that remained of central importance for Adorno himself. But the chapters also speak to the centrality of aesthetic, musical, moral, political, and sociological themes in Adorno’s oeuvre. As editors we have undertaken this volume with some humility and in the recognition that no compendium of critical scholarship could possibly do justice to the richness of Adorno’s thought. But we hope that this collection will serve as a helpful resource for those who wish further to explore the still‐undiminished power of his legacy.

Reference

  1. Adorno, T.W. (1931). The Actuality of Philosophy. In: The Adorno Reader (trans. B. Snow; ed. B. O’Connor), 23–39. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

About the Editors

Peter E. Gordon is Amabel B. James Professor of History and Faculty Affiliate in the Department of Philosophy at Harvard University. Among is his more recent books are Continental Divide: Heidegger, Cassirer, Davos (2010) and Adorno and Existence (2016). He is also the co‐editor, with Espen Hammer and Axel Honneth, of The Routledge Companion to the Frankfurt School (2018).

Espen Hammer is Professor of Philosophy at Temple University, Philadelphia. He is the author of Stanley Cavell: Skepticism, Subjectivity, and the Ordinary (Polity Press, 2002), Adorno and the Political (Routledge, 2006), Philosophy and Temporality from Kant to Critical Theory (Cambridge University Press, 2011), and Adorno’s Modernism: Art, Experience, and Catastrophe (Cambridge University Press, 2015).

Max Pensky is Professor of Philosophy at Binghamton University, the State University of New York. His publications on Critical Theory include Melancholy Dialectics: Walter Benjamin and the Play of Mourning (University of Massachusetts Press, 1993), The Ends of Solidarity: Discourse Theory in Ethics and Politics (SUNY, 2008), and (with Wendy O. Brown and Peter E. Gordon) Authoritarianism: Three Inquiries in Critical Theory (Chicago University Press, 2018).

Part I
Intellectual Foundations