Cover
Volume 1
1. About the editors
2. About the contributors
3. Foreword: Peter Maurer
4. Foreword: Susan M. Ballou
5. Foreword: Oran Finegan
6. Series Preface
7. Preface
  1. References
8. Acknowledgements
9. SECTION I: History, theory, practice and legal foundation
  1. CHAPTER 1: Using forensic science to care for the dead and search for the missing: In conversation with Morris Tidball‐Binz
    1. Afterword
    2. Acknowledgement
    3. References
  2. CHAPTER 2: The protection of the missing and the dead under international law
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 The protection of the missing and the dead under international law
    3. 2.3 The families at the center of the humanitarian action
    4. 2.4 Conclusion
    5. References
  3. CHAPTER 3: Extraordinary deathwork: New developments in, and the social significance of, forensic humanitarian action
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 Field constitution: new developments
    3. 3.3 (Extra‐ordinary) deathwork
    4. 3.4 Conclusions
    5. References
  4. CHAPTER 4: Between darts and bullets: A bioarchaeological view on the study of human rights and IHL violations
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 What is violence?
    3. 4.3 How do bioarchaeologists study violence?
    4. 4.4 A + B = violence?
    5. 4.5 Bioarchaeological vs. clinical and forensic perspectives
    6. References
  5. CHAPTER 5: Posthumous dignity and the importance in returning remains of the deceased
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 Posthumous dignity
    3. 5.3 The concept of moral injury
    4. 5.4 The concept of human remains as a boundary object
    5. 5.5 Theoretical framework regarding safeguarding dignity of the deceased
    6. 5.6 The importance of returning remains of the deceased
    7. 5.7 Conclusion
    8. References
  6. CHAPTER 6: Unidentified deceased persons: Social life, social death and humanitarian action
    1. 6.1 Introduction
    2. 6.2 The social life of dead bodies
    3. 6.3 The social death of the dead
    4. 6.4 Unidentified dead bodies and deposit sites
    5. 6.5 Dignifying the life of the dead
    6. 6.6 Conclusion
    7. Acknowledgement
    8. References
  7. CHAPTER 7: A forensic perspective on the new disappeared: Migration revisited
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 Framing the tragedy: Data challenges
    3. 7.3 Framing the tragedy: The missing and the dead
    4. 7.4 Tracing and identification
    5. 7.5 Complex networks and migration
    6. 7.6 A non‐body centred forensic response?
    7. 7.7 Conclusion
    8. Acknowledgement
    9. References
  8. CHAPTER 8: Iran: The impact of the beliefscape on the risk culture, resilience and disaster risk governance
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Risk culture
    3. 8.3 Resilience
    4. 8.4 Disaster risk governance
    5. 8.5 Beliefscape in Iran
    6. 8.6 Discussions and concluding remarks
    7. References
  9. CHAPTER 9: The search for the missing from a humanitarian approach as a Peruvian national policy
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 Peruvian scenario regarding the search for missing persons
    3. 9.3 Progress made by the DGBPD
    4. 9.4 Conclusion
  10. CHAPTER 10: Humanitarian forensic action in the Marawi crisis
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 The Philippine forensic response capacity
    3. 10.3 The conflict in Mindanao and the Marawi crisis
    4. 10.4 Forensic humanitarian response to the Marawi crisis
    5. 10.5 Discussion
    6. Acknowledgements
    7. References
10. SECTION II: Forensic basic information to trace missing persons
  1. CHAPTER 11: Integration of information on missing persons and unidentified human remains: Best practices
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 The integration of information
    3. 11.3 Premises to take into account
    4. 11.4 Best practices
    5. Appendix: Colombian normative references
  2. CHAPTER 12: Forensic archaeology and humanitarian context: Localization, recovery and documentation of human remains
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Localization and recovery strategies
    3. 12.3 Sites with human remains and their associated elements
    4. 12.4 Recovery of human remains
    5. 12.5 Recording human remains
    6. 12.6 Recording associated elements
    7. 12.7 Disposal container
    8. 12.8 Recording forensic deposits
    9. 12.9 Evaluating relative chronology
    10. 12.10 Conclusions and recommendations
    11. References
  3. CHAPTER 13: Applications of physiological bases of aging to forensic science: New advances
    1. 13.1 Introduction
    2. 13.2 Chemical methodologies
    3. 13.3 Molecular biology methodologies
    4. 13.4 Conclusion
    5. References
  4. CHAPTER 14: Adult skeletal sex estimation and global standardization
    1. 14.1 Introduction
    2. 14.2 Sexual size dimorphism
    3. 14.3 Morphological traits
    4. 14.4 Global standardization
    5. References
  5. CHAPTER 15: Sexual dimorphism in juvenile skeletons and its real problem
    1. 15.1 Introduction
    2. 15.2 Is it possible to estimate the sex of subadults based on morphological characteristics of the jaw and the ilium?
