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Cover
1 Basics of Biosensors and Nanobiosensors
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Biosensor and Its Working Principle
3. 1.3 Characteristics of a Biosensor
4. 1.4 Biosensor Evolution: A Brief Outlook
5. 1.5 Types of Biosensors
6. 1.6 On the Basis of the Use of Biorecognition Elements: Catalytic Versus Affinity Biosensors
7. 1.7 Application of Biosensors
8. 1.8 Conclusion
9. Acknowledgment
10. References
2 Transduction Process-Based Classification of Biosensors
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Electrochemical Biosensors
3. 2.3 Optical Biosensors
4. 2.4 Mass-Based Biosensors
5. 2.5 Thermal Biosensors
6. 2.6 Energy Biosensors
7. 2.7 Conclusion
8. Acknowledgments
9. References
3 Novel Nanomaterials for Biosensor Development
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Graphene and Its Composites
3. 3.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrids
4. 3.4 Nitride-Based Biosensors
5. 3.5 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Biosensors
6. 3.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgment
8. References
4 Biomarkers and Their Role in Detection of Biomolecules
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Types of Biomarkers
3. 4.3 Cancer Biomarker
4. 4.4 Cardiac Biomarkers
5. 4.5 Biomarker of Aging
6. 4.6 Alzheimer's Biomarker
7. 4.7 HIV Biomarker
8. 4.8 Conclusion
9. Acknowledgment
10. References
5 Detection of Cancer Cells by Using Biosensors
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Early Stage Detection of Cancer and Its Importance
3. 5.3 Biosensor – A Good Option for Detecting Cancers
4. 5.4 Cancers Commonly Observed in Females
5. 5.5 Cancers Commonly Observed in Males
6. 5.6 Prostate Cancer Detection
7. 5.7 Oral Cancer
8. 5.8 Conclusions
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
6 Biosensor Applications for Viral and Bacterial Disease Diagnosis
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Dengue Fever Virus Detection
3. 6.3 Zika Virus Detection
4. 6.4 Yellow Fever
5. 6.5 Hepatitis B
6. 6.6 Hepatitis C
7. 6.7 Typhoid Fever
8. 6.8 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
9. 6.9 Conclusions
10. Acknowledgment
11. References
7 Detection of HIV Virus Using Biosensor
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Electrochemical Based Biosensors for HIV Detection
3. 7.3 Conclusions
4. Acknowledgments
5. References
8 Use of Biosensors for Mycotoxins Analysis in Food Stuff
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Types of Mycotoxins
3. 8.3 Biosensors for Aflatoxin Detection
4. 8.4 Biosensors for Ochratoxins
5. 8.5 Biosensors for Citrinin Determination
6. 8.6 Biosensors for Patulin Determination
7. 8.7 Biosensors for Fusarium Determination
8. 8.8 Conclusions
9. Acknowledgment
10. References
9 Development of Biosensors for Drug Detection Applications
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 What Is the Need of Biosensors for Drug Detection?
3. 9.3 Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics
4. 9.4 Biosensors for the Detection of Therapeutic Drugs
5. 9.5 Biosensors for Neurotransmitter
6. 9.6 Conclusion and Perspective
7. Acknowledgment
8. References
10 Detecting the Presence of Illicit Drugs Using Biosensors
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Cocaine Detection
3. 10.3 Methamphetamine Detection
4. 10.4 Chlorpromazine Detection
5. 10.5 Codeine Detection
6. 10.6 Morphine Detection
7. 10.7 Alcohol Detection
8. 10.8 Conclusion
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
11 Biosensors for Determination of Pesticides and Their Residues
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Types of Pesticides and Their Benefits
3. 11.3 Detrimental Effects: Health and Environmental Effects
4. 11.4 AuNP/MPS/Au Electrode Sensing Layer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Pesticide Monitoring
5. 11.5 Citrate-Stabilized AuNP-Based Optical Biosensor for Rapid Pesticide Residue Detection of Terbuthylazine and Dimethoate
6. 11.6 Piezoelectric Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Pesticide Residue
7. 11.7 Amperometric Acetylcholinesterase Biosensor Based on Gold Nanorods for Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides
8. 11.8 Conclusions
9. Acknowledgment
10. References
12 Detection of Avian Influenza Virus
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)-Based Nanosensor
3. 12.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Chemiresistive Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of DNA Sequences
4. 12.4 Influenza Virus Detection Using Electrochemical Biosensors
5. 12.5 Aptamer-Based Biosensors
6. 12.6 Conclusions
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
13 Biosensors for Swine Influenza Viruses
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Diagnostic Methods for Swine Influenza Virus and Their Limitations
3. 13.3 Nanomaterial-Based Sensors
4. 13.4 Conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
14 Biosensors for Detection of Marine Toxins
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Algal Blooms and Marine Toxins
3. 14.3 Classification of Marine Toxins, also Known as Biotoxins
4. 14.4 Harmful Effect of Marine Toxins on Human Health
5. 14.5 Biosensing of Marine Toxins
6. 14.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
15 Smartphone-Based Biosensors
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Smartphone-Based Devices and Their Applications
3. 15.3 Rapid GMR Biosensor Platform with Smartphone Interface
4. 15.4 Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Portable Detection of Clenbuterol
5. 15.5 Biosensing of Metal Ions by a Novel 3D-Printable Smartphone
6. 15.6 Ambient Light-Based Optical Biosensing Platform with Smartphone-Embedded Illumination Sensor
7. 15.7 Smartphone Optical Biosensor Point-of-Care Diagnostics
8. 15.8 Monitoring of Cardiovascular Diseases at the Point of Care by Smartphone
9. 15.9 Smartphone-Based Sensing System Using ZnO- and Graphene-Modified Electrodes for VOCs Detection
10. 15.10 Use of Smartphone Technology in Cardiology
11. 15.11 Smartphone-Based Enzymatic Biosensor for Oral Fluid L-Lactate Detection
12. 15.12 Conclusions
13. Acknowledgments
14. References
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Classifications of various biosensors.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Types of cancer biomarkers.
2. Table 4.2 Various types of cardiac biomarkers.
3. Table 4.3 Cellular biomarkers for HIV.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Conventional methods for the detection of dengue fever.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 CNS-depressant drug detection by biomolecules.
2. Table 10.2 Biomolecules for detection of narcotic substances.
3. Table 10.3 Recognition site for CNS-stimulant drug detection.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Biosensors based on quartz crystal and sensing materials used for ...
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Harmful effect of marine toxins [12–22].
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Smartphone-based optical biosensors.
2. Table 15.2 Comparison of different detection methods applicable on smartphone...
3. Table 15.3 Commercial SBDAs for personalized mhealthcare monitoring and manag...
4. Table 15.4 Examples of smartphone-based optical platform for POC diagnostics.
5. Table 15.5 Summary of marketed smartphone-based devices used in cardiology.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Recent publication trend in biosensors.
2. Figure 1.2 Five-year publication trends of various types of biosensors. (a) 20...
3. Figure 1.3 Schematic of biosensor components.
4. Figure 1.4 Biosensor characteristics.
5. Figure 1.5 Biosensors classification.
6. Figure 1.6 Application of biosensors.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Structure and working process of potentiometric biosensors.
2. Figure 2.2 Principle of SPR biosensing. It is demonstrated that the analyte (r...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Schematic illustration of the constraint of DNA molecules on functi...
2. Figure 3.2 Typical I_d–V_g curve of single-layer rGO-based FET (a) or rGO-Au-bas...
3. Figure 3.3 (A) Typical steady-state amperometric response of the Au/SAM/Hb ele...
4. Figure 3.4 (A) Schematic diagram for the construction of the biosensor. (B) CV...
5. Figure 3.5 (a) SEM image of PdCo alloy NPs. (b) I–t curves of Co/CNF-CPE, Pd/C...