    3. 15.3 From what age range is it possible to estimate sex in subadult skeletal remains? Skeletal growth, bone maturation and sex steroids
    4. 15.4 What is the degree of precision and reliability of the visual criteria used to estimate sex in subadult skeletal remains? What criteria are applicable toforensic contexts?
    5. 15.5 Comments and discussion
    6. 15.6 Conclusions
    7. References
  6. CHAPTER 16: Dental aging methods and population variation
    1. 16.1 Introduction
    2. 16.2 Dental age estimation: its application in forensic science
    3. 16.3 Tooth developmental changes
    4. 16.4 Dental age estimation methods using tooth development and eruption
    5. 16.5 Post‐formation changes in dental tissues
    6. 16.6 Methods of dental age estimation using tooth post‐formation changes
    7. 16.7 Dental age estimation methods and their application in forensic casework
    8. References
  7. CHAPTER 17: Age assessment in unaccompanied minors: A review
    1. 17.1 Introduction
    2. 17.2 Age assessment methods in unaccompanied minors
    3. 17.3 Age definition: What does age mean?
    4. 17.4 Choosing a suitable method
    5. 17.5 Forensic age assessment medical methods
    6. 17.6 Final estimation and report
    7. 17.7 Conclusions
    8. References
  8. CHAPTER 18: Forensic complex scenarios and technological innovation: Brief case report from Colombia
    1. 18.1 Introduction
    2. 18.2 Case 1: Predictive spatial and statistical modeling (MESP) as a tool to support the search for missing persons in the department of Casanare
    3. 18.3 Case 2: Modeling the estimated universe of persons reported missing: The cases of Casanare and Norte de Santander
    4. 18.4 Case 3: Proposal for the retrospective and integrated analysis of environmental and contextual elements for a differential forensic genetic approach
    5. 18.5 Case 4: Tools for the forensic analysis of cases of alleged extrajudicial executions
    6. References
11. SECTION III: Stable isotope forensics and the search for missing persons
  1. CHAPTER 19: The role of stable isotope analysis in forensic anthropology
    1. 19.1 Introduction
    2. 19.2 Trace element analysis
    3. 19.3 Diet and isotopic analysis
    4. 19.4 Variation within individuals
    5. 19.5 Summary
    6. References
  2. CHAPTER 20: Basic principles of stable isotope analysis in humanitarian forensic science
    1. 20.1 Introduction
    2. 20.2 Background on isotopes
    3. 20.3 Isotopes in human tissue
    4. 20.4 Longer‐term “memory” tissues: Bone and teeth
    5. 20.5 Shorter‐term “memory” tissues: Hair and nail
    6. 20.6 Conclusion
    7. References
  3. CHAPTER 21: Andean isoscapes: Creating and testing oxygen isoscape models to aid in the identification of missing persons in Peru
    1. 21.1 Introduction
    2. 21.2 Materials and methods
    3. 21.3 Results
    4. 21.4 Discussion
    5. Acknowledgements
    6. References
  4. CHAPTER 22: The period of violence in Peru (1980–2000): Applying isotope analysis and isoscapes in forensic cases of the unidentified deceased
    1. 22.1 Introduction
    2. 22.2 The Peruvian Conflict and the government response
    3. 22.3 The search for missing persons: “Families remain walking”
    4. 22.4 Applying new isotopic techniques to aid in identifying victims’ bodies in Peru
    5. 22.5 Integrating traditional and non‐traditional methods to identify missing persons in Peru
    6. 22.6 Conclusions
    7. References
  5. CHAPTER 23: Utility of stable isotope ratios of tap water and human hair in determining region of origin in Central and Southern Mexico: Modeling relationships between δ²H and δ¹⁸O isotope inputs in modern Mexican hair
    1. 23.1 Introduction
    2. 23.2 Water stress in Mexico
    3. 23.3 Tuning parameters in mathematical models used for provenance analysis
    4. 23.4 Extension to analysis of hair isotopes in the absence of paired water samples
    5. 23.5 Materials and methods
    6. 23.6 Estimation of credible parameter values by approximate Bayesian computation
    7. 23.7 Results obtained using the established US supermarket diet
    8. 23.8 Results achieved by estimating international diet, drinking water, and regional diet isotopes
    9. 23.9 Conclusions
    10. References
  6. CHAPTER 24: Multi‐isotope approaches for region‐of‐origin predictions of undocumented border crossers from the US–Mexico border: Biocultural perspectives on diet and travel history
    1. 24.1 Introduction
    2. 24.2 SIA as an investigative tool for undocumented border crossers
    3. 24.3 Samples and analytical methods
    4. 24.4 Results
    5. 24.5 Case studies
    6. 24.6 Summary and future research directions
    7. Acknowledgements
    8. References
  7. CHAPTER 25: Spatial distribution of stable isotope values of human hair: Tools for region‐of‐origin and travel history assignment
    1. 25.1 Introduction
    2. 25.2 Why hair?
    3. 25.3 Methods
    4. 25.4 How is isotopic information incorporated into hair?
    5. 25.5 Geographical and population patterns of δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ³⁴S values
    6. 25.6 Geographical patterns of δ¹⁸O and δ²H values
    7. 25.7 Individual deviations from expected patterns
    8. 25.8 Travel history
    9. 25.9 Solved forensic investigations
    10. 25.10 Final considerations
    11. 25.11 Conclusions
    12. References
  8. CHAPTER 26: Applicability of stable isotope analysis to the Colombian human identification crisis
    1. 26.1 Introduction
    2. 26.2 Stable isotopes in human provenance
    3. 26.3 Human tissues appropriate for isotope studies
    4. 26.4 Colombian geography
    5. 26.5 The Colombian conflict and the missing
    6. 26.6 Stable isotopes and identification in Colombia: Initial research efforts
    7. 26.7 Final remarks
    8. Acknowledgements
    9. References
  9. CHAPTER 27: Application of stable isotopes and geostatistics to infer region of geographical origin for deceased undocumented Latin American migrants
    1. 27.1 Introduction
    2. 27.2 Stable isotopes, provenancing studies, and isoscapes
    3. 27.3 Materials and methods
    4. 27.4 Results
    5. 27.5 Discussion and conclusions
    6. References
  10. CHAPTER 28: Tracking geographical patterns of contemporary human diet in Brazil using stable isotopes of nail keratin
    1. 28.1 Introduction
    2. 28.2 Isotope procedures
    3. 28.3 Scientific basis for isotope data interpretation
    4. 28.4 Geographic peculiarities in stable isotope ratios of fingernails
    5. 28.5 Brazilian isoscapes
    6. 28.6 Final considerations
    7. References
Volume 2
1. About the editors
2. About the contributors
3. Foreword: Peter Maurer
4. Foreword: Susan M. Ballou
5. Foreword: Oran Finegan
6. Series Preface
7. Preface
  1. References
8. Acknowledgements
9. SECTION IV: DNA analysis and the forensic identification process
  1. CHAPTER 29: Phenotypic markers for forensic purposes
    1. 29.1 Introduction
    2. 29.2 Biogeographical origin
    3. 29.3 Externally visible characteristics
    4. 29.4 Individual age
    5. Acknowledgements
    6. References
  2. CHAPTER 30: Genetic structure and kinship analysis from the Peruvian Andean area:
    1. 30.1 Introduction
    2. 30.2 Previous factors for matching success in the context of genetic structure
    3. 30.3 Substructure and matching between genetic profile databases (Factor 3)
    4. 30.4 Origin of Peruvian population and the genetic structure (Factor 3)
    5. 30.5 Admixture of Peruvian population and the genetic structure (Factor 3)
    6. 30.6 Matching of genetic profiles in the context of genetic similarity (Factor 3)
    7. References
  3. CHAPTER 31: Short tandem repeat markers applied to the identification of human remains
    1. 31.1 Introduction
    2. 31.2 Selection of genetic markers
    3. 31.3 STR loci and kinship testing
    4. 31.4 The strength of DNA evidence
    5. 31.5 Limitations of STR loci for the identification of human remains
    6. 31.6 Massive parallel sequencing (MPS)
    7. 31.7 Incorporating DNA analysis into the identification process
    8. 31.8 Conclusions
    9. References
  4. CHAPTER 32: Genetics without non‐genetic data: Forensic difficulties in correct identification – the Colombian experience
    1. 32.1 Genetics in the identification of bodies associated with the violation of human rights and international humanitarian law: A humanitarian challenge
    2. 32.2 The integration of genetics into traditional forensic disciplines specialized in the identification of human remains
    3. 32.3 Forensic genetics in the Colombian armed conflict
    4. 32.4 Interdisciplinary forensic work is a priority
    5. 32.5 Tasks of the forensic geneticist within the interdisciplinary identification team