6. Figure 3.6 Representative MONPs and their biosensing applications.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Basic types and use of biomarkers in different stages of disease.
2. Figure 4.2 Different biomarkers present on the surface of cancer cells.
3. Figure 4.3 Different stages of cancer diagnosis.
4. Figure 4.4 Diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorder by identifying abnormal lev...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Schematic illustration of the biosensor made by aptamer/DNA deposit...
2. Figure 5.2 Experimental optical arrangement integrated with microfluidic syste...
3. Figure 5.3 (a, b) Experimental theme of Abs–MNP conjugate-based fluorescence s...
4. Figure 5.4 Schematic representation of fabrication of PA-MNP-based biosensor....
5. Figure 5.5 (a) Scheme of electrochemical detection of VEGF and PSA in samples ...
6. Figure 5.6 Preparation of sensing element and PSA.
7. Figure 5.7 (a) Graphene film with a resonant circuit and inductive coil antenn...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Schematic representation of the nanostructured biosensor fabricatio...
2. Figure 6.2 Schematic depiction of impedimetric biosensing of NS1 protein in ne...
3. Figure 6.3 Electrochemical biosensor for the early detection of the Zika virus...
4. Figure 6.4 Schematic representation of graphene-based biosensor.
5. Figure 6.5 Schematic diagram of the rGO-based FET biosensor.
6. Figure 6.6 Hepatitis detection by biosensor based on carbon nanotubes.
7. Figure 6.7 Impedimetric genosensor for HCV.
8. Figure 6.8 Aptasensor-based GQD for HCV.
9. Figure 6.9 Methodology for fabrication of GO-CHI nanocomposite-based DNA elect...
10. Figure 6.10 Schematic presentation of gold nanotube array electrode platform-b...
11. Figure 6.11 Schematic representation of label-free biosensor based on localize...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Chronopotentiogram using HIV DNA as a probe with different hybridiz...
2. Figure 7.2 Schematic illustration for proposed biosensors.
3. Figure 7.3 The schematic demonstration of the ultrasensitive biosensor fabrica...
4. Figure 7.4 Calibration curve for QCM (a) and calibration curve for SPR (b)....
5. Figure 7.5 Schematic representation of photonic crystal (PC)-based intact viru...
6. Figure 7.6 Nanoparticle structure.
7. Figure 7.7 Flowthrough system with an integrated quartz crystal microbalance i...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Fabrication process of the developed π-shape electrochemic...
2. Figure 8.2 (a) Schematic illustration of the SERS aptasensor for AFB₁ detectio...
3. Figure 8.3 (A) Schematic representation for the fabrication of the sensor. (B)...
4. Figure 8.4 (A) Schematic representation of the route for the preparation of th...
5. Figure 8.5 Schematic representation of c-MWCNT-based biosensor for AFB₁ detect...
6. Figure 8.6 (A) Schematic illustration of the strategy for AFB₁ assay using GCE...
7. Figure 8.7 (a) Schematic illustration of AF immobilization strategy to gold-co...
8. Figure 8.8 Picture of (a) a homemade SPCE with a working electrode area of 4 m...
9. Figure 8.9 (A) Scheme of the immunosensor assay: (1) competitive incubation st...
10. Figure 8.10 The principle of the bioassay for detection of OTA (A). Time-depen...
11. Figure 8.11 (a) Scheme of the interfacial molecular architecture for the detec...
12. Figure 8.12 The fabrication of MIP/PtNPs/POM/rGO/GCE (a). CV of the electroche...
13. Figure 8.13 Scheme of biosensor and conductometric setup (a). two pairs of ele...
14. Figure 8.14 Schematic illustration of the working principle of a HEK-293 cell ...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 A generalized illustration for elements of biosensor system.
2. Figure 9.2 A generalized illustration for the kanamycin aptasensor based on gr...
3. Figure 9.3 An aptasensor for streptomycin based on porous carbon nanorods and ...
4. Figure 9.4 Schematic illustration of PEC aptasensing of kanamycin.
5. Figure 9.5 An illustration generalizing production of αDA-MP. (1) St...
6. Figure 9.6 The schematic illustration of the carbon nanoparticle-based aptamer...
7. Figure 9.7 (a) A schematic diagram relating dopamine-specific RNA aptamer sequ...