    6. 32.6 Effects of the overvaluation of the genetic result
    7. 32.7 Conclusion
    8. References
  5. CHAPTER 33: Is DNA always the answer?
    1. 33.1 Introduction
    2. 33.2 The magic of DNA
    3. 33.3 DNA as truth, identity and relatedness
    4. 33.4 Justice and healing
    5. 33.5 Dealing with bodies
    6. 33.6 The politics of identification
    7. 33.7 Conclusion
    8. References
10. SECTION V: Identifying deceased and finding missing persons
  1. CHAPTER 34: Migrant deaths along the Texas/Mexico border: A collaborative approach to forensic identification of human remains
    1. 34.1 Introduction
    2. 34.2 Background
    3. 34.3 Case studies
    4. 34.4 Discussion
    5. References
  2. CHAPTER 35: The Argentine experience in forensic identification of human remains
    1. 35.1 Introduction
    2. 35.2 Methods and challenges in applying forensic genetics
    3. 35.3 Databases, data comparisons and reconciliation
    4. 35.4 Conclusions
    5. References
  3. CHAPTER 36: The approach to unidentified dead migrants in Italy
    1. 36.1 Introduction
    2. 36.2 The experimental Italian strategy
    3. 36.3 Conclusion
    4. Acknowledgements
    5. References
  4. CHAPTER 37: Identification of human skeletal remains at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory
    1. 37.1 Introduction
    2. 37.2 Search and recovery – FBI Evidence Response Teams
    3. 37.3 Forensic anthropology
    4. 37.4 DNA analysis
    5. 37.5 Facial approximation
    6. 37.6 Additional efforts
    7. 37.7 Conclusion
    8. References
  5. CHAPTER 38: Forensic human identification: An Australian perspective
    1. 38.1 Introduction
    2. 38.2 Identification contexts
    3. 38.3 Ante‐ and post‐mortem data
    4. 38.4 Forensic anthropology in Australia
    5. 38.5 The process of identification in coronial casework
    6. 38.6 Research
    7. 38.7 Conclusion
    8. Acknowledgements
    9. References
  6. CHAPTER 39: Forensic identification of human remains in Cyprus: The humanitarian work of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (CMP)
    1. 39.1 Origins and mandate of the CMP
    2. 39.2 The project on the exhumation, identification and return of remains of missing persons
    3. 39.3 Investigations on missing persons cases
    4. 39.4 Sources of information and challenges
    5. 39.5 Locating human remains
    6. 39.6 Search for and recovery of remains
    7. 39.7 Analysis at the CMP Anthropological Laboratory (CAL)
    8. 39.8 Challenging cases
    9. 39.9 Sampling strategy
    10. 39.10 The role of DNA analysis
    11. 39.11 Collection of family reference samples
    12. 39.12 DNA analysis and the identification process
    13. 39.13 Reconciliation of information and identification: Challenges and approach
    14. 39.14 Notification of identification and return of remains
    15. 39.15 Conclusion
    16. Acknowledgements
    17. References
  7. CHAPTER 40: Forensic human identification during a humanitarian crisis in Guatemala: the deadly eruption of Volcán de Fuego
    1. 40.1 Introduction
    2. 40.2 The context of violence in Guatemala
    3. 40.3 The forensic anthropological analysis in medico‐legal investigation
    4. 40.4 The Volcán de Fuego case: Paradigmatic event in Guatemala
    5. 40.5 Conclusions
    6. Acknowledgements
    7. References
  8. CHAPTER 41: Peruvian forensic experience in the search for missing persons and the identification of human remains: History, limitations and future challenges
    1. 41.1 Introduction
    2. 41.2 The development of anthropological–forensic investigations and the search for missing persons in Peru
    3. 41.3 Complexity and forensic limitations of the Peruvian case and the expectations of the relatives
    4. 41.4 Future challenges
    5. Acknowledgements
    6. References
  9. CHAPTER 42: Forensic identification of human remains in Uruguay
    1. 42.1 Introduction
    2. 42.2 Forensic identification of human remains in Uruguay
    3. 42.3 Roberto Gomensoro Josman case
    4. 42.4 Olivar Sena case
    5. 42.5 María Claudia García case
    6. 42.6 Jonathan Viera case
    7. 42.7 Recommendations
    8. References
  10. CHAPTER 43: Forensic analysis of the unidentified dead in Costa Rica from 2000 to the present
    1. 43.1 Introduction
    2. 43.2 Violence in Central and South America
    3. 43.3 A complicating factor: Regional migration
    4. 43.4 Conclusions
    5. References
  11. CHAPTER 44: Identifying the unknown and the undocumented: The Johannesburg (South Africa) experience
    1. 44.1 Introduction
    2. 44.2 Forensic pathology services
    3. 44.3 Forensic anthropology
    4. 44.4 Discussion and conclusion
    5. Acknowledgements
    6. References
  12. CHAPTER 45: The Colombian experience in forensic human identification
    1. 45.1 Introduction
    2. 45.2 Evolution of the forensic human identification process in Colombia
    3. 45.3 Other activities developed for human identification in the country
    4. 45.4 Cold case: New forensic approach to the Palace of Justice case
    5. 45.5 Recent challenges
    6. References
  13. CHAPTER 46: The Chilean experience in forensic identification of human remains
    1. 46.1 Origins of the legal medical service
    2. 46.2 September 1973 and the role of the Servicio Médico Legal (SML)
    3. 46.3 Family members: Search, justice, memory…
    4. 46.4 The 1990–2006 transition to democracy: Family members and the continuous search for the detained, disappeared and executed
    5. 46.5 Identifications via genetics
    6. 46.6 Comments
11. SECTION VI: Conclusions
  1. CHAPTER 47: Humanitarian action: New approaches from forensic science
    1. 47.1 Introduction
    2. 47.2 History
    3. 47.3 Theoretical foundation
    4. 47.4 The legal and cultural arena
    5. 47.5 Regional applications
    6. 47.6 Capacity‐building
    7. 47.7 Trauma assessment
    8. 47.8 Technology
    9. 47.9 Expanding areas of application
    10. 47.10 Summary
    11. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Patterns of violent trauma.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Living duties regarding the deceased.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Body positions
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Beginning of the mineralization, complete development of the crown...
2. Table 16.2 Beginning of the mineralization, complete development of the crown...
3. Table 16.3 Dental age estimation methods available and whether applied to liv...
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Procedural safeguards in use during age assessment processes (acco...
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Result of the population universe estimation models by typology an...
2. Table 18.2 Input variables with greater variance (influence) on the model.
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1 Chronology of stable isotope records in human tissues.
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Descriptive statistics of the δ¹⁸O values from the water and a...
2. Table 21.2 Summary of the results, comparing the test water samples against t...
3. Table 21.3 Summary of the results in which the archaeological samples are tes...
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Summary of hair, and tap water and bottled water isotope ratio dat...
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Descriptive statistics for carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium ...
2. Table 24.2 Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium SIA results for bone and to...
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Amino acids contained in hair keratin.
2. Table 25.2 Amino acids classified as essential vs. non‐essential according to...
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 Distribution of individuals by Department and the city of Medellin...
2. Table 26.2 Results of Row’s (2013) analysis of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr.
3. Table 26.3 Preliminary results from Castellanos (in preparation).
Chapter 27
1. Table 27.1 Cases selected for isotopic analysis.
2. Table 27.2 Isotope data for research samples.
Chapter 29
1. Table 29.1 Summary of age prediction tests based on DNA methylation for blood...
Chapter 30
1. Table 30.1 Comparison of the combined STR commercial kits for fragments lower...
2. Table 30.2 Selection criteria and recommendations for relatives to avoid rand...
Chapter 31
1. Table 31.1 Currently available autosomal STR kits provided by AB, Promega Cor...
2. Table 31.2 Six commercial kits with supplementary autosomal STRs: SureID® 23 ...
3. Table 31.3 DNA markers included in three commercially available STR‐MPS kits....
4. Table 31.4 Power of discrimination comparison for four loci by using STR‐CE s...
Chapter 32
1. Table 32.1 Guide chart to determine whether the finding is consistent.
Chapter 36
1. Table 36.1 The number of migrants dying worldwide in the attempt to cross bor...
Chapter 37
1. Table 37.1 FBI Evidence Response Team 12‐step process for evidence recovery o...
Chapter 41
1. Table 41.1 The three types of dimensions with a short description of a case t...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Prevention and mitigation of social death as a forensic humanitar...
2. Figure 6.2 Unidentified bodies deposited in cold rooms of a morgue.
3. Figure 6.3 Saturation of unidentified bodies in spaces to store bodies in a ...
4. Figure 6.4 Humanitarian funerary structure to store unidentified bodies.
5. Figure 6.5 Human remains deposited in a regular cemetery.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Example of a small network. There are two types of nodes, missing...