8. Figure 9.8 Schematic representation of the modification process carried for DN...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Representation for illicit drug detection using nanoprobe assembly...
2. Figure 10.2 Representation for cocaine detection using aptameric biosensors ba...
3. Figure 10.3 Representation for cocaine detection using cocaine binding aptamer...
4. Figure 10.4 Representation for methamphetamine colorimetric detection using Au...
5. Figure 10.5 (a) Schematic representation of codeine sulfate and citrate-capped...
6. Figure 10.6 (A) Reaction mechanism of the sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CN...
7. Figure 10.7 Schematic diagrams and real image displaying the biodevice, the en...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Colorimetric sensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the ra...
2. Figure 11.2 Colorimetric sensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the ra...
3. Figure 11.3 Schematic of a piezoelectric quartz crystal.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Structure of avian influenza virus (AIV).
2. Figure 12.2 Schematic illustration of the SERS-based magnetic immunoassay.
3. Figure 12.3 SERS characterization of (a) 4-MBA-labeled-Au NPs and (b) immuno-A...
4. Figure 12.4 A basic schematic of a single-gap chemiresistive sensor.
5. Figure 12.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the CNT-based chemiresistive biosens...
6. Figure 12.6 Overall scheme for the biosensor detection of both monomeric and o...
7. Figure 12.7 (a) A schematic representation for the electrochemical detection o...
8. Figure 12.8 Schematic diagram of H5N1 viral protein detection using the enzyma...
9. Figure 12.9 Schematic illustration of the microfluidic-integrated electrochemi...
10. Figure 12.10 Schematic diagram depicting the steps of the developed electroche...
11. Figure 12.11 Schematic representation of the microelectrode-based impedance as...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 (a) Nanowire-based detection of single viruses. (left) Schematic s...
2. Figure 13.2 (a) The structure of an ICS. The reaction mechanism on the ICS: (b...
3. Figure 13.3 Scheme of sandwich complex and fluorescence probe.
4. Figure 13.4 Schematic flow of steps 1–4 in the regeneration cycles of glycan–H...
5. Figure 13.5 Z-Lab diagnosis platform and magnetic sandwich assay mechanism. (a...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Shellfish is the major carrier of various marine toxins.
2. Figure 14.2 A mechanistic description of SPR-based detection of marine toxin, ...
3. Figure 14.3 A typical waveguide-based arrangement for sensing of marine toxins...
4. Figure 14.4 A schematic description of plasmonic shift when gold nanorods inte...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Colorimetric smartphone reader for food allergen (a), tiny SPR ada...
2. Figure 15.2 (A) Experimental cycle: (a) probe immobilization, (b) target was a...
3. Figure 15.3 (A) The one-step wash-free assay. (a) A mixture of sample to be an...
4. Figure 15.4 (a) A photograph of the smartphone-based electrochemical biosensor...
5. Figure 15.5 The signal of HMI detection can be classified into three types: op...
6. Figure 15.6 (a) Integration of the DMSA-GNPs sensor with a smartphone. (b) Des...
7. Figure 15.7 (a) Configuration of the illumination sensor with ambient light as...
8. Figure 15.8 Smartphone-enabled ZIKV detection. (a) Schematic of the reverse tr...
9. Figure 15.9 Representative smartphone-based strategies for CVD-related physiol...
10. Figure 15.10 Schematic illustration of the smartphone-based system for VOCs de...
11. Figure 15.11 (a) “Wafer-like” structure of the functionalized paper. PAH (poly...

Editors

Prof. Aiguo Wu

Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering

CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Additive

Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province

Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ningbo 315201

PR China

Dr. Waheed S. Khan

National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE)

Nanobiotech Research Group

Jhang Road

38000 Faisalabad

Pakistan

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