2. Figure 7.2 Network involving missing (ellipses) and survivors (rectangles). ...
3. Figure 7.3 In green (ellipses) are individuals with collected TR, AMD and BR...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Esfand (left) and a blue Turkish‐style amulet (right) used for pr...
2. Figure 8.2 Food offerings for commemoration of the Cheleh (40 days).
3. Figure 8.3 Nakhl Gardani (undecorated and not during Muharram).
4. Figure 8.4 Moharam ceremonies.
5. Figure 8.5 Funerary car employed for the funeral ceremony of Reza Shah in Ma...
6. Figure 8.6 The designated part of a cemetery for the burial of shahid (left)...
7. Figure 8.7 The beliefscape of Iran and the capacities of resilience.
8. Figure 8.8 The interrelations among beliefscape, risk culture, resilience an...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Municipalities of Recetor and Chámeza in the department of Casan...
2. Figure 18.2 GIS interface for searching for missing persons in Recetor and C...
3. Figure 18.3 Heat map for areas of probability of clandestine burial.
4. Figure 18.4 Typologies of disappearances by periods in Norte de Santander (C...
5. Figure 18.5 Classification tree and regression proposed for the analysis of ...
6. Figure 18.6 Classification tree for forensic analysis of suspected extrajudi...
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 Example isoscape, presenting predicated mean annual precipitatio...
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Map showing the locations of the 575 surface water samples.
2. Figure 21.2 Map showing the locations of the archaeological (dental carbonat...
3. Figure 21.3 The distribution of δ¹⁸O_SMOW values from the 575 flowing su...
4. Figure 21.4 The distribution of δ¹⁸O_{drinkingwaterSMOW} values from the a...
5. Figure 21.5 Locations and δ¹⁸O values of the 575 water samples and the ...
6. Figure 21.6 Predicted δ¹⁸O_{drinkingwaterSMOW} for the three models across...
7. Figure 21.7 This graph shows the percentage of the study area eliminated dep...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 A flow chart showing the interaction between the various phases ...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Geographical information system (GIS)‐generated maps of the pred...
2. Figure 23.2 Geographical information system (GIS)‐generated maps of the pred...
3. Figure 23.3 A plot of the δ²H and δ¹⁸O isotope ratios for tap water samples ...
4. Figure 23.4 Mean δ¹⁸O values measured in paired hair and tap water samples, ...
5. Figure 23.5 Mean δ²H values measured in paired hair and tap water samples, d...
6. Figure 23.6 Pathway diagram showing how hair isotopes are conceptually relat...
7. Figure 23.7 Model fits using American dietary parameters. Models assume esta...
8. Figure 23.8 Model fits using estimated Mexican dietary parameters. Drinking ...
9. Figure 23.9 Intervals estimated for l and f_s in the ten locations for which ...
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Histogram of bone collagen δ¹³C values (n = 43) showing a m...
2. Figure 24.2 Bivariate plot of bone bioapatite δ¹³C values (n = 40) and ...
3. Figure 24.3 Isoscape prediction map for Case Study 1 (OpID 423) using the ox...
4. Figure 24.4 Isoscape prediction map for Case Study 2 (OpID 401‐C) using the ...
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 Basic structure of an amino acid. The general formula of an amin...
2. Figure 25.2 Conceptual illustration of Ehleringer et al. (2008) process‐base...
3. Figure 25.3 δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of hair from children sampled in t...
4. Figure 25.4 Visual representation of δ¹⁸O values for predicted mean annual p...
5. Figure 25.5 Hypothetical isotopic data showing different features that can b...
6. Figure 25.6 Isotope values measured and estimated equilibrium signal after R...
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Political map of Colombia. Divisions are by department.
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 Strontium model created by Bataille and adjusted by Kramer showi...
2. Figure 27.2 Mean annual precipitation oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isoscape for Mexico and ...
3. Figure 27.3 Isotope assignment for OpID‐0383. The top map shows the predicti...
4. Figure 27.4 Isotope Assignment for OpID‐0608. The top map shows the predicti...
Chapter 28
1. Figure 28.1 Plant carbon isoscape for Brazil. The methodology as well as the...
2. Figure 28.2 Soil nitrogen isoscape for Brazil. Every soil δ¹⁵N value wa...
3. Figure 28.3 Regional carbon source–consumer isoscapes (difference between fi...
4. Figure 28.4 Regional nitrogen source–consumer isoscapes (difference between ...
Chapter 29
1. Figure 29.1 Pie charts representing the four AIM‐SNP categories using exampl...
Chapter 30
1. Figure 30.1 Workflow in the process of DNA identification (Factors 1, 2 and ...
2. Figure 30.2 Family tree.
3. Figure 30.3 Distribution tree of populations in microsatellite markers delta...
4. Figure 30.4 Tree UPGMA distance matrix of probability of intra‐ and interpop...
5. Figure 30.5 Tree UPGMA distance matrix of probability of intra‐ and interpop...
Chapter 31
1. Figure 31.1 Boxplots comparing the typical log₁₀ LRs of 23 relationship scen...
2. Figure 31.2 Boxplot comparing the distribution of simulated log₁₀ likelihood...
3. Figure 31.3 Panel from a GlobalFiler kit showing the effects of DNA degradat...
4. Figure 31.4 Schematic representation of the different stages in the identifi...
Chapter 35
1. Figure 35.1 Differential successful typing rate (aSTR) for different bone el...
2. Figure 35.2 AM family reference database composition in Argentina.
3. Figure 35.3 Cumulative identifications achieved by EAAF in Argentina from 19...
Chapter 36
1. Figure 36.1 Flowchart of the different phases to reach a positive identifica...
Chapter 37
1. Figure 37.1 FBI ERT conducting a visual and metal detector search for human ...
2. Figure 37.2 FBI ERT members receiving human remains recovery training at the...
3. Figure 37.3 FBI ERT using a Total Station to document scattered skeletal rem...
4. Figure 37.4 XRF spectrum of a suspected bone fragment submitted to the FBI L...
5. Figure 37.5 Selected crania from the FBI Laboratory’s Non‐Human Skeletal Col...
6. Figure 37.6 A CT scan of this skull revealed a supernumerary tooth located w...
7. Figure 37.7 CT scan of a bearded dragon (“Mel”) from the FBI Laboratory’s No...
8. Figure 37.8 Comparison of ante‐mortem (left) and post‐mortem (right) CT scan...
9. Figure 37.9 A freezer mill vial set (cylinder, end plugs and impactor) with ...
10. Figure 37.10 A pedigree of a missing male with both parents. The circles rep...
11. Figure 37.11 Resin skull replica being printed on a 3D printer; this replica...
12. Figure 37.12 Completed facial approximation, consisting of clay sculpture ov...
13. Figure 37.13 Positioning of the prosthetic eye within the orbit of the skull...
14. Figure 37.14 Determination of nose width based on nasal aperture width; the ...
15. Figure 37.15 Relationship of the projection of the anterior nasal spine to n...
16. Figure 37.16 Skull and donor subject with broad, thick zygomatic bones and a...
Chapter 39
1. Figure 39.1 View of a mass grave, after all the remains have been exposed.
2. Figure 39.2 View of the analysis area within the CAL.
Chapter 41
1. Figure 41.1 Social anthropologist with a forensic approach gathering informa...
2. Figure 41.2 Flowchart of the process of identification of human remains that...
Chapter 43
1. Figure 43.1 Homicide rates in Costa Rica, 2000–2018.
2. Figure 43.2 Top view of the clandestine grave with skeletonized human remain...
3. Figure 43.3 Top view showing clothing and fabric found between the maxilla a...
4. Figure 43.4 Frontal view of ante‐mortem fracture in the left nasal bone with...
5. Figure 43.5 Inferior view of the removable partial denture in the left maxil...
6. Figure 43.6 View of the site prior to collecting the remains.
7. Figure 43.7 Top view of some of the remains found at the site.
8. Figure 43.8 Left lateral view of the skull, showing a perimortem semilunar–c...
9. Figure 43.9 Frontal view of alveolar bones and broken teeth showing they wer...
Chapter 44
1. Figure 44.1 Multiple gunshot entry wounds to the skull.
2. Figure 44.2 Multiple gunshots to the scapula and associated ribs.
3. Figure 44.3 Locations where remains were discovered (n = 61).
Chapter 46
1. Figure 46.1 Statistics Unit of Servicio Médico Legal, autopsy report of 1898...
2. Figure 46.2 From 11 September to 31 December 1973, more than 1630 corpses we...
3. Figure 46.3 Relatives review lists of deceased at the morgue, 1973.

About the editors

Roberto C. Parra, MA, DLAF, is an anthropologist formed in the School of Anthropology of the Universidad Nacional del Altiplano in Puno, Peru. He did an internship during his undergraduate studies at the Centro Mallqui, the bioanthropology foundation of Peru, under the direction of Dr Sonia Guillen and Dr Marvin Allison. As part of his academic development, he reached the level of physiologist in the Master's program in Physiology at the graduate school of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Roberto is a career forensic anthropologist, and received his Master's degree in Forensic Anthropology at the graduate school of Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru. Furthermore, he was certificated by the Latino American Board of Forensic Anthropology of the Latino American Association of Forensic Anthropology (ALAF), of which he is an active member and was President for two years.

Roberto has 18 years of experience in the field of forensic sciences, humanitarian action and human rights investigations, mainly in management of the dead in armed conflict, catastrophes and crisis migration. In this capacity he has served as an expert witness, reporting on more than 1500 cases including air crash and shipwreck victims, human rights violations and domestic criminal cases. He has testified in several legal proceedings.

In 2002 he began his forensic career in the Peruvian context as part of the forensic staff of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Peru. In this institution, Roberto has been an assistant in the forensic anthropology department of the central morgue of Lima, later was national coordinator of the specialized forensic team, and was also the national coordinator of the Peruvian forensic response system for disasters, which includes the Peruvian DVI team. For several years he was analyst at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Forensic Genetics. Finally, Roberto reached the position of advisor to the head of the Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Peru for the forensic management of quality and forensic documentation of lethal lesions of external causes. As part of his scientific advice, he was one of the founders of the Ibero‐American network of Institutions of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.

Since 2012, Roberto has developed several international missions in Latin America, Africa and the Middle East as part of the Staff of the Forensic Unit of the International Committee of the Red Cross and as part of the staff of forensic scientists of the Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR) of the United Nations. Furthermore, Roberto is a Research Collaborator and Affiliate, Bioarchaeology and Stable Isotope Research Lab (BSIRL), at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.

Sara C. Zapico, PhD, D‐ABC, is an Instructor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Graduate Program Director of the Professional Science Master’s in Forensic Science at Florida International University. She is also a Research Collaborator at the Anthropology Department of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. She is part of the Interpol Disaster Victim Identification group, on the Forensic Genetics and Forensic Pathology and Anthropology sections. She served as an Associate at the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva, Switzerland. She has authored 22 peer‐reviewed scientific publications and edited one book in the fields of forensic biochemistry, forensic anthropology and biomedical sciences. Her research interests focus on the application of biochemical techniques to forensic anthropology issues like age‐at‐death estimation and the determination of post‐mortem interval. She collaborates as a biostatistician in forensic anthropology and fingerprints projects.

Douglas H. Ubelaker, PhD, is a curator and senior scientist at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC, where he has been employed for nearly four decades. Since 1978, he has served as a consultant in forensic anthropology. In this capacity he has served as an expert witness, reporting on more than 900 cases, and has testified in numerous legal proceedings. He is a Professorial Lecturer with the Departments of Anatomy and Anthropology at the George Washington University, Washington, DC, and is an Adjunct Professor with the Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Dr Ubelaker has published extensively in the general field of human skeletal biology with an emphasis on forensic applications. He has served on the editorial boards of numerous leading scientific publications, including the Journal of Forensic Sciences, the Open Forensic Science Journal, International Journal of Legal Medicine, Human Evolution, Homo, Journal of Comparative Human Biology, Anthropologie, International Journal of the Science of Man, Forensic Science Communications, Human Evolution, and the International Journal of Anthropology and Global Bioethics. Dr Ubelaker received a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Kansas. He has been a Member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences since 1974 and achieved the status of Fellow in 1987 in the Physical Anthropology Section. He served as the 2011–2012 President of the AAFS. He is a Fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences and is a Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. He is a member of the American Association of Physical Anthropology and the Paleopathology Association.

Dr Ubelaker has received numerous honours including the Memorial Medal of Dr. Aleš Hrdlicˇka, Humpolec, Czech Republic; the Anthropology Award of the Washington Academy of Sciences; the T. Dale Stewart Award by the Physical Anthropology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences; the FBI Director’s Award for Exceptional Public Service; the Federal Highway Administration Pennsylvania Division Historic Preservation Excellence Award; a special recognition award from the FBI; and was elected Miembro Honorario of the Sociedad de Odontoestomatologos Forenses IberoAmericanos and of the Asociación Latinoamericana de Antropología Forense (ALAF).

Published and forthcoming titles in the Forensic Science in Focus series

Forensic Science and Humanitarian Action: Interacting with the Dead and the Living

About the editors